EMBALMINGG FORR MEDICALL EDUCATIONN.pptx

It involves the steps taken in embalming for educational purposes

1. EMBALMING FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION ANA 406 PRESENTATION BY GROUP 3

2. Group 3 Members ADELUSI KEHINDE PRECIOUS - ANA/19/2185 AKINTOYE VICTOR AYOMIDE – ANA/19/2196 KAKA OPEYEMI ZAINAB - ANA/19/2201 DARAMOLA BOLANLE RUTH - ANA/19/2199 ADEMUWAGUN OMOLOLA ANGELA - ANA/18/7693 SHINA OJO AYOMIDE - ANA/19/2218 ADENIYI OLUWATIMILEYIN VICTORIA - ANA/19/2186 MACBELO GEORGE ADEWOLEOLA – ANA/19/2203

3. Outline Introduction Embalming process Embalming technique for medical education Ethical considerations and Best practices in embalming for medical education Best practices in handling embalmed specimens Challenges and Limitations of embalming in medical education Future of embalming in medical education Case studies and practical applications

4. Embalming is the treatment of a dead body so as to sterilize it or to protect it from decay. The process of embalming involves the infusion of special fluid into the body, which acts to slow down the decomposition process. This fluid contains various chemicals and often contains ethanol. Embalming sets the person’s features so they are more visually appealing for funeral services. If the deceased suffered a traumatic death, embalming can also repair physical damages to make the person more presentable for a viewing or funeral. Introduction

5. Introduction Reduces growth of microorganisms on the body Restores an acceptable physical appearance Beneficial for repatriation purposes Slows down natural decomposition of the blood Importance :

6. Embalming Process Pre-embalming preparation involves several steps to ensure the body is ready for the embalming process. These steps include: Verification of Identity: Confirming the identity of the deceased. Sanitation: Washing and disinfecting the body to prevent the spread of disease . Positioning: Properly positioning the body on the embalming table. Examination: Checking the body for any injuries, medical devices, or conditions that might affect embalming. Removal of Medical devices such as pacemakers, catheters, and other medical devices . 1. Pre-Embalming Preparation:

7. Embalming Process Formaldehyde: The primary preservative, formaldehyde fixes tissues by cross-linking proteins, which prevents decomposition. Methanol : Used as a stabilizer and preservative to prevent the polymerization of formaldehyde . Phenol : Acts as a disinfectant and bleaching agent . Glycerin : Serves as a humectant, retaining moisture in tissues . Water Conditioners: Added to embalming fluid to ensure proper pH and remove hardness minerals. 2. Chemicals Used and How They Work on the Body:

8. Embalming Process Preparation of embalming chemicals involves mixing concentrated embalming fluids with water to achieve the desired strength and volume. The mixture typically includes : Embalming Fluid Concentrate: Contains formaldehyde, methanol, phenol, and other preservatives. Water : Dilutes the concentrate to achieve the proper concentration. Dyes : May be added to restore natural skin color. Humectants and Modifiers: Added to maintain tissue pliability and control moisture. 3. Preparation of Chemicals:

9. Embalming Process Clean and disinfect the body using a germicidal soap and disinfectant spray . Place the body on the embalming table with the head elevated . Carry out embalming techniques as required. Disinfect the body again and clean any spillages . Close any incisions made during the process . Groom the body, including washing hair, closing the mouth and eyes, and dressing the body . Apply cosmetics to restore natural skin color . Style the hair and perform any necessary restorative art to repair damages. 4. Step-by-Step Preparation Description of Embalming in Medical Education:

10. Embalming Techniques for Medical Education Injection : The arterial embalming process involves injecting embalming fluid into the body's arterial system. The common carotid artery is frequently used, though other arteries like the femoral or brachial may be used based on accessibility and the condition of the body. A pump is used to push the embalming fluid into the arterial system, displacing blood and distributing the fluid throughout the body . Drainage : A vein, usually the jugular or femoral, is opened to allow blood and bodily fluids to be expelled as the embalming fluid circulates. This ensures the entire vascular system is filled with the preservative . Distribution : The embalming fluid, typically a mixture of formaldehyde, methanol, and other solvents, permeates the tissues, preserving them by fixing proteins and killing bacteria . Arterial embalming ensures thorough preservation of internal tissues and organs, making it ideal for long-term educational use. It helps maintain the structural integrity of the body. 1. Arterial Embalming:

11. Embalming Techniques for Medical Education Aspiration : After arterial embalming, the body's cavities (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) are treated. A trocar, a long, hollow tube with a pointed end, is inserted into the body cavities through a small incision. The contents of the cavities, including fluids and gases, are aspirated (suctioned) out using a pump. Injection : Once the cavities are emptied, they are injected with a concentrated embalming fluid, often containing higher concentrations of formaldehyde, to ensure preservation. The fluid is distributed throughout the cavities to prevent bacterial growth and decomposition . Cavity embalming targets areas that arterial embalming may not fully reach. It ensures that the internal organs and cavities are adequately preserved. 2. Cavity Embalming:

12. Embalming Techniques for Medical Education Surface embalming involves the direct application of preservative chemicals to the skin and external body surfaces. Gels , creams, or sprays containing embalming chemicals are applied to areas that may decompose more rapidly or are difficult to preserve using arterial or cavity embalming alone. The treated areas may be wrapped in plastic or other materials to ensure the chemicals remain in contact with the body surface and penetrate effectively . Surface embalming is used to treat specific areas, such as wounds, ulcers, or areas with compromised skin integrity, ensuring localized preservation. 3. Surface Embalming:

13. Embalming Techniques for Medical Education Hypodermic Embalming: Hypodermic embalming involves the injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues using a syringe and needle. It is often used for localized treatment of areas that may not have received sufficient preservative from arterial or cavity embalming . This technique is ideal for treating isolated areas of decomposition or trauma, ensuring complete preservation . Refrigeration and Freezing: Bodies may be stored at temperatures just above freezing to slow down decomposition without freezing the tissues. In some cases, bodies are frozen at subzero temperatures for long-term preservation. These methods are used to extend the preservation period of cadavers, allowing them to be used for longer-term studies and educational programs. 4. Specialized Techniques:

14. Embalming Techniques for Medical Education Anatomical Embalming: Anatomical embalming often uses modified embalming fluid formulations with lower formaldehyde concentrations and added humectants (moisturizers) to preserve tissues while maintaining flexibility and lifelike texture. The process may involve a slower, more controlled injection of embalming fluid to ensure even distribution and optimal preservation . Anatomical embalming helps to preserve cadavers for extended periods, making them suitable for prolonged study and dissection in medical education. It also helps to maintains tissue pliability, which is essential for surgical training and anatomical demonstrations. 4. Specialized Techniques:

15. 1. Consent and legal aspects play a significant role in this process of embalming. Consent involves obtaining permission from the deceased individual or their family to use the body for educational purposes. This consent ensures respect for the deceased person's autonomy and dignity. Ethical considerations and Best practices in embalming for medical education

16. 2 . Respect for the deceased and cultural sensitivity. Upholding respect for the deceased involves treating their body with dignity and ensuring that their remains are handled with care and reverence throughout the educational process. By being culturally sensitive, educational institutions can ensure that the use of bodies for medical education is done in a manner that aligns with the cultural values and traditions of the deceased and their families, fostering a respectful and inclusive learning environment. Ethical considerations and Best practices in embalming for medical education

17. 3. Environmental impact of embalming chemicals. Using embalming chemicals can have a significant environmental impact. These chemicals, such as formaldehyde, are often used in the embalming process to preserve the body. However, when these chemicals are not properly disposed of or handled, they can leach into the soil and water, causing harm to the environment and wildlife. It is essential to consider more environmentally friendly embalming alternatives or proper disposal methods to minimize the environmental footprint of embalming practices. Ethical considerations and Best practices in embalming for medical education

18. Best Practices in Handling Embalmed Specimen Always wear gloves, lab coats, face masks, and eye protection when handling embalmed specimens and ensure proper hand hygiene before and after handling specimens. 1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Follow the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) guidelines for safe handling and disposal of chemicals. 3. Chemical Handling: Work in well-ventilated areas to minimize exposure to formaldehyde and other chemicals. 2. Ventilation: Safety Protocols Have first aid kits and emergency showers/eyewash stations readily accessible. 4. Emergency Procedures :

19. Best Practices in Handling Embalmed Specimen 1. Store embalmed specimens in a cool, dry place to prevent decomposition and mold growth and avoid extreme temperature fluctuations. 4. Store specimens in sealed containers to prevent leakage and exposure to air and label containers clearly with the specimen details and date of embalming. 2. Maintain low humidity levels to prevent mold growth. Use dehumidifiers if necessary. Proper Storage and Maintenance 5. Keep detailed records of specimen acquisition, treatment, and storage conditions. 3. Regularly check specimens for signs of mold, dehydration, or damage.

20. Challenges and Limitations of Embalming in Medical E ducation Chemical exposure: Embalming involves the use of a toxic chemical and it can cause irritation of skin, eyes and mouth when the embalmer is exposed to it for a long period of time and can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues . Degradation of Tissue quality: Embalmed tissue can lose their elasticity and natural color which can make it look stiff and waxy. It also make it difficult to appreciate the true texture and appearance of living tissue . Ethical and cultural concerns: Some cultures and region may have practice that opposes the use of embalming and this can raise ethical issue and can also limit the availability of bodies for education purposes.

21. Challenges and Limitations of Embalming in Medical E ducation High cost and Limited availability: Embalming tools and fluid are expensive and maintenance of cadavers can be a financial burden too and this can limit hand on experience for educational purposes. Environmental Impact: There are adverse effects of chemical use in embalming and it is harmful to the environment, there are also concerns of proper disposal and potential of environmental contamination. Advances in Technology: The development of advanced imaging techniques, virtual dissection tools, and synthetic models provides alternative methods for anatomical study, reducing the reliance on embalmed cadavers.

22. Future of Embalming in Medical Education Development of new embalming fluids with improved tissue preservation. Targeted perfusion methods for enhanced organ and tissue quality. 1. Advanced preservation techniques: Eco-friendly embalming solutions. Improved body donation programs and consent processes. 3. Ethical and sustainable practices: Augmented reality overlays on embalmed specimens. 3D scanning of embalmed bodies for virtual dissection. 2. Integration with digital technologies: Vascular injection methods for improved anatomical study. Fluorescent dyes for specific tissue highlighting. 4. Enhanced visualization techniques: Tailoring preservation methods to individual donor characteristics. Preserving pathological conditions for educational  purposes. 5. Personalized embalming:

23. Case studies and practical applications Embalming is often used in medical schools to preserve human cadavers for anatomy education. This allows students to study human anatomy in detail. Practical Use: Students gain hands-on experience with dissection, which is important for understanding human anatomy and the spatial relationships between organs. Case Study 1: Enhancing Anatomy Education

24. Case studies and practical applications Embalming is also used in forensic pathology to preserve bodies for examination and legal purposes. Forensic pathologists use embalmed bodies to practice and refine their skills in autopsy techniques, which are critical for legal and medical investigations. Case Study 2: Forensic Pathology Training

25. Case studies and practical applications Embalmed bodies can be used in clinical research and simulation to study various medical conditions and treatments. Embalmed cadavers can be used to test medical devices and surgical techniques. For instance, new surgical instruments or techniques can be evaluated on preserved bodies before clinical trials. Medical schools and research institutions use embalmed bodies to create realistic simulation scenarios for training purposes. This includes emergency response simulations and complex surgical procedures. Case Study 3: Clinical Research and Simulation

26. Thank you