Educational media( a.v aids)

introduction, purpose and principles of avaids , black board, poster, pamphlets,leaflets,projector,puppets,flipcharts,bulletin board,flash cards, films,diaroma, slides,overhaed projector, radio, television, pas, chart,poster,map,specimen, model

1. EDUCATIONAL MEDIA ( A.V AIDS) PRANATI PATRA

2. “Teaching aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate, stimulate and reinforce learning” - Burton

3. PURPOSES Improve and make teaching effective Enable the audience to look ,listen and learn Make learning interesting and profitable Foster the knowledge. Stimulate curiosity Use of maximum senses

4. The student acquires clear, accurate and vivid image during the process of learning. Increase and sustain attention and concentration. Save time and energy Stimulate thinking and motivate action.

5. PRINCIPLES 1.Principles of selection Av aids should suit the teaching objectives, according to the group of learners True representative of real things It should stimulate interest and motivation.

6. 2.Principles of preparation Locally available materials should be used. The teachers should receive some training in the preparation of aids. Students may be associated in the preparation of aids.

7. 3. Principles of Handling Arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to facilitate their lending to the teachers for use.

8. 4.Principles of presentation Carefully visualize the used of teaching aid before their actual presentation. Adequate handling of aid to prevent damaging. They should fully acquaint . Display properly

9. 5.Principles of Response 6.Principles of evaluation.

10. CHARTS Charts are the graphic aids depicting information in the form of tables, pictures, graphic and diagram. - Kinder

11. PURPOSES To motivate the students. To show continuity in the process To stimulate thinking. To present abstract ideas in visual forms.

12. GUIDELINES The size of letters for captions and tables be 2-3 cm Colour should be in contrast with the background. Too many details should be avoid. It should be neat and tidy Strong paper should be used. One chart should be used for displaying information about one subjects only.

13. 2. Chain chart- arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing cycles.

14. 3.Flow chart- it represents the systematic arrangements showing trends, movements, organizations and classification.

15. 4.Picture chart-In pictorial charts, various pictures are collected and shown

16. 5.Graphic chart- statistical data is presented.

17. 6.Tree chart- to show the development , growth or the types in the form of a tree.

18. 7.Flip chart- a set of charts related to some specific topic have been tagged together and hanged on a supporting stand

19. ADVANTAGES It can be prepared in advance. It is easy to carry or transport. It stimulates audience involvement. It can be hang on the wall. It attracts student’s interest. It is very cost effective. It can be kept for the further reference.

20. LIMITATIONS It can be destroyed by the contact of water and fire. It is more time consuming for preparation. It cannot be shown to a large number of audiences. One chart contains regarding a specific subject topic.

21. GRAPH Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical information and contrasting the trends of changes of certain attributes.

22. PRINCIPLES -avoid fancy formatting -skip the unnecessary chart junk. -format large numbers where possible. -make effective use of chart titles. Sort your data before charting.

23. TYPES BAR GRAPH:- A Bar graph consists of the bars arranged either horizontally or vertically from an origin base. Two perpendicular lines from a point (called origin) work as the reference lines

24. 2. PIE GRAPH: - This is also known as distribution graph. Pie diagram or circle diagram. The data are presented through the sections of portions of a circle.

25. 3. PICTORIAL GRAPH: -A pictorial graph consists of pictures of the same type but of different sizes. Pictures are used for the expression of ideas they are more attractive and easily understood

26. 4. LINE GRAPH: A free hand smooth line through various points indicating the instantaneous values of two variables at various points is called line graph

27. POSTER Poster may be a method of communicating information and knowledge and educating the public and professional peers.

28. PURPOSE Popularizing a slogan Giving direction Propaganda To make instant speech To convey single ideas

29. PRINCIPLES BREVITY : Message conveyed should be concised SIMPLICITY : Message should be easily understandable. CONCEPT : Should be based on a single or relevant idea. LAYOUT : Should be simple and attractive. COLOUR : Should be attractive and eye catching with suitable colours .

30. GUIDELINES Headings should be written in bold letters Language should be easy and simple Attractive colour should be used.

31. ADVANTAGES Complex ideas and concepts can be conveyed more easily through posters . Posters are very attractive and hence they convey the message more quickly. Posters promote student skills in creativity. They can stand alone and self explanatory.

32. LIMITATIONS Poster does not always give enough information. It should be dymanic .

33. INTRODUCTION Flash cards are a set of compact, pictured, paper cards of the same size, that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence. They can be self made & are made up of chart paper, drawing paper, plain paper using colors or painting.

34. PREPARATION The card should be prepared in such a manner, that they are simple, attractive, & colorful. Bold lettering& illustration should be used on the cards. The number should be cards not be more than 15 or 20. The presenter should be thorough with the content of the flash cards.

35. PRESENTATION The presenter should give a brief introduction to the audience. She should hold the card at the chest level with both the hands to facilitate visualization by the learners. She should flash the card in front of the learners, just for a very short period.

36. ADVANTAGES They can be used easily for illiterate groups. They attract attention & convey messages quickly. They are easy to prepare, portable & economic. They can be used to introduce, present & review a topic

37. LIMITATIONS These are time consuming Not suitable for all topics Not effective for large groups.

38. FLANNEL GRAPH A Flannel board is a display board made of wood, cardboard or straw board covered with colored flannel or woollen cloth and propped up on easel.

39. Display material like the cut-outs, pictures, drawing and light objects will stick to the flannel board temporarily.

40. GUIDELINES The materials should be displayed in an attractive manner. It should be clearly visible by all the person. Size of pictures should be appropriate. Overcrowding on the board should be avoided. It should be neat and orderly.

41. ADVANTAGES Permits the development of a complete story. Permits the use of either chart or small pieces of material. Materials can be packed and transferred easily. Permits use of various colours , which may be used for specific purposes.

42. LIMITATIONS Materials must be attractively prepared. Presentation is limited. Time consuming. It cant be used for large groups.

43. CHARACTERISTICS OF CARTOONS Cartoons should be of appropriate size so that everyone can see them and understand the message appropriately. Cartoons must be drawn according to the age and educational level of the learners to ensure their appropriateness for the target group. The symbols used in cartoons must be clear and understandable. Use of text must be minimal and should be meaningful. Cartoons should be self explanatory and instructive. Cartoons should be funny, interesting and humorous.

44. SPECIMENS

45. DEFINITION A specimen is a sample of the real object or material. It is the part of the real objects taken from the natural setting.

46. RULES FOR USING SPECIMEN Planning of the specimen display should be such that simple and direct visualization of specimen is possible by all the learners with a great level of ease. Ask question from the students to elicit more details and feature of specimen under observation. The teacher must provides details of the structure of an specimen under display and of her clarification when and where needed. Teacher must ensure feedback and further practice so that students can learn the specimen thoroughly under observation.

47. ADVANTAGES Collection of specimens by the students requires interaction with others leading to the development of social skills and values. Develops observational skills. Makes classroom teaching lively. Student can get the first hand experience. Arouse student’s interest in learning.

48. DISADVANTAGES:- Time consuming Not economical. Specific skill is required to collect the specimen.

49. DEFINITION : Models may be defined as three dimensional representations of a real thing. They reduce large objects to assize convenient for observation and produce interior view of the objects.

50. MATERIAL USED IN THE PREPERATION OF THE MODEL Cardboard Plastic Plaster of paris Wax Wood Clay Thermocol

51. CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS 1. SCALE MODELS :- In order to form a correct idea of an object, scale model are used. For example model of organ of human body.

52. 2.WORKING MODELS:- such models are used to demonstrate in a simple way, an operation or process. For example the working model of human heart.

53. 3.CROSSSECTIONAL MODEL :- such model show inside of the object. They are immense use in teaching of technical objects.

54. ADVANTAGES : They help in stimulating a real stimulation It gives the learners visuals, tactic and oral stimuli which increase the learning experience.It can explain concept, structure and working of parts. Working model will secure immediate attentions and serve as motivation to learn.

55. DISADVANTAGES : The models are quite costly. Needs more storage space. They are useful only teaching small groups. Require skill and talent to prepare.

56. PUPPETS DEFINITION A movable model of a person or animal that is typically moved either by strings controlled from above or by a hand inside it.

57. FINGER PUPPETS

58. SHADOW PUPPETS-; These are a special type of flat pictures in which the shadow is seen through a translucent screen.

59. PAMPHLETS A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding ). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet ), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded.

60. PURPOSES It is an economical vehicle for the broad distribution of information. Pamphlets may be given orientation about the presentation topic to the learner. Give clear and brief image about the topic. Spread of education in mass scale.

61. ADVANTAGES Flexible and portable . Facilitates individualized learning . Can be reproduced in any language . Information can be reached to a large group. They are cost effective. Used as health educatory material in community

62. LIMITATION Presentation is very important if not found to be attractive will be easily thrown out. It cannot be used for illiterates.& It cannot be presented for a longer time.

63. LEAFLETS A leaflet is simple sheet carrying helpful information on useful themes. it is a Single sheet of paper folded to make a full page of printed matter.

64. A LEAFLET SHOULD BE : attractive colourful Illustrated with pictures Simple and precise Useful Self- explanatory Informative

65. ADVANTAGES Information can be reached to a large group Within a short time. They are highly economic. Flexible and portable . Can be reproduced in any language .

66. DISADVANTAGES Presentation is very important if not found to be attractive will be easily thrown out. It cannot be used for illiterates. It cannot be presented for a longer time.

67. SLIDES A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed.

68. IMPORTANCE Easy to transport Easy to use Not costly

69. ADVANTAGES Easy to revise and update. Easily handled, stored and rearranged for various uses. Arouse interest. They attract attention. Easier Note Taking Better Use of Class Time

70. DISADVANTAGES Only diagrams, pictures, photographs and abbreviated text can be presented. This method requires a significant amount of imaginative and creative skills.

71. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR The over head projector is a very vital teaching aid which has made projections so simple and easy that it has replaced a chalk board completely in many class rooms.

72. PREPARING YOUR OWN TRANSPARENCIES :- Transparency layout:-The most important basic principle in presentation is simplicity. Use a few well-chosen words, or sentences and drive the massage No more than 8 words per line. No more than 8 lines per transparency No more than 25 words per transparency 8mm is the minimum letter height.

73. ADVANTAGES The use of over head projector can be quite cheap as transparencies can be used repeatedly. With an over head projector the teacher is always facing the students keeping an eye contact which is not possible with other projection equipments. An over head projector can be used in a normally lighted room.

74. FILMS Film strip is a series of sequence slides on a piece of film covering a large portion of a lesson.

75. ADVANTAGES: Are compact, easily handled & always in proper sequence. Can be supplemented with recordings. useful for group or individual study at projection rate controlled by instructor or user. projected with simple light weight equipment.

76. LIMITATIONS: relatively difficult to prepare locally. Require film laboratory service to convey slides to film strip form.

77. TELEVISION Television is a powerful medium of communication that calls for the use of auditory as well as visual sense of the learners in receiving education

78. ADVANTAGES Television program are well planned and presented is thus providing higher quality of instruction. They are attractive thereby holding attention of the students. It reduces dependency on teacher. Television provides in-service training for teacher to improve their teaching skills and methods.

79. LIMITATION Television is a one-way communication device and as such it does not provide for interaction. Teaching through television is expensive. The learner remains as passive spectator and not an active participant

80. VCR/VCD The video cassette recorder helps to enhance the educational and entertainment values of television. Effectiveness Duplicated for use Played back

81. LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) An LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video images or computer data on a screen. LCD projector are increasingly being used in meeting ,training session ,classroom education and visual entertainment.

82. ADVANTAGES It is considered very interesting and visually attractive for the audience. LARGE IMAGE LIGHT WEIGHT CLASS CONTROL

83. LIMITATION It is quite an expensive electronic gadget that not easy to afford. Teacher and faculty require technical skills of computer and PowerPoint presentation while using LCD projector. In case of power failure or technical failure, it may cause a lot of problem, which are very difficult to manage at the last minute.

84. TAPE RECORDER Tape recorder is a useful auditory aid at the service of the teacher. it is an effective recording instrument that can be successfully used for teaching. It calls for the use of auditory senses to convey the educational message to the learner

85. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM A PAS is an electronic system comprising microphones, amplifiers, loud speakers and related equipment. It increases the apparent volume of a human voice ,musical instrument PA system are used in any public venue that requires an announcer, performer etc & is sufficient audible at a distance or over a large area.