EDUC-11_Unit-1_Chapter-4_Pre-natal-Development.pptx

Pre Natal Stage

1. Pre-natal Development Presented by: John Dennis Antoy Frynzes Arianne P. Guarino Rea Devine T. Irabon Jay Ann P. Masula

2. “ T he history of man for nine months preceding his birth would, probably, be far more interesting, and contain events of greater moment than all three scores and ten years that follows it” Samuel Taylor Coleridge English Poet, Essayist, 19 th Century

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Module, yo should be able to: t race the course of the pre-natal development process that you went through. e xplain most common hazards to pre-natal developent. be come more appreciative of the gift of life manifested in an anti-abortion stand

4. INTRODUCTION

5. The study of prenatal development introduces us to the earliest stage of human growth, which begins even before birth. It is important to understand this stage because all later phases of life are built on it. This module focuses on the beginnings of life in the mother’s womb and prepares us to see how each step of development leads to the child, the adolescent, and the adult. By learning about prenatal development, we gain a deeper appreciation for the value of life and the gift of human existence. INTRODUCTION

6. LIFE BEFORE BIRTH

7. LIFE BEFORE BIRTH Human life begins at conception and develops inside the mother’s womb until birth. The union child (unborn child) goes through a continuous process of growth, beginning as a fertilized egg and eventually becoming a fully developed baby.

8. LIFE BEFORE BIRTH This emphasizes the sacredness of life and introduces the views of Dr. Paul A. Rockwell, a New York anesthesiologist. He explained that an unborn baby already shows human qualities and movements inside the womb.

9. LIFE BEFORE BIRTH For example, Dr. Rockwell pointed out that the unborn child can respond to touch, move, and even show reflexes before birth. His medical observations were often used to argue against abortion, stressing that life exists from conception.

10. The Stages of Pre-natal Development

11. Pre-natal development is divided into three (3) periods - germinal, embryonic and fetal.

12. 1. Germinal Period (First 2 weeks after conception) This includes the: a) creation of the zygote, b) continued cell division and c) the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. The following are the details of development during this period:

13. a) 24 to 30 hours after fertilization the male (sperm) and female (egg) chromosome unite. b) 36 hours the fertilized ovum, zygote, divides into two (2) ; 2 cells c) 48 hours (2 days) - 2 cells become 4 cellsd ) 72 hours (3 days) - 4 cells become a small ball of 16-32 cells

14. e) 96 hours (4 days) - hollow ball of 64-128 cells f) 4-5 days - inner cell mass (blastocyst) still free in the uterus g) 6-7 days - blastocyst attaches to the wall of uterus h) 11-15 days - blastocyst invades into uterine wall and becomes implanted in it (implantation)

15. In the germinal period, the differentiation of cells already begin as inner and outer layers of the organism are formed. The blastocyst, the inner layer of the cells that develops during the germinal period, develops later into the embryo.

16. The trophoblast, the outer layer of cells that develops also during the germinal period, later provides nutrition and support for the embryo (Nelson, Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed., 2004).

17. 2. Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks after conception) In this stage, the name of the mass cells, zygote, become embryo.

18. The following developments take place: a) cell differentiation intensifies b) life-support systems for the embryo develop and c) organs appear

19. As the zygote gets attached to the wall of the uterus, two layers of cells are formed. The embryo's endoderm, the inner layer of cells, develops into the digestive and respiratory systems. The outer layer of cells is divided into two parts the ectoderm and the mesoderm.

20. The ectoderm is the outermost layer which becomes the nervous system, sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose) and skin parts (nails, hair). The mesoderm is the middle layer which becomes the circulatory, skeletal, muscular, excretory and reproductive systems. This process of organ formation during the first two months of pre natal development is called organogenesis.

21. As the three layers of the embryo form, the support systems for the embryo develop rapidly. These life-support systems are the placenta, the umbilical cord and the amnion. The placenta is a life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

22. The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein that connects the baby to the placenta. The amnios is a bag or an envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats. All these embryo life-support systems develop from the fertilized egg and not from the mother's body.

23. 3. Fetal period (2 months to 7 months after conception) Growth and development continue dramatically during this period. The details of the developmental process are as follows (Santrock, 2002):

24. a) 3 months after conception - fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce; fetus has become active, moves its arms and legs, opens and closes its mouth, and moves its head; the face, forehead, eyelids, nose, chin can now be distinguished and also the upper arms, lower arms, hands, and lower limbs; the genitals can now be identified as male or female.

25.  b) 4 months after conception - fetus is about 6 inches long and weighs 4 to 7 ounces; growth spurt occurs in the body's lower parts; pre-natal reflexes are stronger, mother feels arm and leg movements for the first time.

26. c) 5 months after conception - fetus is about 12 inches long: weighs close to a pound; structures of the skin (fingernails, toenails) have formed; fetus is more active.

27. d) 6 months after conception- fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs one and half pound; eyes and eyelids are completely formed; fine layer of head covers the head; grasping reflex is present and irregular movements occur.

28. e) 7 months after conception - fetus is about 16 inches long and weighs 3 pounds

29. f) 8 and 9 months after conception - fetus grows longer and gains substantial weight, about 4 pounds

30. TERATOLOGY AND HAZARDS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

31. TERATOLOGY Study of causes of congenital (birth) defects. TERATOGEN - any agent causing birth defects comes from the Greek word "tera" which means "monster".

32. Major Hazards to Prenatal Development

33. 1. Prescription & Nonprescription Drugs PRESCRIPTION : e.g., antibiotics NONPRESCRIPTION : diet pills, aspirin, coffee. (that can be both harmful)

34. The THALIDOMIDE tragedy (1961): Pregnant women who took thalidomide for morning sickness gave birth to babies with severe deformities. COCAINE exposure in pregnancy: Causes reduced birthweight, smaller head and body size, impaired motor skills, poor attention, and difficulties in information processing. Thalidomide tragedy (1961) - severe birth deformities.

35. 2. Psychoactive Drugs

36. CAFFEINE: High intake increases risk of preterm delivery and low birthweight. ALCOHOL: Can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) – facial deformities, limb/heart defects, low IQ, and mental retardation. NICOTINE (smoking): Increases fetal/neonatal deaths, preterm birth, and low birthweight. HEROIN: Babies often smaller, with complications such as toxemia, placental problems, hemorrhage, and breech delivery.

37. 3. Environmental Hazards

38. RADIATION (X-rays, occupational exposure): Can cause chromosomal abnormalities and embryo damage, especially in early pregnancy. POLLUTANTS & TOXINS (lead, mercury, carbon monoxide): Linked to developmental defects and impaired intelligence. EXCESSIVE HEAT EXPOSURE (saunas, hot tubs, fever): Raises maternal body temperature, may disrupt cell division birth defects or fetal death.

39. TERATOGENS —including certain drugs, alcohol, nicotine, psychoactive substances, radiation, toxic chemicals, and extreme heat—pose serious risks to fetal growth and development. These hazards can cause deformities, low birthweight, developmental delays, or even fetal death.

40. Human Life Begins at Conception (From the moment of conception, a new human life starts to develop.)

41. Conception happens when a woman’s egg is fertilized by a man’s sperm.   This forms a zygote, the first stage of human life.   The zygote develops into an embryo, then a fetus. What is Conception?

42. Life begins at conception — the moment fertilization occurs.   The zygote already has its own unique DNA, different from the mother and father.   This marks the start of a new human being. Key Idea

43. From a single cell, the zygote divides and grows.   The embryo starts forming tissues, organs, and body systems.   Growth continues until birth and beyond. Early Development

44. Human development is a continuous process.   The fact that you were once a zygote shows life begins at conception.   Conception = Beginning of human life. Important Point

45. THANK YOU!