Endemic animals

endangered anaimals

1. ENDANGERED SPECIES IN A POPULATION BY G.MAHESWARI II M.SC ZOOLOGY 18PZ03

2. INTRODUCTION: India is home to different animals It is also a habitat for wild animals India is one of the mega diverse countries out of a total of twelve mega diverse countries in the world . These twelve mega diverse countries, including India, are the habitats of around 60 – 70% of the world’s biodiversity. The Western Ghats and The Eastern Himalayas are the three biodiversity hotspots out of total 34 in the whole world.

3. Endangered species:

4. Cont ….. 15 species of birds IUCN Red List in 2014 12 species of mammals 18 species of reptiles and amphibians

5. Why Critically Endangered? • Limited geographical range. • Very limited or small population of less than 50 adult individuals. • Whether the population has decreased or will decrease by more than 80% for the last three generations or 10 years. • If the population is less than 250 individuals and is continuously declining at 25% for the last one generation or three years.

6. Population rate decreased:

7. Few Ways to Save Endangered Animals • If pollution can be controlled • To save the endangered animals from extinction, a number of breeding programmes have been introduced. • Reintroducing the endangered animals to the wild once their numbers increase has become successful in some cases though all species have not done well. • If hunting and poaching can be controlled

8. Steps Taken by the Government for Wildlife Protection All the states, Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 The Central Government provides every type of financial assistance to the State Governments for the conservation and protection of the endangered species . National ban was imposed on tiger hunting in 1970. Innumerable numbers of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Parks etc have been established by the government. In 1992, Central Zoo Authority (CZA) was initiated for the supervision of the management of zoological parks in the country. In 1996, the Wildlife Advisory Committee and Wildlife Institute were established for Wildlife conservation

9. Five main International conventions associated to wildlife conservation ( i ) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES ) ( ii) Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT ) ( iii) International Whaling Commission (IWC ) ( iv) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – World Heritage Committee (UNESCO – WHC) ( v) Convention on Migratory Species (CHS). Numerous positive steps are being taken for saving the endangered species of India .

10. Endangered animals in India: • Critically Endangered species in India According to the Red Data Book of International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN),there are 47 critically endangered species in India (As of 5September2011(2011-09-05 ) • The Red list of 2012 is out on 18 february2012 at Rio +20 Earth Summit. Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals as Critically Endangered from India .

11. Blackbuck - Antilopecervicapra (Linnaeus ) HoolockGibbon ( Hylobateshoolock )

12. Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species Confiscated Products Made from Endanger Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species ed Species Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species

13. Past current

14. Future:

15. Thank you

16. Biosparging . Biosparging involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table to increase groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of biological degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria. Biosparging increases the mixing in the saturated zone and thereby increases the contact between soil and groundwater. The ease and low cost of installing small-diameter air injection points allows considerable flexibility in the design and construction of the system.

17. Bioventing Bioventing is a promising new technology that stimulates the natural in-situ biodegradation of any aerobicallydegradable compounds in NAPL within the soil by providing oxygen to existing soil microorganisms. In contrast to soil-vapor extraction (SVE), bioventing uses low air-flow rates to provide only enough oxygen to sustain microbial activity. Oxygen is most commonly supplied through direct air injection into residual contamination in soil by means of wells. Adsorbed fuel residuals are biodegraded, and volatile compounds also are biodegraded as vapors move slowly through biologically active soil.[5]

18. Types of bioremediation Aerobic - Air, oxygen, and/or nutrients are injected into groundwater to enhance biodegradation of contaminants . Systems include direct injections of oxygen release compound ( ORC) or hydrogen peroxide , or groundwater recirculation systems. • Anaerobic - Carbon sources such as molasses, lactic acid, or hydrogen release compound ( HRC) are injected into groundwater to enhance biodegradation of contaminants using direct injection or groundwater recirculation systems.

19. Bioaugmentation is the introduction of a group of natural microbial strains or a genetically engineered variant to treat contaminated soil or water. It is commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment to restart activated sludge bioreactors. Most cultures available contain a research based consortium of Microbial cultures, containing all necessary microorganisms At sites where soil and groundwater are contaminated with chlorinated ethenes , such as tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene , bioaugmentation is used to ensure that the in situ microorganisms can completely degrade these contaminants to ethylene and chloride, which are non-toxic[6] Monitoring of this system is difficult

20. Technique Examples Benefits Applications In Situ Biosparging Bioventing Bioaugmentation Most efficient Non Invasive Relative passive Naturally attenuated process, treat soil and water Biodegradative abilities of Indigenous microorganisms Presence of metals and inorganic compounds Environmental parameters Biodegradability of pollutants Chemical solubility Geological factors Distribution of pollutants

21. Ex situ Land farming (Solid-phase treatment system) Composting ( Anaerobic,converts solid organic wastes into humus-like material) Biopiles Cost efficient ,Simple, Inexpensive ,self-heating Low cost Rapid reaction rate, Inexpensive, self heating Can be done on site Surface application, aerobic process, application of organic materials to natural soils followed by irrigation and tilling To make plants healthier good alternative to land filling or incinerating practical and convenient. Surface application, agricultural to municipal waste

22. Advantages of Bioremediation • It is a natural process it takes a little time an acceptable waste treatment process for contaminated material such as soil. Microbes able to degrade the contaminant increase in numbers when the contaminant is present ; when the contaminant is degraded , the biodegradative population declines. The residues for the treatment are usually harmless products • Bioremediation also requires a very less effort and can often be carried out on site, often without causing a major disruption of normal activities. This also eliminates the need to transport quantities of waste off site and the potential threats to human health and the environment that can arise during transportation. • Bioremediation is also a cost effective process as it lost less than the other conventional methods that are used for clean-up of hazardous waste.

23. It also helps in complete destruction of the pollutants , many of the hazardous compounds can be transformed to harmless products ,this feature also eliminates the chance of future liability associated with treatment and disposal of contaminated material. • It does not use any dangerous chemicals. The nutrients added to make microbes grow are fertilizers commonly used on lawns and gardens. Because bioremediation changes the harmful chemicals into water and harmless gases, the harmful chemicals are completely destroyed..