Educational Technology, approaches to ET, the concepts

ET, The approaches to ET, ICT in education, Uses of technology in education

1. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Gayatri Bihari Ravenshaw University

2. Educational Technology-Concept Educational technology is a field involved in applying a complex integrated process to analyze and solves problems in human learning. National Council for Educational Technology (1967) - "the development, application, and evaluation of systems, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning .” Technology of Education + Technology in Education = Educational Technology

3. Input, Process and output aspect of education Application of sci knowledge Organization of learning conditions

4. Spelling out Educational Goals and Objectives Curriculum Development Developing Teaching – Learning Materials and Resources Developing Human Resources Developing Tactics and Strategies Development Multi-sensory Aids Feedback Mechanism and Modification Develops Learning Environment

5. Evolution o f Educational Technology Audio-Visual Cybernetic Psychology-Sociology based Computer and telecommunication based PHASES

6. Audio-Visual printing technology Aids were primarily non interactive One way communication Materials developed was not based on any principles Education was viewed as process of transmitting by teacher

7. Cybernetic defined as the comparative study of the human (or biological) control mechanism and electro-mechanical control systems such as computers . classroom teaching-learning process is a system and the goal is success of the learner and learning process . The activity involved is geared to the learner's stage of growth -physical and cognitive. In Education The learner is given an opportunity to perceive meaningful relationships among the elements of the goal towards which he is working .

8. Psychology-Sociology based the social sciences -psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc. have also contributed a lot to understanding of the teaching-learning process and in turn influenced educational technology. Long history of educational theories and their application to boost teaching learning. Theory of educationalists Application of theories in education Thorndike learning theory Automated scoring device to learners on immediate feedback basis Skinner Operant conditioning Programmed learning materials Piaget and Bruners Constructive learning e.g concept map Sociological theories Interactive learning

9. Computer and telecommunication based Adaptive learning VL and AR Gamifications and AI and machine learning

10. Educational Technology Instructional technology

11. The systematic actions which induce learning are known as instruction. Teaching is an instruction but the instruction is not the teaching.

12. Instructional technology means a network of techniques or devices employed to accomplish a set of learning objectives . based on psychological and scientific principles to instruction . the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of process and resources for learning

13. Theory and practice - Theory is based on the concepts, principles and schemes that contribute to the body of knowledge and practice refers to the application of that knowledge to solve problems. Design , development, utilization, management and evaluation – Each of these domains have a specific scope and area of knowledge that have evolved into a separate area of study. Processes and resources – A series of operations or activities is a process that is followed to lead to a defined result and the resources are the instructional materials that help support learning. Learning - “Learning is the goal and instruction is a means to learning”

14. Information Technology Information Technology Meaningful Data Interpreted data Processed Data Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data.

15. Communication Technology

16. Information and Communication Technology in Education Approach to teaching learning where computers are used as aid to establish communication in different ways which includes activities related to information

17. Why ICT should be integrated with Education? Changing way of communication, Interaction, imparting knowledge Personal Growth Innovation Creativity Qualitative and quantitative Development

18. Transform schools to ICT-Rich Environments Use satellites,DTH and other Technological Aids Paradigm shift in teachers role to being facilitator/guide Focus on Democratization enabled by internet Access to interactive rather than disseminative technologies/mate rials Promote universal access; Facilitate participatory forums; develop communities and interest groups NCF recommendations on ICT

19. Approach to Educational Technology

20. The "approach to educational technology" refers to the theories, strategies, and methodologies that guide how technology is used in educational settings.

21. serving the educational needs and purposes this field can be facilitated by categorizing approaches into Hardware Software system perspectives. Each approach serve different kinds of purposes and play different roles, however there is overlap between them

22. Hardware Approach based on the concept of Technology in Education Use of Mechanical materials and Equipment in the domain of education originated from physical sciences and engineering. Mechanized the teaching learning process. Helps in preservation , t ransmission and development of knowledge. Product based learning ‘relative technology’ which refers to borrowing and to applying technology, machines and devices in the process of teaching and learning has the potential to hand over the educational benefits to the mass with greater ease and economy .

23. Characteristics of hardware approach The components are generally electronic and mostly depends on mechanical systems The outcome of hardware is direct and immediate Appeal to masses Hardware components are media of communication

24. Software Approach originated from behavioral sciences and its applied aspects which are concerned with psychology of learning . referred to as instructional technology , teaching technology and/or behavior technology . Denotes as Technology of Education Software approach is characterized by task analysis, writing precise objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, immediate reinforcement of responses and constant evaluation . refers to the application of teaching- learning principles to the direct & deliberate shaping of behavior. Software approach tries to develop all the three basic components of technology, i.e. Input, Process and Output “constructive educational technology”

25. Hardware Approach Software Approach System Approach So between hardware and software approach, there comes another approach which acts as a bridge called as system approach which we will study next.

26. SYSTEM APPROACH Also known as management technology Modern approach It has brought to educational management a scientific approach for solving educational administrative problems system approach is a systematic way of designing an effective and economical education system.

27. Consists of three aspects INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Input to a given teaching/learning system consists of people resources and information Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which converts input into output Consists of people whose performance or ideas have improved in desired ways

28. System approach focuses on; Learner first Course content Learning experience Effective media Instructional strategies

29. System at planning or design state

30. Advantages It provides a conceptual framework on which to build plans for implementing change for education. It help to identify the suitability or otherwise of the resource material to achieve the specific goals. It helps to assess the resources needs, their sources and facilities in relation to quantities, time and other factors. Technology advance could be used to provide integration of machines, media and people for attaining the definite goal. It permits an orderly introduction of components demonstrated to be required for systems success in terms of student learning Rigidity in plan of action is avoided as continuous evaluation affords desired beneficial changes to be made.

31. LIMITATIONS Resistance to change Involves hard work Lack of understanding

32. Content, Pedagogy and Technology Integration Content Pedagogy Technology Technological content Technological Pedagogical Technological Pedagogical Content Combining these three elements seamlessly to create a comprehensive and effective learning experience. It is an instructional design model

33. Imagine You are a chef trying to make a best dish, what you need? Technical knowledge Pedagogical knowledge Content knowledge what ingredients you need Knowing how to cook having the right kitchen tools and knowing how to use them

34. Content Knowledge (CK): In education, it's understanding the subject or what you're teaching (math, science, history, etc .). Pedagogical Knowledge (PK): It's about understanding how to teach effectively, including different methods and strategies that engage students and help them learn . Technological Knowledge (TK): This is like having the right kitchen tools and knowing how to use them. In education, it's about knowing what technology tools are available (like smart boards, educational apps, or online resources) and how to integrate them into your teaching to enhance learning.

35. Why TPACK? Introducing technology is not enough, need to integrate For effective teaching Proper use of resource and knowledge TPACK shows us that there’s a relationship between technology, content, and pedagogy, and the purposeful blending of them is key .

36. Developing a TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) instrument involves; Setting objectives by identifying purpose and target audience Reviewing existing literature and instrument Design Your Instrument Pilot test and revising Validating instrument Implement and refine

37. Objectives: Students will understand the process of photosynthesis. Students will be able to identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis. Students will explore real-world applications and importance of photosynthesis. Content Knowledge (CK): Photosynthesis process, including the formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Importance of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle and its role in providing oxygen and food. Pedagogical Knowledge (PK): Use of inquiry-based learning to engage students in exploring the concept through questions and hands-on activities. Incorporation of group discussions to facilitate peer learning and enhance understanding through collaborative effort. Technological Knowledge (TK): Utilization of an interactive simulation tool for photosynthesis (e.g., PhET Interactive Simulations by the University of Colorado Boulder) to visually demonstrate the process. Using online forums or a class blog for students to share their findings and reflections.

38. Introduction to Photosynthesis: Activity: Begin with a question to spark curiosity: "How can plants eat sunlight?" Briefly discuss to gather initial thoughts. Technology Integration: Show a short animated video that introduces the concept of photosynthesis, highlighting its basic components and significance. Exploration Through Simulation: Pedagogy: Divide the class into small groups to encourage collaborative learning. Technology Integration: Each group uses the interactive simulation tool to explore how changing variables (like light intensity, CO2 levels) affects the rate of photosynthesis. This hands-on activity helps students understand the process dynamically and visually. Discussion and Concept Mapping: Pedagogy: After the exploration, lead a guided discussion to consolidate understanding. Use questioning techniques to connect the simulation experience with the theoretical concepts. Activity: Each group creates a concept map of photosynthesis, including reactants, products, and conditions necessary for the process. They can use digital tools like mind mapping software to create and present their maps.

39. Real-world Application: Activity: Discuss the importance of photosynthesis in everyday life, including food production and oxygen generation. Ask students to research and share examples of how photosynthesis impacts human life and the environment. Technology Integration: Students use online resources for research and present their findings on the class blog or forum, fostering a sense of community and shared learning. Reflection and Assessment: Pedagogy: Use formative assessment techniques to gauge students' understanding through quizzes or short-answer questions. Technology Integration: Implement an online quiz tool that provides immediate feedback. Encourage students to reflect on their learning process and how the technological tools contributed to their understanding by posting on the class blog.

40. Use of technology

41. Assessment of learning Assessment for learning Assessment as learning

42. Technology in assessment for/of/as Technology for self and peer assessment Technology in assessment for collaborative learning Learning Analytics All these use of technologies have some purposes such as; Enable enhanced question types Measure complex competencies Provide real-time feedback Increase accessibility Adapt to learner ability and knowledge Embedded with the learning process Assess for ongoing learning

43. benefits of technology in assessment; • variety and authenticity in assessment. • enhances learner engagement. • anywhere and anytime assessment. • assess cognitive and non-cognitive skills. • efficient submission, marking, moderation and data storage processes. • accuracy and consistency in results. • immediate and real-time feedback. • different question formats.

44. Tools for technology in assessment refers to the digital applications, platforms, and resources that facilitate the evaluation of student learning, performance, and understanding . These tools leverage the capabilities of modern technology to make assessments more efficient, accurate, engaging, and insightful . They serve a variety of functions, from the delivery of tests and quizzes to the analysis of student data for personalized feedback and learning paths.

45. Types of Assessment Tools

46. Online assessment tools Computer assisted assessment(CAA) Computer adaptive testing (CAT) Mobile based Assessment LMS based assessments Concept map Survey Wiki Blog Discussion forum Application software E-portfolio

47. Tools for Self and Peer Assessment Assessment Journals Reports etc

48. Collaborative Tools Discussion forum Blogs Wikis

49. Technology in research means technology in all the aspects in the process of research to develop the standards

50. Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis Big Data Analytics Internet of Things ( IoT ) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Digital Surveys and Social Media Analysis Cloud Computing

51. Gl oba l co llab ora tion Collaboration platforms and video conferencing tools enable you to connect with fellow researchers worldwide, fostering the exchange of ideas and expertise. Some popular collaboration platforms include Google Drive , Dropbox , and Microsoft OneDrive .

52. Access to Information Online database Academic journals Open-access repositories Some popular open access repositories include PubMed Central and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) .

53. Advanced Research Methods Project Management Tools:  These tools can help you to stay organized and on track with your research project. Some popular project management tools include Asana , Trello , and Basecamp . Video Conferencing Tools:  These tools allow you to communicate with colleagues and collaborators who are located in different parts of the world. Some popular video conferencing tools include Zoom , Skype , and Google Meet . Data Analysis Software:  There are a variety of software programs that can be used to analyze quantitative data. Some popular data analysis software programs include SPSS , SAS , and R .

54. Efficient Communication and Dissemination Established Publishers with Websites: ScienceDirect (Elsevier):  https://www.sciencedirect.com/  (covers a vast range of scientific fields) Wiley Online Library:  https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/  (covers various disciplines in science, social science, and humanities) JSTOR:  https://www.jstor.org/  (focuses on humanities and social sciences, with some scientific journals) Sage Journals:  https://journals.sagepub.com/  (covers a broad range of social sciences, humanities, and medical fields) Discipline-Specific Platforms: ERIC:  https://eric.ed.gov/  (education research) PubMed Central:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/health/  (life sciences and medicine) IEEE Xplore :  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp  (engineering and technology)

55. Literature search and management Search engines Research gate Academia.edu Mendely Zotero Evernote Type set Reference Management Software:  These applications help you to organize your research materials, create bibliographies, and format citations.

56. Use of technology in; Using technology in transforming how things are operated and managed in educational settings

57. Automation reducing workload Software now handles routine tasks previously done manually. Examples: Scheduling, report generation, repetitive data entry. Understanding how this frees up staff time allows you to focus on strategic improvements within educational organizations.

58. Enhancing Communication & Collaboration Instant Messaging & Video Conferencing:   Connects administrators, teachers, staff, and parents regardless of location. Reduces delays and promotes quick problem-solving . Cloud-Based File Sharing:   Real-time collaboration on lesson plans, curriculum documents, and school improvement plans ensures everyone is on the same page . School / Parent Portals:   Parents get secure access to student grades, schedules, and attendance. Improves transparency and involvement.

59. Streamlining Administrative tasks Scheduling Software:  Automates class scheduling, teacher assignments, and room bookings. Reduces time spent on manual processes and minimizes conflicts . Attendance Tracking:  Digital systems replace paper attendance logs. Provides real-time attendance data for reports and identifying potential issues early . Financial Management:  Dedicated software streamlines budgeting, purchase orders, payroll, and eliminates calculation errors . Report Generation:  Automated reports on everything from enrolment figures to student performance, allowing data-driven decision-making.

60. Data-Driven Decision Making: Learning Management Systems (LMS):   Track student progress, engagement, and identify areas for improvement. Allows for personalized intervention plans. Dashboards and Analytics Tools:   Analyze school-wide data on academic performance, demographics, and trends for strategic planning and resource allocation. Student Information Systems (SIS):   Centralize student records – attendance, grades, demographics – providing a holistic view of each learner.

61. Improved Resource Management Facility Management Software:   Helps optimize use of classrooms, labs, sporting facilities. Prevents scheduling conflicts and ensures efficient space utilization. Inventory Management Tools:   Tracks supplies , equipment, and technology assets, aiding in efficient budgeting and procurement.

62. The Future is Even More Tech-Driven AI is already streamlining some complex tasks, making data analysis easier. VR/AR can improve training and global collaboration (especially valuable in educational spheres!)

63. E-Repositories A tool to democratize access to information E-repositories are digital archives designed for the long-term preservation and access to a wide variety of digital content. digital repositories, are like giant digital filing cabinets tailored specifically for academic and research materials. They are essential for open access initiatives and making knowledge freely available.

64. Types of documents Research papers Thesis & Dissertations Technical Reports Data sets Images & Multiedia

65. arXiv.org: A highly regarded e-repository for pre-prints in physics, mathematics, computer science, and other scientific fields . DSpace : Popular open-source software used by many institutions to build their own e-repositories. PubMed Central (PMC): A repository for full-text biomedical and life sciences research articles. Social Science Research Network (SSRN): Focused on preprints and working papers in the social sciences.

66. E-Libraries E-libraries are digital collections of books, journals, and other educational resources accessible online.

67. E-Books Digital copies of Print materials Online journals and databases Streaming media

68. Project Gutenberg: Offers a vast collection of free e-books whose copyright has expired. Open Library: Aims to catalog every book ever published, with over a million available for digital borrowing. JSTOR: A subscription-based service providing access to full-text journals in a wide range of fields. Your university library's online catalog: Most universities invest heavily in e-libraries, offering licensed journals and databases crucial for student research.

69. Advantages Global access to knowledge Increased research visibility Preservation of scholarly output Enhanced collaboration amongst researchers E-repositories and e-libraries have revolutionized how we store and share information. For researchers, students, and the lifelong learner, these tools open up a world of opportunity.