ELEMENTS-OF-LITERATURE-editable for own pptx

21st century literature

1. Module 1-Lesson 2 Introduction To Literature 21 st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Compiled by: ALMIRAH S. ACRAMAN-ALIB

2. Ancient Literature Early literature is derived from stories told in  hunter-gatherer  bands through  oral tradition , including   myth  and  folklore . Storytelling  emerged as the human mind evolved to apply  causal reasoning  and structure events into a  narrative  and  language , allowing early humans to share information with one another. Early storytelling provided opportunity to learn about dangers and  social norms  while also entertaining listeners. Myth can be expanded to include all use of patterns and stories to make sense of the world, and it may be psychologically intrinsic to humans. Epic poetry  is recognized as the pinnacle of ancient literature. These works are long narrative poems that recount the feats of mythic heroes, often said to take place in the nation's early history .

3. Ancient Literature Sumerian literature is the oldest known literature, written in Sumer . Types of literature were not clearly defined, and all Sumerian literature incorporated poetic aspects. Sumerian poems demonstrate basic elements of poetry, including lines, imagery, and metaphor . Humans, gods, talking animals, and inanimate objects were all incorporated as characters. Suspense and humor were both incorporated into Sumerian stories. These stories were primarily shared orally, though they were also recorded by scribes . Some works were associated with specific musical instruments or contexts and may have been performed in specific settings. Sumerian literature did not use titles , instead being referred to by the work's first line.

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5. ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE Plot Exposition Characters Setting Conflict Rising Action Climax Falling Action Resolution The phrase ‘ elements of literature’ refers to the constituent parts of a work of literature in whatever form it takes: poetry, prose, or drama. 2. Narrative Techniques Point of view Flashback Foreshadowing Irony Symbols Motifs Point of View Themes

6. Introduction to Prose Prose, drama and poetry are the three main types of literature. The table below shows the main differences between them. 6 DRAMA POETRY PROSE Dialogue is presented with dramatic effective in mind. Elements Playwright Dialogue Characters Setting Themes Devices Dramatic Techniques Dramatic Irony Situational Irony Soliloquy Monologue Spectacle Economy of Language is employed using lines and stanzas to present ideas. Elements Poet Persona/Speaker Lines Stanzas Themes Devices Figurative/Literary devices Simile Metaphor Irony Personification Extended writing using sentences and paragraphs to present narratives. Elements Author Characters Plot Setting Themes Devices Narrative Techniques Flashback Foreshadowing Irony Figurative Devices

7. Characters

8. All stories have a character or characters. The author uses t he character’s actions in the story as a driving force for the plot – the sequence of events. Characters in stories can be humans, animals, or inanimate objects; anything that can be described as an individual in the story. The main character in a story is often called the ‘protagonist’. Most stories also include an ‘antagonist’, who directly or indirectly sets up conflicts, obstacles or challenges for the protagonist. We’ll look at this in more detail later. 8 Characters Explained

9. Major Characters - These are characters that contribute significantly to the development of the plot. The author uses their actions to drive the events of the story. These characters are often (although not always) seen or referred to frequently throughout the story. In Escape to Last Man Peak Matron is never seen, but often referred to, and Teacher Mack appears only briefly, but is quite influential on the children’s journey. 9 Major Characters

10. Minor characters – These are characters who do NOT contribute significantly to the development of the main plot. They are often seen in short sections of the story, rather than throughout the whole story. These characters may not even appear in person, but might simply be mentioned by other characters. Minor characters may be useful in changing the tone of the story, or diffusing tension, for example. 10 Minor Characters

11. Who is a protagonist? We know that a protagonist is one of the leading characters (or group of characters) of a story or novel. As such, the protagonist is often seen as the hero, main character or narrator of the story. The protagonist is a major character. The protagonist plays an important role in the story because he/she is the character the story is based on. In Escape to Last Man Peak the children as a group could be seen as the protagonist. 11 Protagonist

12. Who is an An tagonist? Think of a character as a coin, on this coin the protagonist would be on the front of the coin and the antagonist would be on the back. Based on this example, you will realize that the Antagonist is the opposite of the Protagonist. The Antagonist may be the villain in the story. The job of the Antagonist is to oppose the Protagonist as such often the Antagonist is seen as the enemy of the Protagonist. 12 Antagonist

13. How does the author make the characters reveal their personality or character traits in the story?   This process can be done through direct or indirect characterization .   Direct Characterization – This is when the author directly and clearly describes the traits and personality of the characters.   Indirect Characterization – Here the author doesn’t tell you what the character’s traits are, but these are revealed through the character’s Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions and Looks (STEAL). 13 Characterization

14. A ‘ round’ or ‘rounded’ character is a dynamic character who grows and changes during the course of the story. It is easier for the author to develop a round character in a novel than in a short story because of the extended nature of the work. In Escape to Last Man Peak the children grow and develop during the course of the story, as they encounter many new experiences. 14 Round Character

15. The opposite of a round character. A flat character does not grow or develop or change throughout the story. A flat character may be thought of a s o ne dimensional, meaning they have no depth. Often this type of character can be seen as being a stereotype, just representative of one type of character rather than someone capable of change and nuance. In Escape to Last Man Peak , the policeman who visits the Orphanage in the beginning of the book could be seen as a flat character. 15 Flat Character

16. 16 Self Assessment I can define the term character. I can identify major and minor characters in a story/novel. I know the difference between flat and round characters. I can identify examples of direct and indirect characterization.

17. Elements of Plot

18. The plot of the story/novel is the sequence of events that makes up the narrative. A very common plot structure moves from the opening (exposition) through action, conflict, climax to the ending, or resolution: 18 Plot Exposition Plot Diagram Resolution Climax Raising Action Falling Action Conflict

19. The exposition is designed to introduce or present the story and provide information about the setting and characters. It helps the reader to understand the context of the story. The exposition is also helps to propel the events of the plot. In Escape to Last Man Peak , the story opens with Nellie, the narrator, being woken up; as the story moves through the day, it introduces a lot of information about Sunrise Home and the children’s situation, and sets the scene for the whole story. 19 Exposition

20. The conflict in the novel helps to drive the plot. It can be internal (within one character) or external. INTERNAL CONFLICT The character engages in a physical, mental or emotional struggle with some aspect of himself/herself. EXTERNAL CONFLICT The character struggles with other characters. The character struggles with some aspect of nature. The character struggles with some aspect of society, for example a local community or a national government or institution. 20 Conflict

21. The climax describes the point at which the conflict and action in the story reaches its peak. This is highest point of action in a story or novel when the reader is sitting on the edge of their seats not sure what will happen next. In Escape to Last Man Peak , the climax could be said to be the point at which the children pass the gang of bad boys at Windsor. 21 Climax

22. The resolution of the conflict occurs at the end of the story and shows that the conflict has come to a close, at least temporarily. The story doesn’t always tell you exactly what happens in the end, but it does come to a resolution leaving the reader with an understanding of what has happened. In Escape to Last Man Peak , the story ends at the end of the children’s journey, with them all safe at Last Man Peak, although it leaves open the question of what happens to them later. 22 Resolution

23. 23 Self Assessment I know the elements of a story/novel. I can label elements of a story/novel. I can identify elements of a story/novel. I can identify the different types of conflicts in a story/novel.

24. Setting TIME ENVIRONMENT ATMOSPHERE Weather

25. Simply put, the setting is the environment in which the story takes place. Sometimes the setting of a novel can change throughout a story. This is seen in the novel, Escape to Last Man Peak in which the setting of the story changes as the children journey through the interior of the country. 25 Setting explained

26. Time is an important element of setting because it frames for the reader the period in which the story is taking place. This helps the reader to understand some of the events and issues presented. This sets the scene historically, describing whether the story is set in the present day, or in the past, or even in the future. It also affects the pace of the story, does it describe events in a short period of time, or over many years? 26 Time

27. The weather describes the conditions that influence the physical environment in which the narrative is taking place. The author sometimes uses the weather to set the tone of the narrative. In Escape to Last Man Peak , the weather is often described, because it makes a big difference to the children’s experiences and their journey. 27 Weather

28. The atmosphere is the emotional environment or mood of the story. Atmosphere can be created by the time of day, the physical state of the environment (bright/cheerful or dull/dreary/dingy), the level of tension or safety that is felt, etc. Here is an example from Escape to Last Man Peak , as the children approach a dangerous but exciting climax: The darkness grew intense, and the silence seemed loud all around us. Not a sound came from the river nearby, and not a breath of wind moved the leaves of the trees. The hooves of the calves and the donkey had been muffled with strips of blanket, and all of us moved silently on bare feet. The only sounds I could hear were the soft thud-thud of hooves, my own breathing, and now and then the small clatter of a stone. 28 Atmosphere

29. Narrative Techniques

30. Narrative techniques are the devices the author uses to convey meaning. Here are some examples: Point of view Flashback Foreshadowing Irony Symbols Motifs 30 Narrative Techniques

31. The point of view is the perspective from which the story is written. The first person point of view is told from the story-teller’s (or narrator’s) perspective. The pronouns that are used include I, me, my. The third person point of view is told by a narrator who is not part of the story, and is not describing their own experiences. Third person pronouns include he, she, they, them, his, hers. 31 Point of View

32. First Person Point of View The narrator is the character telling the story. The narrator is often the protagonist of the story, telling their own story. This means the reader only sees what the narrator sees or thinks. Therefore, the reader might also experience the biases of the narrator. 32 Point of View

33. When the story is told from the third person point of view the reader usually gets a broader perspective. There may be one narrator or several narrators, but their story is not limited to what their characters actually experience in the story. They have an overview, not a partial view of the action. Let’s look at the third person point of view in more detail. 33 What is the difference between the first and third person perspective? Third Person Point of View

34. Third Person Limited As the name suggests although the story is told in the third person, the narrator does not see everything, so this perspective is limited in what is presented. Third Person Omniscient From this perspective the author knows and relates all the feelings, actions and events that occur in the story. This story is told by an all-knowing (omniscient) figure. 34 Third Person Point of View

35. Flashback is a narrative technique that shows the readers events that occurred in the past. Flashback is used to give the reader information about events in the past, to help them understand and identify issues they encounter in the story. 35 Identify an example of flashback in a story or novel. Flashback

36. The author sometimes provides the readers with clues/hints of events that might occur as the story or novel progresses. For example, in Escape to Last Man Peak , the children leave Sunrise Home shortly before Christmas, and Pauline takes the Home’s Christmas decorations with her. This could be an example of foreshadowing in hinting that the children might reach safety in time for Christmas. 36 Foreshadowing

37. There are at least three types of irony that you will find in stories; these are: Irony Dramatic Irony; Situational Irony. Irony is a narrative technique that highlights the opposite of what is expected. Therefore, a situation is identified as being ironic if the final outcome is the opposite of what was expected. 37 State an instance of irony in a story/novel. Irony

38. A symbol is something (colour, element of nature, an item, etc.) that is used to represent something else. In Escape to Last Man Peak , Bess the dog could be said to be the symbol of strength and loyalty, guiding and guarding the children. 38 What does a white dove mean to you when you see it? What is this bird used to represent? Symbols

39. Motifs Motifs are reoccurring ideas/events that are present throughout the story. These ideas/events are often symbolic in nature. Therefore, the author uses them to convey additional meaning. Motifs can also add to the creation of themes in the story/novel. 39 Castillo, R., 2021.  Motif In Literature . [video] Available at: <https://youtu.be/dXu4pV0Xwyw> [Accessed 5 January 2021].

40. Theme

41. A theme is the overall idea the author trie s to convey to the reader. Some common themes that are presented in a number of contemporary classics: Childhood Experiences Love and family relationships Discrimination Racism Death Friendship 41 Theme

42. In Escape to Last Man Peak the themes include: Childhood experiences Going on a journey Working through difficulties Friendship and caring Family memories Can you think of any others? 42 Theme

43. CATEGORIES OF LITERATURE All literature can be sorted into one of two categories: nonfiction, which describes writing based on facts, and fiction, which is fabricated to some degree.  Nonfiction talks about the reality of things, places, and people. Nonfiction literature refers to a variety of texts that strive to depict information that is 100 percent factually accurate. Like fictitious works, a work of nonfiction may tell a story; however, the facts are of utmost importance and may be presented using storytelling elements. Good nonfiction literature is void of stereotypes or biases and organized in a manner that is easy to follow and understand. Some examples of nonfiction literature include biographies and autobiographies, scientific journals and most textbooks. 43

44. CATEGORIES OF LITERATURE 2. Fiction Literature talks about imaginary characters, settings and stories . Creative Nonfiction Literature tries to combine these two main types into ingenious literary masterpiece. Creative Nonfiction follows the structure of Nonfiction Literature, while employing the use of Fiction Literature’s style and characteristics. Also regarded as the modern essay, it is built upon facts, but is crafted creatively. It has become popular in the form of memoirs and literary journalism articles. 44

45. CATEGORIES OF LITERATURE Literary fantasy , unlike realistic fiction, is a type of fiction containing elements that cannot possibly exist in the real world. Works of fantasy do not abide by the scientific and natural laws of Earth. They may possess characters with supernatural abilities and/or settings that readers cannot relate to because the environments can never exist in the real world. Good fantasy stories are able to captivate readers' interest, have a well-developed plot and characters and possess some sort of identifiable theme. J.K. Rowling's " Harry Potter " series is a well-known example of literary fantasy. Its characters possess supernatural abilities and inhabit magical settings that could never exist in the world as we know it. 45

46. Common Forms Of Literature Across Types • DRAMA- is a created literature to be performed and witnessed by an audience. This literature is intended for theater and is performed by actors donning costumes and props against a constructed backdrop for setting. A drama is divided into “acts” and “scenes” forming a text filled with dialogues and stage directions for the actors’ movements. • NOVEL- is an extended story, usually fictional. Novels could present various themes organized in ‘chapters’, and, sometimes, ‘volumes’. • SHORT STORY- is a story narrated in brevity, in comparison with a novel. Short stories, oftentimes, are more creatively crafted than novels, but lack specific and minute details . 46

47. Common Forms Of Literature Across Types • POETRY-is a form of literature that uses more expressive words, like figures of speech, and creative structures in conveying its message. • ESSAY- is a literary form intended to be read, if not, addressed to a specific audience. Essays are mostly built upon facts and general knowledge. It is one literary form that focuses on analyzing and critiquing issues. • EPIC- is on literary form that is slowly becoming extinct, if not, rare. In structure, an epic combines both styles of a drama and a narrative story. It also has an element of a song in it, as most epics were sung in the old times. 47

48. FICTION Short Stories are usually defined as being between 2000-6000 words long. Most short stories have at least one “rounded” (developed and complex) character and any number of “flat” (less developed, simpler) characters. Short stories tend to focus on one major source of conflict and often take place within one basic time period. Novellas generally run between 50-150 pages, halfway between a story and a novel. Novels don’t have a prescribed length. Because they are a longer form of fiction, an author has more freedom to work with plot and characters, as well as develop sub-plots and move freely through time. Characters can change and develop over the course of time and the theme(s) can be broader and more intricate than in shorter forms of fiction. 48

49. DRAMA Drama Types: Tragedy – generally serious in tone, focusing on a protagonist who experiences an eventual downfall Comedy – light in tone, employs humor and ends happily Satire – exaggerated and comic in tone for the purpose of criticism or ridicule Experimental – can be light or serious in tone. It creates its own style through experimentation with language, characters, plot, etc. Musical – can be light or serious. The majority of the dialogue is sung rather than spoken . 49

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