Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Polyhedron, Prism, Pyramid, Frustum & Truncated in Civil Engineering Drawing (PDF)

This comprehensive PDF presentation titled “Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Polyhedron, Prism, Pyramid, Frustum & Truncated in Civil Engineering Drawing” provides detailed guidance on the construction, projection, and application of complex geometric shapes in technical drawings. Understanding these geometric figures is essential for civil engineering students and professionals to produce precise, accurate, and readable drawings that communicate design ideas effectively.

The presentation begins with fundamental geometric curves—Ellipse, Parabola, and Hyperbola—including their properties, construction methods, and usage in civil engineering plans. It then covers 3D solids such as Polyhedron, Prism, Pyramid, Frustum, and Truncated forms, explaining methods for drawing their projections, elevations, and sections.

Practical examples illustrate how these shapes are applied in building plans, structural layouts, and site drawings. The document also demonstrates the use of **CAD tools** to enhance precision, accuracy, and efficiency in creating complex shapes.

Designed for civil engineering students, beginners, and professionals, this PDF serves as an essential resource for academic study, project work, and practical drafting. It improves geometric understanding, enhances technical drawing skills, and ensures drawings meet global standards. Following these techniques, learners can create professional, standardized, and easily interpretable technical drawings.

Download this PDF to master complex geometric constructions and improve your civil engineering drawing skills, ensuring clarity, precision, and professional presentation in all technical drawings.

1. CE 1152
Engineering Drawing
Lecture-4
SabihaTasnimRifa
Department of Civil Engineering, BAUST

2. Ellipse (Concentric Circles Method)
An ellipse is a plane curve surrounding two focal point. The curve is so set with respect to those
focal points that the sum of distances of all the points on that curve from those foci is the same.
There are two axes or dia of an ellipse known as the major and minor axes.

3. •Make two concentric circle using a and b as diameters.
•Divide these circles into 12/16 equal parts.
•From points 1,2,3… draw vertical lines towards X-
axis.
•From the corresponding points on small circle draw
horizontal lines towards those vertical lines.
•Mark the points (marked red here)
•Connect those points with smooth curve to obtain an
ellipse.

4. Parabola
A parabola is a set of points, such that for any point of the set the distance to a fixed point, the
focus, is equal to the distance to a fixed line, the directrix: The midpoint of the perpendicular
from the focus onto the directrix is called the vertex, and the line. is the axis of symmetry of the
parabola.

5. •Directrix MN & Focus F
•OC ⊥ MN from F
•Bisect OF at D
•Take a point A on OC
•Make a perpendicular at A
•From F, cut a and a (Fa = OA)
•Repeat it for several other points and obtain points bb,
cc, dd, ee, ff and so on.
•Connect the points to obtain the desired parabola.

6. Hyperbola
A hyperbola is an open curve with two branches, the intersection of a plane with both halves of a
double cone. The plane does not have to be parallel to the axis of the cone; the hyperbola will be
symmetrical in any case.

8. Solid Object
A solid is an object with three dimensions, i.e. length, width/breadth and height/thickness.
For example:
•Cube
•Cylinder
•Cone
•Prism, etc

9. Front View and Top View
To represent a solid in the orthographic projection, at least two views are necessary; one view to
represent length and height, called FRONT VIEW and the other view to represent length and
breadth, called TOP VIEW.

11. Polyhedron
The solid which is bounded by plane surfaces or faces is called Polyhedron. The polyhedron are
further sub-divided into three groups:
•Regular Polyhedron
•Prisms
•Pyramids
A polyhedron is regular if each of its plane surfaces is a Regular Polygon. The regular plane
surfaces which form the surfaces of the polyhedron are called Faces. The lines at which two faces
intersect are called Edges

12. The Three important regular polyhedron are:
1.Tetrahedron --- 4 equal regular triangles
2.Cube or Hexahedron --- 6 equal regular squares
3.Octahedron --- 8 equal equilateral triangles

13. Prism
A solid figure whose bases or ends have the same size and shape and are parallel to one another,
and each of whose sides is a parallelogram

14. Pyramid
A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common point.

15. Frustum & Truncated
Frustum: When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a cutting plane parallel to its base, the remaining
portion thus obtained after removing the top portion is called the Frustum.
Truncated: When a solid (prism/cylinder/pyramid/cone) is cut by a cutting plane inclined to its base
(not parallel), the remaining portion thus obtained after removing the top portion is called the
Truncated Solid