English 2nd semesteNotesh biology biopsy results from the other day and I just got back from the gym and then yy.pdf
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Aug 30, 2025
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About This Presentation
Could you clarify what you mean by “Nutrition description”? 🙂
Do you want:
A general definition of nutrition?
A short paragraph describing nutrition (e.g., for an assignment, project, or presentation)?
A detailed explanation of how nutrition works in the body?
Or a description of nutriti...
Slide Content
Paragraph Writing
by Sadaf Farooq
by Sadaf Farooq
What is a Paragraph?
•A paragraph is a subdivision of a written
composition that consists of one or more
sentences, and deals with one point.
OR
•A paragraph is a unit of writing in a larger
body of work. A paragraph expresses a
particular topic or theme
Educational Platform
•A paragraph is a subdivision of a written
composition that consists of one or more
sentences, and deals with one point.
OR
•A paragraph is a unit of writing in a larger
body of work. A paragraph expresses a
particular topic or theme
Educational Platform
Structure
•The structure of a paragraph parallels the
structure of an essay in order as well as content.
Both contain a coherent argument, supporting
evidence/analysis, and a conclusion.
•Specifically, the contents of a paragraph are as
follows:
–The topic sentence
–Supporting evidence/analysis
–Conclusion
Educational Platform
•The structure of a paragraph parallels the
structure of an essay in order as well as content.
Both contain a coherent argument, supporting
evidence/analysis, and a conclusion.
•Specifically, the contents of a paragraph are as
follows:
–The topic sentence
–Supporting evidence/analysis
–Conclusion
Educational Platform
The Topic sentence
•Needs to state ONE idea clearly
•Useful Tip: Always put the most important
information first!
•The Topic Sentence serves two functions:
–first, it functions as the thesis of your paragraph.
–second, it pushes the thesis of your essay forward
and presents an arguable point.
Educational Platform
•Needs to state ONE idea clearly
•Useful Tip: Always put the most important
information first!
•The Topic Sentence serves two functions:
–first, it functions as the thesis of your paragraph.
–second, it pushes the thesis of your essay forward
and presents an arguable point.
Educational Platform
Supporting Evidence/Analysis
•Elaborates and explains the idea introduced in
the topic sentence
•Provides evidence and examples
•Explains the evidence or example included -
why is it relevant?
•You need to find a balance between evidence
you provide (facts, quotations, summary of
events/plot, etc.) and analysis (interpretation
of evidence).
Educational Platform
•Elaborates and explains the idea introduced in
the topic sentence
•Provides evidence and examples
•Explains the evidence or example included -
why is it relevant?
•You need to find a balance between evidence
you provide (facts, quotations, summary of
events/plot, etc.) and analysis (interpretation
of evidence).
Educational Platform
Conclusion
•Makes links: back to the main idea of the
paragraph; back to research question or topic
of the assignment; to the next paragraph.
•The Concluding Observation closes your
paragraph with an observation that is more
than just summary of the contents of the
paragraph.
Educational Platform
•Makes links: back to the main idea of the
paragraph; back to research question or topic
of the assignment; to the next paragraph.
•The Concluding Observation closes your
paragraph with an observation that is more
than just summary of the contents of the
paragraph.
Educational Platform
•The following paragraph has been broken down into its constituent parts:
•The Topic Sentence: The means by which environmentalists seek to
achieve their political goals demonstrate a willingness to operate within
traditional political channels. [point arguable: some people may believe
environmentalists largely use antidemocratic strategies.]
•Supporting Evidence/Analysis: Like many other special interest groups,
advocates for the environmentalist movement use lobbying tactics such as
contributing financially to the campaigns of environmentally friendly
candidates. Lobbying provides a source of political influence and power. As
one analyst of environmental politics notes, in “making some commitment
to work within the political system. . .[environmental lobby groups]
succumb to. . .pressure to play ‘by the rules of the game’ in the
compromise world of Washington, D.C.” (Vig and Kraft 70). [blend of
supporting evidence/analysis]
•Conclusion: Some might argue that environmentalists have taken a
distinctly anti-American approach to policy change, claiming that lobbying
is inherently undemocratic in its bias towards certain segments of the
population; however, lobbying remains a constitutionally legitimate form
of political activism. [more than just summary, the point is arguable and
could easily lead to another point.]
Educational Platform
•The Topic Sentence: The means by which environmentalists seek to
achieve their political goals demonstrate a willingness to operate within
traditional political channels. [point arguable: some people may believe
environmentalists largely use antidemocratic strategies.]
•Supporting Evidence/Analysis: Like many other special interest groups,
advocates for the environmentalist movement use lobbying tactics such as
contributing financially to the campaigns of environmentally friendly
candidates. Lobbying provides a source of political influence and power. As
one analyst of environmental politics notes, in “making some commitment
to work within the political system. . .[environmental lobby groups]
succumb to. . .pressure to play ‘by the rules of the game’ in the
compromise world of Washington, D.C.” (Vig and Kraft 70). [blend of
supporting evidence/analysis]
•Conclusion: Some might argue that environmentalists have taken a
distinctly anti-American approach to policy change, claiming that lobbying
is inherently undemocratic in its bias towards certain segments of the
population; however, lobbying remains a constitutionally legitimate form
of political activism. [more than just summary, the point is arguable and
could easily lead to another point.]
Educational Platform
Types of Paragraphs
• According to the writing propose, paragraphs
may be classify into four main categories:
–Descriptive
–Persuasive
–Expository
–Narrative
•To describe something or someone To tell stories
or sequence of events To explain something, give
information or instructions To convince the
reader.
Educational Platform
• According to the writing propose, paragraphs
may be classify into four main categories:
–Descriptive
–Persuasive
–Expository
–Narrative
•To describe something or someone To tell stories
or sequence of events To explain something, give
information or instructions To convince the
reader.
Educational Platform
Descriptive Paragraphs
•Descriptive paragraphs aim to:
–Show the reader what a thing or person is like without physical
contact.
–Allow the reader to experience the phenomenon, item or event
described in detail.
•Example: As a child at the age of two, my sister and I had pictures
taken together. My sister and I are ten months and three weeks
apart. In this special family picture was look identical. Our big, dark
blue and brown eyes and smile resemble two calm little girls,
enjoying the moment with peaceful smiles on our faces. In our long,
dark red and blue dresses we sit straight up in front of a warn red
fireplace surrounded by green plants. Our dark brown, wavy hair
even matched. We both had baby pink bows off to the side of our
heads that resemble a blooming flower. Growing up our family
consisted of our father, my sister, and I. My sister and I have both
been there for each other through “the thick and the thin.” My
photograph of my sister and reveals how close we are in age and
through this paragraph it also reveals how close we are when it
comes to love and friendship.
Educational Platform
•Descriptive paragraphs aim to:
–Show the reader what a thing or person is like without physical
contact.
–Allow the reader to experience the phenomenon, item or event
described in detail.
•Example: As a child at the age of two, my sister and I had pictures
taken together. My sister and I are ten months and three weeks
apart. In this special family picture was look identical. Our big, dark
blue and brown eyes and smile resemble two calm little girls,
enjoying the moment with peaceful smiles on our faces. In our long,
dark red and blue dresses we sit straight up in front of a warn red
fireplace surrounded by green plants. Our dark brown, wavy hair
even matched. We both had baby pink bows off to the side of our
heads that resemble a blooming flower. Growing up our family
consisted of our father, my sister, and I. My sister and I have both
been there for each other through “the thick and the thin.” My
photograph of my sister and reveals how close we are in age and
through this paragraph it also reveals how close we are when it
comes to love and friendship.
Educational Platform
Narrative Paragraphs
•Narrative paragraphs aim to tell about a sequence of
actions. Their feature are:
–There is always a clear beginning, middle and end.
–They usually follow a plot line.
•Example: It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke
with a start. It was the day he would become the first
human being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had
begun several days earlier, when on July 16th, the Apollo
11 launched from Earth headed into outer space. On board
with Neil Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.
The crew landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility a
day before the actual walk. Upon Neil’s first step onto the
moon’s surface, he declared, “That’s one small step for
man, one giant leap for mankind.” It sure was!
Educational Platform
•Narrative paragraphs aim to tell about a sequence of
actions. Their feature are:
–There is always a clear beginning, middle and end.
–They usually follow a plot line.
•Example: It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke
with a start. It was the day he would become the first
human being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had
begun several days earlier, when on July 16th, the Apollo
11 launched from Earth headed into outer space. On board
with Neil Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.
The crew landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility a
day before the actual walk. Upon Neil’s first step onto the
moon’s surface, he declared, “That’s one small step for
man, one giant leap for mankind.” It sure was!
Educational Platform
Expository Paragraph
•Expository paragraphs aim to:
–Help the reader understand following a process or a method.
–Provide information either explaining it or giving instructions.
–They often require research.
–An exposition usually includes techniques such as examples or
illustrations to support a statement.
•Example: This invention brings forth a new era that permits
the user to drive in complete luxury, without need to focus
on the manual control of the automobile. By implementing
driver-less cars, we can finally control the roadways in a
safe and efficient manner. This invention will result in some
of the greatest societal growth in human history
Educational Platform
•Expository paragraphs aim to:
–Help the reader understand following a process or a method.
–Provide information either explaining it or giving instructions.
–They often require research.
–An exposition usually includes techniques such as examples or
illustrations to support a statement.
•Example: This invention brings forth a new era that permits
the user to drive in complete luxury, without need to focus
on the manual control of the automobile. By implementing
driver-less cars, we can finally control the roadways in a
safe and efficient manner. This invention will result in some
of the greatest societal growth in human history
Educational Platform
Persuasive Paragraph
•Persuasive paragraphs aim to get the reader reaction, accepting or
understanding the writer’s position or proposal. They often require the
gathering of facts and research.
•Example: The Cass School summer carnival in January is a special event
everyone should attend. First of all, there are activities for everyone.
This year, one classroom had games for little kids. Another room
painted a clown with a huge mouth on a board. Other rooms had shoe
scrambles and relay races. Secondly, each room gives prizes like yo-yos,
bug-eyed glasses, and light-up pens. Winning a prize always adds a little
excitement to each activity. The best part is the clown contest. It is
pretty funny to see how students become clowns using old clothes, face
paint, wigs, big clunky shoes, and wild ties. Adults and kids laugh and
laugh at the clowns. For a little summer fun in January, the Cass School
carnival is worth a visit.
Educational Platform
•Persuasive paragraphs aim to get the reader reaction, accepting or
understanding the writer’s position or proposal. They often require the
gathering of facts and research.
•Example: The Cass School summer carnival in January is a special event
everyone should attend. First of all, there are activities for everyone.
This year, one classroom had games for little kids. Another room
painted a clown with a huge mouth on a board. Other rooms had shoe
scrambles and relay races. Secondly, each room gives prizes like yo-yos,
bug-eyed glasses, and light-up pens. Winning a prize always adds a little
excitement to each activity. The best part is the clown contest. It is
pretty funny to see how students become clowns using old clothes, face
paint, wigs, big clunky shoes, and wild ties. Adults and kids laugh and
laugh at the clowns. For a little summer fun in January, the Cass School
carnival is worth a visit.
Educational Platform
Essay Writing
By Sadaf Farooq
By Sadaf Farooq
What is essay?
•Essay is derived from the French word essayer, which means
“to attempt,” or “to try.”
•An essay is a short form of literary composition based on a
single subject matter, and often gives the personal opinion of
the author.
•Essays can be formal as well as informal.
•Formal essays are generally academic in nature and tackle
serious topics.
•Essay is derived from the French word essayer, which means
“to attempt,” or “to try.”
•An essay is a short form of literary composition based on a
single subject matter, and often gives the personal opinion of
the author.
•Essays can be formal as well as informal.
•Formal essays are generally academic in nature and tackle
serious topics.
Types of Essays
•There are mainly two types of essays literary and non-literary. Literary
essays have been further divided into 4 types which are:
•Descriptive
•Persuasive
•Narrative
•Expository
•There are mainly two types of essays literary and non-literary. Literary
essays have been further divided into 4 types which are:
•Descriptive
•Persuasive
•Narrative
•Expository
Format of Essays
•Now there is no rigid format of an essay.
•It is a creative process so it should not be confined within
boundaries.
•However, there is a basic structure that is generally followed
while writing essays. Which is:
•Introduction
•Main Body
•Conclusion
•Now there is no rigid format of an essay.
•It is a creative process so it should not be confined within
boundaries.
•However, there is a basic structure that is generally followed
while writing essays. Which is:
•Introduction
•Main Body
•Conclusion
Introduction
•This is the first paragraph of your essay.
•This is where the writer introduces his topic for the very first time.
•You can give a very brief synopsis of your essay in the introductory
paragraph.
• Generally, it is not very long, about 4-6 lines.
•This will ensure that you hook the reader, i.e. draw and keep his
attention. So to do so you can start with a quote or a proverb.
•Sometimes you can even start with a definition.
•Another interesting strategy to engage with your reader is to start
with a question.
•This is the first paragraph of your essay.
•This is where the writer introduces his topic for the very first time.
•You can give a very brief synopsis of your essay in the introductory
paragraph.
• Generally, it is not very long, about 4-6 lines.
•This will ensure that you hook the reader, i.e. draw and keep his
attention. So to do so you can start with a quote or a proverb.
•Sometimes you can even start with a definition.
•Another interesting strategy to engage with your reader is to start
with a question.
Main Body
•This is the main crux of your essays.
•The most vital and important content of the essay will be here.
•This need not be confined to one paragraph. It can extend to two or
more paragraphs according to the content.
•The mistakes writers generally make is to go about it in a haphazard
manner which leaves the reader confused.
•It is important to organise your thoughts and content.
•Write the information in a systematic flow so that the reader can
comprehend. So, for example, you were narrating an incident. The
best manner to do this would be to go in a chronological order.
•This is the main crux of your essays.
•The most vital and important content of the essay will be here.
•This need not be confined to one paragraph. It can extend to two or
more paragraphs according to the content.
•The mistakes writers generally make is to go about it in a haphazard
manner which leaves the reader confused.
•It is important to organise your thoughts and content.
•Write the information in a systematic flow so that the reader can
comprehend. So, for example, you were narrating an incident. The
best manner to do this would be to go in a chronological order.
Conclusion
•This is the last paragraph of the essay.
•Sometimes a conclusion will just mirror the introductory
paragraph but make sure the words and syntax are different.
•A conclusion is also a great place to sum up a story or an
argument. You can round up your essay by providing some
moral or wrapping up a story.
•Make sure you complete your essays with the conclusion, leave
no hanging threads.
•This is the last paragraph of the essay.
•Sometimes a conclusion will just mirror the introductory
paragraph but make sure the words and syntax are different.
•A conclusion is also a great place to sum up a story or an
argument. You can round up your essay by providing some
moral or wrapping up a story.
•Make sure you complete your essays with the conclusion, leave
no hanging threads.
Seven C's
Tips to Write an Essay
•Give your essays an interesting and appropriate title. It will help draw
the attention of the reader and pique their curiosity
•Keep it between 300-500 words. This is the ideal length, you can
take creative license to increase or decrease it
•Keep your language simple and crisp. Unnecessary complicated and
difficult words break the flow of the sentence.
•Do not make grammar mistake, use correct punctuations and
spellings. If this is not done it will distract the reader from the content
•Before beginning the essay organise your thought and plot a rough
draft. This way you can ensure the story will flow and not be an
unorganised mess.
•Give your essays an interesting and appropriate title. It will help draw
the attention of the reader and pique their curiosity
•Keep it between 300-500 words. This is the ideal length, you can
take creative license to increase or decrease it
•Keep your language simple and crisp. Unnecessary complicated and
difficult words break the flow of the sentence.
•Do not make grammar mistake, use correct punctuations and
spellings. If this is not done it will distract the reader from the content
•Before beginning the essay organise your thought and plot a rough
draft. This way you can ensure the story will flow and not be an
unorganised mess.
CV AND JOB APPLICATION
Sadaf Farooq
Sadaf Farooq
WHAT IS A CV?
CV stands for curriculum vitae (means
course of life in Latin).
In hiring industry, nowadays there is
almost no formal difference between a CV
and a resume.
It is a detailed list of specifications and
qualification that you have.
Educational Platform
CV stands for curriculum vitae (means
course of life in Latin).
In hiring industry, nowadays there is
almost no formal difference between a CV
and a resume.
It is a detailed list of specifications and
qualification that you have.
Educational Platform
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE
FORMATTING CV
Choose clear, legible fonts: Go for standard fonts
such as Ariel, Times New Roman, Tahoma etc. Use
11to 12 font size with single spacing., for name and
details while use 14 to 16 font size for titles.
Be consistent with layout: Make sure your CV
headings are uniform, make them larger and in
bold but go easy on italics and underlining.
Be Simple: less is always more when writing a
CV. Don’t cram it with graphics overly. It is better
to choose white paper and black ink while printing.
Educational Platform
FORMATTING CV
Choose clear, legible fonts: Go for standard fonts
such as Ariel, Times New Roman, Tahoma etc. Use
11to 12 font size with single spacing., for name and
details while use 14 to 16 font size for titles.
Be consistent with layout: Make sure your CV
headings are uniform, make them larger and in
bold but go easy on italics and underlining.
Be Simple: less is always more when writing a
CV. Don’t cram it with graphics overly. It is better
to choose white paper and black ink while printing.
Educational Platform
CONTINUED…
Don’t use photos unless asked: it is
better if you don’t use photos in your CV
unless the company you are applying for
asks for the picture.
Make your CV brief and relevant:
don’t include every single thing on your
CV. Only include those things which are
related to the field/institute/agency that
you are applying for.
Educational Platform
Don’t use photos unless asked: it is
better if you don’t use photos in your CV
unless the company you are applying for
asks for the picture.
Make your CV brief and relevant:
don’t include every single thing on your
CV. Only include those things which are
related to the field/institute/agency that
you are applying for.
Educational Platform
FORMAT
CV header with contact information.
Personal profile with CV objective
Education.
Work experiences.
Skills.
Additional Sections
Educational Platform
CV header with contact information.
Personal profile with CV objective
Education.
Work experiences.
Skills.
Additional Sections
Educational Platform
CV HEADER:
In the contact information section you
should include the following information:
Full name
Email Address
Telephone Number
CNIC number
Address
Date of birth
Educational Platform
In the contact information section you
should include the following information:
Full name
Email Address
Telephone Number
CNIC number
Address
Date of birth
Educational Platform
CV PERSONAL PROFILE
After listing their contact information on
CV most candidates jump right into their work
experience or education.
A CV objective shows what skills you have
mastered and how you would fit in, in the job hat
you are applying. For Example:
Newly licensed nurse looking for a challenging
nursing role in a medical facility where I can
put my skills to the test (the problem with this
objective is that “I want a job because I have
learnt for it”)
Educational Platform
After listing their contact information on
CV most candidates jump right into their work
experience or education.
A CV objective shows what skills you have
mastered and how you would fit in, in the job hat
you are applying. For Example:
Newly licensed nurse looking for a challenging
nursing role in a medical facility where I can
put my skills to the test (the problem with this
objective is that “I want a job because I have
learnt for it”)
Educational Platform
CONTINUED…
Let’s have a look at another CV objective:
Dependable licensed KMU registered Nurse
trained to work in high-stressed environment
and stays calm under pressure. Seeking to
leverage meticulous record-keeping and
analytical skills to help (name of hospital where
you are applying e.g HMC or KTH) with
upcoming challenges ( in this objective the
candidate has focused on what she/he can offer
her future employer.
Educational Platform
Let’s have a look at another CV objective:
Dependable licensed KMU registered Nurse
trained to work in high-stressed environment
and stays calm under pressure. Seeking to
leverage meticulous record-keeping and
analytical skills to help (name of hospital where
you are applying e.g HMC or KTH) with
upcoming challenges ( in this objective the
candidate has focused on what she/he can offer
her future employer.
Educational Platform
LIST RELEVANT WORK EXPERIENCE AND
ACHIEVEMENTS
This part of the is the most important of
your entire CV. List your experiences and
achievements that relevant to the posts
you are applying for.
This makes it easier for the
reader/recruiting officer to know what you
have done without spending a lot of time
on it.
In this way the recruitment officer will
know that the candidate will be able to
manage the duties because they have
done it before.
Educational Platform
ACHIEVEMENTS
This part of the is the most important of
your entire CV. List your experiences and
achievements that relevant to the posts
you are applying for.
This makes it easier for the
reader/recruiting officer to know what you
have done without spending a lot of time
on it.
In this way the recruitment officer will
know that the candidate will be able to
manage the duties because they have
done it before.
Educational Platform
EDUCATION SECTION
Include the name of your degrees and year
you have graduated with your marks.
If you are applying for the first time and
have no work experience then you should
include the following things in your CV
along with your academic qualification:
i.Favorite field of study
ii.Your best achievements
iii.Extracurricular academic activities.
Educational Platform
Include the name of your degrees and year
you have graduated with your marks.
If you are applying for the first time and
have no work experience then you should
include the following things in your CV
along with your academic qualification:
i.Favorite field of study
ii.Your best achievements
iii.Extracurricular academic activities.
Educational Platform
THE SKILLS SECTION OF CV
Enlist the skills that really suits the job that you
are applying for.
When you list your skills, add a short description
of each to indicate your level of proficiency. For
example basic, advanced or excellent.
Educational Platform
Enlist the skills that really suits the job that you
are applying for.
When you list your skills, add a short description
of each to indicate your level of proficiency. For
example basic, advanced or excellent.
Educational Platform
ADDITIONAL SECTION
Add additional section to your CV if needed. This
could include:
i.Languages you speak
ii.Conference attended
iii.Additional training
iv.Publications
Educational Platform
Add additional section to your CV if needed. This
could include:
i.Languages you speak
ii.Conference attended
iii.Additional training
iv.Publications
Educational Platform
MEMO WRITING
Sadaf Farooq
Sadaf Farooq
Memo
■A hard copy (sent on paper) document.
■Used for communicating inside an organization.
■Usually short.
■Does not need to be signed, but sometimes may contains Sender’s address at the bottom of
the document. The format may vary according to the company own style.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■A hard copy (sent on paper) document.
■Used for communicating inside an organization.
■Usually short.
■Does not need to be signed, but sometimes may contains Sender’s address at the bottom of
the document. The format may vary according to the company own style.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Definition
■A memorandum, more commonly known as a memo, is a short message or
record used for internal communication in a business or organization.
■In practice, memos answer questions and give information.
■Memo is derived from Latin word memoranda, the plural for memo is memos or
memorandum.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■A memorandum, more commonly known as a memo, is a short message or
record used for internal communication in a business or organization.
■In practice, memos answer questions and give information.
■Memo is derived from Latin word memoranda, the plural for memo is memos or
memorandum.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Types of memos
Although we can not clearly put all the memos in the list but some of them are:
■ Policies (changes and new)
■Instructions.
■Procedures.
■Announcements.
■Trip reports.
Some of these business memo types overlap, some other memo types cannot be
squeezed into any of the above.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Although we can not clearly put all the memos in the list but some of them are:
■ Policies (changes and new)
■Instructions.
■Procedures.
■Announcements.
■Trip reports.
Some of these business memo types overlap, some other memo types cannot be
squeezed into any of the above.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Instructional memo:
■An instructional memo is a memo in through which any particular type of
instructions is conveyed.
■An instructional memo must include enough information for the reader to understand exactly what the instructions are,
who issued them, and when, where and why they are to be acted upon.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■An instructional memo is a memo in through which any particular type of
instructions is conveyed.
■An instructional memo must include enough information for the reader to understand exactly what the instructions are,
who issued them, and when, where and why they are to be acted upon.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Policy memo:
■A policy memo is a practical, professionally written document that can vary in
length from one page to over one hundred pages. It provides analysis and/or
recommendations directed to a predetermined audience regarding a specific
situation, topic, or issue.
■It gives the readers a clear view of what the previous policies were and what
Kind of change have been brought in these policies. It also explains how the
new policies will be effective in future.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■A policy memo is a practical, professionally written document that can vary in
length from one page to over one hundred pages. It provides analysis and/or
recommendations directed to a predetermined audience regarding a specific
situation, topic, or issue.
■It gives the readers a clear view of what the previous policies were and what
Kind of change have been brought in these policies. It also explains how the
new policies will be effective in future.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Instructional memo
■Instrumental memo is a type of memo through which any specific type of
instructions are conveyed.
■An instructional memo must include enough information for the reader to understand exactly what the instructions are,
who issued them, and when, where and why they are to be acted upon.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■Instrumental memo is a type of memo through which any specific type of
instructions are conveyed.
■An instructional memo must include enough information for the reader to understand exactly what the instructions are,
who issued them, and when, where and why they are to be acted upon.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Procedure Memo:
■Procedure memos as we can see from the title, explains procedures of any specific
order or thing. They are less explained as compared to instructional memos.
■Procedure Memos means the memorandum (as may be amended from time to
time) detailing the administrative procedures and guidelines.
■For Example: a memo with short details about being eligible for certain bonuses
or procedure for certain things to be carried out.
Announcement Memo:
■Announcement memos can collectively be a representation of all the memos as all
the other types of memos are certain type of announcement that were conveyed
through memo.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■Procedure memos as we can see from the title, explains procedures of any specific
order or thing. They are less explained as compared to instructional memos.
■Procedure Memos means the memorandum (as may be amended from time to
time) detailing the administrative procedures and guidelines.
■For Example: a memo with short details about being eligible for certain bonuses
or procedure for certain things to be carried out.
Announcement Memo:
■Announcement memos can collectively be a representation of all the memos as all
the other types of memos are certain type of announcement that were conveyed
through memo.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Trip Reports Memos:
■A trip report memo explains the reason for the trip, what was found, and one or
more conclusions.
■The purpose of a travel report is to justify the purpose of the trip and the money that
you spent. Because trip reports provide proof of expenses, it is imperative that they
are accurate and provide a clear explanation of the trip.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■A trip report memo explains the reason for the trip, what was found, and one or
more conclusions.
■The purpose of a travel report is to justify the purpose of the trip and the money that
you spent. Because trip reports provide proof of expenses, it is imperative that they
are accurate and provide a clear explanation of the trip.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Purposes of Memos:
A person writes a memo with some purposes in mind. It is used:
■To inform.
■To inquire.
■To give suggestions.
■To remind.
■One can use it to instruct.
■One can promote goodwill using a memo.
■To communicate the ideas.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
A person writes a memo with some purposes in mind. It is used:
■To inform.
■To inquire.
■To give suggestions.
■To remind.
■One can use it to instruct.
■One can promote goodwill using a memo.
■To communicate the ideas.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Some other purposes:
■Documentation or a record, such as for documenting an accident at work or
recording the reason for terminating an employee.
■Confirmation regarding decisions or the date and time of future events.
■Status and progress reports.
■Dissemination of rules and procedures.
■Instructions or directives, such as delegation of tasks and responsibilities.
■A method to inquire about an organizational procedure, event, or other
organizational issue.
■A preface to a formal report.
A memo may comprise of all or combination of the above mentioned purposes.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■Documentation or a record, such as for documenting an accident at work or
recording the reason for terminating an employee.
■Confirmation regarding decisions or the date and time of future events.
■Status and progress reports.
■Dissemination of rules and procedures.
■Instructions or directives, such as delegation of tasks and responsibilities.
■A method to inquire about an organizational procedure, event, or other
organizational issue.
■A preface to a formal report.
A memo may comprise of all or combination of the above mentioned purposes.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Advantages of Memo:
Using memos has a number of advantages. Memos are:
■Avoiding Distortion of Information: Memo helps to avoid distortion in
messages that occur in internal oral communication.
■Avoiding Misunderstanding: Memo provides all concerned with the same
information. Therefore, there is little chance of any misunderstanding between
the recipients of a message.
■Preserving Information: Since memo is a written document, it can be
preserved. Such preservation develops an information base in the organization
and any one can access it whenever he needs.
■Maintaining consistency:The memo also helps managers to maintain
consistency in their actions and decisions for recurring problems. By examining
the previous records, they solve similar problems in a similar way. We can see
that many organizations use printed memos. As it is generally printed, it takes
less time to draft it.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Using memos has a number of advantages. Memos are:
■Avoiding Distortion of Information: Memo helps to avoid distortion in
messages that occur in internal oral communication.
■Avoiding Misunderstanding: Memo provides all concerned with the same
information. Therefore, there is little chance of any misunderstanding between
the recipients of a message.
■Preserving Information: Since memo is a written document, it can be
preserved. Such preservation develops an information base in the organization
and any one can access it whenever he needs.
■Maintaining consistency:The memo also helps managers to maintain
consistency in their actions and decisions for recurring problems. By examining
the previous records, they solve similar problems in a similar way. We can see
that many organizations use printed memos. As it is generally printed, it takes
less time to draft it.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Some other advantages
■A quick exchange of information: The use of a memo is restricted within the
boundary of the organization. Therefore, through writing a memo, any
information can be exchanged throughout the whole organization very quickly.
Another vital object of the memo is to provide information from one level to
another within the business. As memos are written in a very short structure it
saves important time.
■Concise presentation of information: A memo is generally written concisely.
Whatever the subject of the memo is, it is written directly and concisely.
Salutation and complimentary closing are also avoided from a memo. No
formality is needed in drafting a memo, generally, inside address, salutation and
complimentary closing are absent in it.
■Less expensive: A memo is a less expensive medium of communication. It
does not require any mail or telephone expenses. It is written in simple papers
and can be transmitted very inexpensively. So, the cost of communication
through a memo is less than those of others.
■Use as a reference in the future: Since a memo is a written document, it can
be preserved and used as a reference in the future. If Memo is a printed
document. At that time, it also can be used for future references.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■A quick exchange of information: The use of a memo is restricted within the
boundary of the organization. Therefore, through writing a memo, any
information can be exchanged throughout the whole organization very quickly.
Another vital object of the memo is to provide information from one level to
another within the business. As memos are written in a very short structure it
saves important time.
■Concise presentation of information: A memo is generally written concisely.
Whatever the subject of the memo is, it is written directly and concisely.
Salutation and complimentary closing are also avoided from a memo. No
formality is needed in drafting a memo, generally, inside address, salutation and
complimentary closing are absent in it.
■Less expensive: A memo is a less expensive medium of communication. It
does not require any mail or telephone expenses. It is written in simple papers
and can be transmitted very inexpensively. So, the cost of communication
through a memo is less than those of others.
■Use as a reference in the future: Since a memo is a written document, it can
be preserved and used as a reference in the future. If Memo is a printed
document. At that time, it also can be used for future references.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Disadvantages of Memo:
As memos are used within an organization, it’s scope is limited. There are some
limitations which are as follows:
Limited scope:
The major demerits of a memo are its scope is limited. Detail information cannot
be provided by a memo.
Lack of secrecy:
In case of memo secrecy is not maintained, thus secret messages cannot be
transmitted through memos.
Not suitable for external communication:
Another shortcoming of memo is it cannot use for external communication.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
As memos are used within an organization, it’s scope is limited. There are some
limitations which are as follows:
Limited scope:
The major demerits of a memo are its scope is limited. Detail information cannot
be provided by a memo.
Lack of secrecy:
In case of memo secrecy is not maintained, thus secret messages cannot be
transmitted through memos.
Not suitable for external communication:
Another shortcoming of memo is it cannot use for external communication.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Format of Memo:
A good memo organizes the information to be conveyed both for the reader's convenience and ease of understanding and to
achieve the writer's purpose in the most effective way.
■Heading.
■Opening.
■Summary.
■Discussion paragraph(s)
■Your closing.
■Attachments.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
A good memo organizes the information to be conveyed both for the reader's convenience and ease of understanding and to
achieve the writer's purpose in the most effective way.
■Heading.
■Opening.
■Summary.
■Discussion paragraph(s)
■Your closing.
■Attachments.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Steps for Memo Format Explanation
■A memo is a written business communication that conveys basic information. Using a
simple, straightforward format makes that easy. You should always check whether your
workplace has a standard form for memorandums. If not, follow the steps below for a
universally acceptable memo format.
■Title: The word "Memorandum" should be in a significantly larger font, bolded and either
centered or placed in the top left-hand corner.
■Recipient: Begin this heading with "TO:" and write down your recipient(s).
■Source: Immediately after the recipient, write "FROM:" along with your name and position.
■Subject: Write a short summary of the memo's purpose (no more than about four words).
■Date: Include the date of when the memo is sent.
■Keeping to strict styles like this improves clarity and avoids the danger of poor grammar or
unclear communication.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
■A memo is a written business communication that conveys basic information. Using a
simple, straightforward format makes that easy. You should always check whether your
workplace has a standard form for memorandums. If not, follow the steps below for a
universally acceptable memo format.
■Title: The word "Memorandum" should be in a significantly larger font, bolded and either
centered or placed in the top left-hand corner.
■Recipient: Begin this heading with "TO:" and write down your recipient(s).
■Source: Immediately after the recipient, write "FROM:" along with your name and position.
■Subject: Write a short summary of the memo's purpose (no more than about four words).
■Date: Include the date of when the memo is sent.
■Keeping to strict styles like this improves clarity and avoids the danger of poor grammar or
unclear communication.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Tips for Effective Memo:
Here are a few quick tips for writing effective memorandums:
■Check for stylistic requirements with your job. Does the company have a standard
form when it comes to writing memos? If so, is it downloadable?
■Make sure that the body of the text is clear, concise and grammatically correct.
■Keep things simple. Avoid long sentences and wordy phrasing.
■Do not use a salutation. You should simply go right into the subject of the memo.
■Use bulleted lists and headings to convey your message.
■Conclude the memo with any closing statements that may inspire the recipient to
take action.
■Mention any and all attachments at the end of the memo by using the single word
"Attachment."
■Once you've completed a draft, share it with a colleague. An extra pair of eyes
always helps to catch errors and improve readability.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Here are a few quick tips for writing effective memorandums:
■Check for stylistic requirements with your job. Does the company have a standard
form when it comes to writing memos? If so, is it downloadable?
■Make sure that the body of the text is clear, concise and grammatically correct.
■Keep things simple. Avoid long sentences and wordy phrasing.
■Do not use a salutation. You should simply go right into the subject of the memo.
■Use bulleted lists and headings to convey your message.
■Conclude the memo with any closing statements that may inspire the recipient to
take action.
■Mention any and all attachments at the end of the memo by using the single word
"Attachment."
■Once you've completed a draft, share it with a colleague. An extra pair of eyes
always helps to catch errors and improve readability.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Formal Meeting
and Minutes
By Sadaf Farooq
and Minutes
By Sadaf Farooq
What is a Formal Meeting?
A formal meeting is a pre-planned
gathering of two or more people who
have assembled for the purpose of
achieving a common goal through verbal
interaction.
Formal meetings are characterized by
their predetermined topics, a set of
objectives and formal notices.
Formal meetings are typically lead by a
chairperson with the discussions and
agreements recorded in a written form
known as minutes.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
A formal meeting is a pre-planned
gathering of two or more people who
have assembled for the purpose of
achieving a common goal through verbal
interaction.
Formal meetings are characterized by
their predetermined topics, a set of
objectives and formal notices.
Formal meetings are typically lead by a
chairperson with the discussions and
agreements recorded in a written form
known as minutes.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
What is formal meeting like?
A formal meeting is like
conducting an
orchestra with a
conductor
(chairperson) and
musicians (meeting
participants) coming
together in a pre-
planned place at a set
time to play a musical
piece (agenda) that
they perform together
(agreed outcomes).
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
A formal meeting is like
conducting an
orchestra with a
conductor
(chairperson) and
musicians (meeting
participants) coming
together in a pre-
planned place at a set
time to play a musical
piece (agenda) that
they perform together
(agreed outcomes).
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Purpose of a Formal Meeting?
The purpose of a formal meeting is to
discuss the list of predetermined topics
and address the set of objectives, and
make decisions relating to them. Formal
meetings are a requirement of some
companies to promote transparency and
accountability. These meeting allow
proper discussions to be taken about
issues within the company.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
The purpose of a formal meeting is to
discuss the list of predetermined topics
and address the set of objectives, and
make decisions relating to them. Formal
meetings are a requirement of some
companies to promote transparency and
accountability. These meeting allow
proper discussions to be taken about
issues within the company.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Different Types of Formal
Meetings?
Annual General Meeting – These are usually a
requirement of a company. Employees and
Shareholders will meet to discuss progress in
the past year, and what to do in the next one.
Planning Meetings – Groups will gather
together to plan what to do and how to do it.
Review Meetings – Participants will gather to
discuss what has been done, how successful it
was and whether it could have been done
differently.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Meetings?
Annual General Meeting – These are usually a
requirement of a company. Employees and
Shareholders will meet to discuss progress in
the past year, and what to do in the next one.
Planning Meetings – Groups will gather
together to plan what to do and how to do it.
Review Meetings – Participants will gather to
discuss what has been done, how successful it
was and whether it could have been done
differently.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
What’s Involved with a Formal
Meeting?
Many formal meetings follow a set pattern. This
helps to give the meeting an organized structure.
This pattern is usually set out in an agenda, which
is circulated to participants in advance, along
with a copy of the minutes from the last meeting.
At the beginning of a meeting, participants will
agree to the accuracy of the minutes from the last
meeting.
Attendees will give updates on any action items
from the previous meeting.
The items on the agenda will then be discussed.
Minutes (official notes) will be taken throughout
the meeting. There often has to be a certain
number of people present for the members to be
able to conduct valid business. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Meeting?
Many formal meetings follow a set pattern. This
helps to give the meeting an organized structure.
This pattern is usually set out in an agenda, which
is circulated to participants in advance, along
with a copy of the minutes from the last meeting.
At the beginning of a meeting, participants will
agree to the accuracy of the minutes from the last
meeting.
Attendees will give updates on any action items
from the previous meeting.
The items on the agenda will then be discussed.
Minutes (official notes) will be taken throughout
the meeting. There often has to be a certain
number of people present for the members to be
able to conduct valid business. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
How do formal meetings
impact on organizational
goals?
Formal meeting help attendees to
understand the organizational goals of
the company whilst giving them the
chance to discuss and amend these
organizational goals.
Decisions are often taken in formal
meetings which can affect the
organizational goals of a business.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
impact on organizational
goals?
Formal meeting help attendees to
understand the organizational goals of
the company whilst giving them the
chance to discuss and amend these
organizational goals.
Decisions are often taken in formal
meetings which can affect the
organizational goals of a business.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
What terms are used in
managing formal meetings?
Agenda – An agenda sets out the structure of the
meeting.
Minutes – Minutes are a formal record of the
events which occur during a meeting.
Motion – A motion is a proposal or a suggestion
within a meeting.
Chairperson – The chairperson is in charge of the
meeting and decides who can speak and when.
Order – If more than one person is speaking at
once, or if the meeting is becoming an argument,
rather than a discussion, the chair may call
“order”.
Quorum – This refers to the minimum number of
people required for the meeting to remain valid.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
managing formal meetings?
Agenda – An agenda sets out the structure of the
meeting.
Minutes – Minutes are a formal record of the
events which occur during a meeting.
Motion – A motion is a proposal or a suggestion
within a meeting.
Chairperson – The chairperson is in charge of the
meeting and decides who can speak and when.
Order – If more than one person is speaking at
once, or if the meeting is becoming an argument,
rather than a discussion, the chair may call
“order”.
Quorum – This refers to the minimum number of
people required for the meeting to remain valid.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
5 Steps on How to Run a
Formal Meeting
Step 1: Set objectives:
A clear objective will encourage people to
attend the meeting because they will
understand its intent. It also will set the
foundation for a focused meeting.
Meetings usually have one of two objectives –
to inform or to decide.
Step 2: Assemble attendees:
Create a list of who needs to attend this
meeting. Think carefully about whether or not
someone needs to be in the room for the
duration of the meeting.
Be definitive when you invite people to a
meeting.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Formal Meeting
Step 1: Set objectives:
A clear objective will encourage people to
attend the meeting because they will
understand its intent. It also will set the
foundation for a focused meeting.
Meetings usually have one of two objectives –
to inform or to decide.
Step 2: Assemble attendees:
Create a list of who needs to attend this
meeting. Think carefully about whether or not
someone needs to be in the room for the
duration of the meeting.
Be definitive when you invite people to a
meeting.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Cont…
Step 3: Create an agenda:
An agenda is a list of the key items to review in order to meet your objective. It can be
something you use for yourself or hand out at the meeting. The upside of handing out an
agenda is that it provides a script for people to follow. The downside is that it may distract
your attendees; it could tempt them to jump to issues you’re not ready to cover.
Step 4: Maintain control:
Once the meeting has begun, it is your responsibility to keep it moving and keep it focused.
Here are some tips for accomplishing this:
Start on time, even if people are late. If you wait until the last person arrives, you train
people to be late.
Briefly state what the meeting is about.
If you have passed out an agenda, be sure everyone follows it so that you accomplish
your objectives.
If discussion drags on a topic and a decision is not being made, it is your job to interject
and say something like, “For the sake of the timeline of the project, we need to make a
decision.”
If it is apparent that something cannot be resolved, determine what will be necessary to
resolve it in the future and add it to the project timeline.
Crowd control: You have to be firm if the group gets off track and suggest that the
matter be discussed at another time.
Schedule the next meeting at the end of the current one.
If you called the meeting, you are responsible for taking notes or appointing someone to
take notes.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Step 3: Create an agenda:
An agenda is a list of the key items to review in order to meet your objective. It can be
something you use for yourself or hand out at the meeting. The upside of handing out an
agenda is that it provides a script for people to follow. The downside is that it may distract
your attendees; it could tempt them to jump to issues you’re not ready to cover.
Step 4: Maintain control:
Once the meeting has begun, it is your responsibility to keep it moving and keep it focused.
Here are some tips for accomplishing this:
Start on time, even if people are late. If you wait until the last person arrives, you train
people to be late.
Briefly state what the meeting is about.
If you have passed out an agenda, be sure everyone follows it so that you accomplish
your objectives.
If discussion drags on a topic and a decision is not being made, it is your job to interject
and say something like, “For the sake of the timeline of the project, we need to make a
decision.”
If it is apparent that something cannot be resolved, determine what will be necessary to
resolve it in the future and add it to the project timeline.
Crowd control: You have to be firm if the group gets off track and suggest that the
matter be discussed at another time.
Schedule the next meeting at the end of the current one.
If you called the meeting, you are responsible for taking notes or appointing someone to
take notes.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Cont…
Step 5: Follow up:
Once the meeting has ended, you still have
work to do.
Put together and distribute an action list
summarizing what was covered, what was
resolved, and what actions need to be taken
for issues requiring further clarification. This
should come straight from the meeting notes.
Make sure to thank people for attending and
participating. They will be happy to know their
time was appreciated.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Step 5: Follow up:
Once the meeting has ended, you still have
work to do.
Put together and distribute an action list
summarizing what was covered, what was
resolved, and what actions need to be taken
for issues requiring further clarification. This
should come straight from the meeting notes.
Make sure to thank people for attending and
participating. They will be happy to know their
time was appreciated.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Minutes of Meetings:
Minutes of meetings can be defined as
the written record of everything that's
happened during a meeting.
They're used to inform people who didn't
attend the meeting about what
happened, or to keep track of what was
decided during the meeting so that you
can revisit it and use it to inform future
decisions.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Minutes of meetings can be defined as
the written record of everything that's
happened during a meeting.
They're used to inform people who didn't
attend the meeting about what
happened, or to keep track of what was
decided during the meeting so that you
can revisit it and use it to inform future
decisions.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Purpose of Minutes of Meeting
Meeting minutes provide a written record of what
was discussed and agreed at a meeting, so you
and your colleagues will have the same
recollections from the meeting and the same
ideas about what was agreed. With good
meeting minutes, you make sure everyone knows
what was decided and what needs to be
achieved by what date.
Not taking meeting minutes can be costly in terms
of both time and money, for example when you
and your colleagues have different recollections
of what was agreed during a meeting. In the worst
case, if meeting minutes are not written you may
end up having to repeat the meeting. So, getting
into the habit of taking meeting minutes is good
practice.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Meeting minutes provide a written record of what
was discussed and agreed at a meeting, so you
and your colleagues will have the same
recollections from the meeting and the same
ideas about what was agreed. With good
meeting minutes, you make sure everyone knows
what was decided and what needs to be
achieved by what date.
Not taking meeting minutes can be costly in terms
of both time and money, for example when you
and your colleagues have different recollections
of what was agreed during a meeting. In the worst
case, if meeting minutes are not written you may
end up having to repeat the meeting. So, getting
into the habit of taking meeting minutes is good
practice.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Steps to write meeting minutes
Create an outline: Take notes under each meeting agenda item as
the meeting progresses.
Check-off attendees as they enter the room: Have each person
introduce themselves at the beginning of the meeting, especially if
you don’t know them.
Record decisions or notes on action items: Record these decisions
or action items as soon as they happen to transcribe accurately.
Ask for clarification if necessary: Don’t be afraid to ask for
clarification if something is unclear. It avoids having to come back
to it later when things are not as fresh in our memories.
Don’t try to capture it all: Capturing it all would be impossible.
Instead, listen attentively for major decisions, action items, problems
or solutions.
Record it: With permission, consider recording the meeting on your
phone or a recording device if you are worried about missing
important content in your meeting minutes. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Create an outline: Take notes under each meeting agenda item as
the meeting progresses.
Check-off attendees as they enter the room: Have each person
introduce themselves at the beginning of the meeting, especially if
you don’t know them.
Record decisions or notes on action items: Record these decisions
or action items as soon as they happen to transcribe accurately.
Ask for clarification if necessary: Don’t be afraid to ask for
clarification if something is unclear. It avoids having to come back
to it later when things are not as fresh in our memories.
Don’t try to capture it all: Capturing it all would be impossible.
Instead, listen attentively for major decisions, action items, problems
or solutions.
Record it: With permission, consider recording the meeting on your
phone or a recording device if you are worried about missing
important content in your meeting minutes. Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Sample:
Agenda & the Meeting
Agenda 1. The need for digital library at
INS Peshawar
2. Internet facility in the campus
3. Cafeteria
4. The need for Sick Room and Guest
Room
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Agenda & the Meeting
Agenda 1. The need for digital library at
INS Peshawar
2. Internet facility in the campus
3. Cafeteria
4. The need for Sick Room and Guest
Room
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Cont…
A meeting was held at INS KMU to discuss
various problems faced by the students and
the faculty.
The following worthy members attended the
meeting chaired by worthy Vice Chancellor
KMU.
The Registrar KMU
The Treasurer KMU
The Coordinator and faculty members INS
After detailed discussion the following points of
the agenda were agreed upon.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
A meeting was held at INS KMU to discuss
various problems faced by the students and
the faculty.
The following worthy members attended the
meeting chaired by worthy Vice Chancellor
KMU.
The Registrar KMU
The Treasurer KMU
The Coordinator and faculty members INS
After detailed discussion the following points of
the agenda were agreed upon.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
Cont…
1.The house agreed to establish a digital library
to facilitate the research scholars.
2.Looking at the urgency of the issue, they
decided to improve the internet facility.
3.The idea of cafeteria was postponed till the
start of face to face classes.
4.The idea of Sick Room was unanimously
endorsed; however, there were some
reservations from the Treasurer about Guest
Room because of the limited developmental
funds.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
1.The house agreed to establish a digital library
to facilitate the research scholars.
2.Looking at the urgency of the issue, they
decided to improve the internet facility.
3.The idea of cafeteria was postponed till the
start of face to face classes.
4.The idea of Sick Room was unanimously
endorsed; however, there were some
reservations from the Treasurer about Guest
Room because of the limited developmental
funds.
Abdullah Danish, Educational Platform
SUMMARIZING
By Sadaf Farooq
By Sadaf Farooq
What is Summary?
■A summary is a brief overview of an entire
discussion or argument.
■Summarizing is when you take a lot of
information and create a condensed version
that covers the main points.
■A summary is always very simple and easy to
understand and doesn’t contain any idioms,
metaphors, sayings and complicated English
style. The summary is almost always in the
writer’s own words.
■A summary is a brief overview of an entire
discussion or argument.
■Summarizing is when you take a lot of
information and create a condensed version
that covers the main points.
■A summary is always very simple and easy to
understand and doesn’t contain any idioms,
metaphors, sayings and complicated English
style. The summary is almost always in the
writer’s own words.
Purposes of Writing Summary:
■It helps to judge the understanding of an individual about
the given passage.
■It also helps to build the comprehending capability of the
students
■It helps curate the essential components from the passage
without causing a confusion
■Helps to remember the passage and its important details i.e
helps builds memory.
■It helps to judge the understanding of an individual about
the given passage.
■It also helps to build the comprehending capability of the
students
■It helps curate the essential components from the passage
without causing a confusion
■Helps to remember the passage and its important details i.e
helps builds memory.
Framework to Write a Summary:
Before writing a summary, one must ask
themselves the following questions:
■What is or are the main ideas given in the passage?
■What the passage is about
■ It’s tone
■What type of writing it is.
Before writing a summary, one must ask
themselves the following questions:
■What is or are the main ideas given in the passage?
■What the passage is about
■ It’s tone
■What type of writing it is.
Continued…
■What are the crucial details and points that support
the ideas?
■ Are the parts relevant to the passage?
■What is the irrelevant information in the passage?
■If you were to write a headline or heading for the
passage in your own words, how would you begin?
■What are the crucial details and points that support
the ideas?
■ Are the parts relevant to the passage?
■What is the irrelevant information in the passage?
■If you were to write a headline or heading for the
passage in your own words, how would you begin?
Steps for summarizing
■After reading the passage once, re-read it but slowly.
■As you read the passage, note down important points
and keywords which you can include in your summary.
■Once your summary is ready, read it to check its
similarity to the original passage given.
■Summarize each part, paragraph or segment in one to
two sentences.
■After reading the passage once, re-read it but slowly.
■As you read the passage, note down important points
and keywords which you can include in your summary.
■Once your summary is ready, read it to check its
similarity to the original passage given.
■Summarize each part, paragraph or segment in one to
two sentences.
Characteristics of a Good Summary:
■Can be understood without the reference to the original text.
■It only contains the important ideas and information from
the text.
■It is brief without any unnecessary details.
■Is a readable unified whole.
■Can be understood without the reference to the original text.
■It only contains the important ideas and information from
the text.
■It is brief without any unnecessary details.
■Is a readable unified whole.
THANK YOU
SPEED READING
Sadaf Farooq
Sadaf Farooq
TYPES OF READING
Reading can be of several types
depending upon the reason you are
reading the specific text. These types
are:
Scanning
Skimming
Light reading
Word by word
Reading to study
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Reading can be of several types
depending upon the reason you are
reading the specific text. These types
are:
Scanning
Skimming
Light reading
Word by word
Reading to study
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
SCANNING
Scanning is when you search through
the material for a specific purpose or a
specific word. For example reading a
telephone diary or a dictionary.
You are looking for it quickly.
You know what you are searching for (key
words and names).
You 'see' every item on the page, but you
don't necessarily read the pages - you
ignore anything you are not looking for.
Thus, when you discover the key words
being searched for, you will be unable to
recall the exact content of the page.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Scanning is when you search through
the material for a specific purpose or a
specific word. For example reading a
telephone diary or a dictionary.
You are looking for it quickly.
You know what you are searching for (key
words and names).
You 'see' every item on the page, but you
don't necessarily read the pages - you
ignore anything you are not looking for.
Thus, when you discover the key words
being searched for, you will be unable to
recall the exact content of the page.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
SKIMMING
When you read quickly to gain a
general impression as to whether the text is
of use to you. Skimming provides an
'overview' of the text. it is useful to look at
chapter/section headings, summaries and
opening paragraphs. For example it helps
in:
in selecting a book.
in surveying a chapter before reading or
studying.
in finding appropriate material for use in
research
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
When you read quickly to gain a
general impression as to whether the text is
of use to you. Skimming provides an
'overview' of the text. it is useful to look at
chapter/section headings, summaries and
opening paragraphs. For example it helps
in:
in selecting a book.
in surveying a chapter before reading or
studying.
in finding appropriate material for use in
research
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
LIGHT READING
Light reading is something you
read easily, requiring no deep thought
or concentration, and quite likely to be
amusing. For example reading a novel
or story. It is usually:
Read at a pace which feels
comfortable.
Read with understand.
Skim the boring, irrelevant
passages.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Light reading is something you
read easily, requiring no deep thought
or concentration, and quite likely to be
amusing. For example reading a novel
or story. It is usually:
Read at a pace which feels
comfortable.
Read with understand.
Skim the boring, irrelevant
passages.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
WORD BY WORD TYPE OF READING
This type of reading is time
consuming and demands a high level
of concentration. Some material is not
readily understood and so requires a
slow and careful analytical read.
People use this type of reading for
unfamiliar words and concepts,
scientific formulae. It can take up to
an hour just to read a few lines of text.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
This type of reading is time
consuming and demands a high level
of concentration. Some material is not
readily understood and so requires a
slow and careful analytical read.
People use this type of reading for
unfamiliar words and concepts,
scientific formulae. It can take up to
an hour just to read a few lines of text.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
READING TO STUDY TYPE OF
READING
The aim of this type is to understand the material
in some depth. The method involves five simple
steps; Survey, Question, Read, Recall and Review.
Survey: skim through to gain an overview and
note key points.
Question: devise questions you hope the text will
answer.
Read: slowly and carefully.
Recall: from memory, write down the main points
made by the chapter.
Review: revisit your questions - compare these to
your recall and establish how well the text has
answered them; fill in any gaps by further
reading and note-taking.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
READING
The aim of this type is to understand the material
in some depth. The method involves five simple
steps; Survey, Question, Read, Recall and Review.
Survey: skim through to gain an overview and
note key points.
Question: devise questions you hope the text will
answer.
Read: slowly and carefully.
Recall: from memory, write down the main points
made by the chapter.
Review: revisit your questions - compare these to
your recall and establish how well the text has
answered them; fill in any gaps by further
reading and note-taking.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
WHAT IS SPEED READING?
Speed reading is the process of
rapidly recognizing and absorbing
phrases or sentences on a page all at
once, rather than identifying
individual words.
Most people read at an average rate
of 250 words per minute (wpm),
though some are naturally quicker
than others.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Speed reading is the process of
rapidly recognizing and absorbing
phrases or sentences on a page all at
once, rather than identifying
individual words.
Most people read at an average rate
of 250 words per minute (wpm),
though some are naturally quicker
than others.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
HOW TO PREPARE FOR SPEED READING
Knowing the "how" of speed reading is
only the first step to success. Here are some
ways to help you in preparing for speed
reading:
Avoid distractions. Create an
environment where there are as few
interruptions and distractions as possible,
to allow you to focus fully on the words in
front of you.
Go easy. Read an uncomplicated novel or
a simple online article to get a feel for
which technique is going to work best for
you. Gauge how much you've remembered
or understood, and set a timer to see how
much faster you are now reading.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Knowing the "how" of speed reading is
only the first step to success. Here are some
ways to help you in preparing for speed
reading:
Avoid distractions. Create an
environment where there are as few
interruptions and distractions as possible,
to allow you to focus fully on the words in
front of you.
Go easy. Read an uncomplicated novel or
a simple online article to get a feel for
which technique is going to work best for
you. Gauge how much you've remembered
or understood, and set a timer to see how
much faster you are now reading.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Cover words that you've already
read. This helps you to stop your eyes flitting
back to earlier words and slowing down your
reading.
Know what you want from the text. This
can be useful if you are using the skimming
method, as it primes you to pay attention when
you see relevant words, sentences or phrases.
You can then slow down at these points, or
circle them for emphasis, but otherwise move
across the page quickly.
Practice, practice, practice. You have to
practice speed reading to get good at it. The
more you train yourself, the more natural it
will feel.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
read. This helps you to stop your eyes flitting
back to earlier words and slowing down your
reading.
Know what you want from the text. This
can be useful if you are using the skimming
method, as it primes you to pay attention when
you see relevant words, sentences or phrases.
You can then slow down at these points, or
circle them for emphasis, but otherwise move
across the page quickly.
Practice, practice, practice. You have to
practice speed reading to get good at it. The
more you train yourself, the more natural it
will feel.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
BENEFITS OF SPEED READING
Read more in less time. By learning to
speed read, you can double or triple the
amount that you read in the same
amount of time. You may find that you
only need to skim material to
understand what is being discussed.
Improve your concentration. By
reading faster, you are able to pay more
attention to what is being discussed and
you are able to better focus on your task
at hand.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Read more in less time. By learning to
speed read, you can double or triple the
amount that you read in the same
amount of time. You may find that you
only need to skim material to
understand what is being discussed.
Improve your concentration. By
reading faster, you are able to pay more
attention to what is being discussed and
you are able to better focus on your task
at hand.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
Better comprehend what you read with
greater depth and accuracy. As you
increase your concentration, you'll gain a
better understanding of what you are reading.
Retain the information that you read
better and longer. If you can remember the
information better because of improved
concentration, you will be able to retain that
information more efficiently.
Enjoy reading more because it won't
take you as long to read a book
anymore. Your reading confidence will
increase and you'll find reading more
enjoyable.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
greater depth and accuracy. As you
increase your concentration, you'll gain a
better understanding of what you are reading.
Retain the information that you read
better and longer. If you can remember the
information better because of improved
concentration, you will be able to retain that
information more efficiently.
Enjoy reading more because it won't
take you as long to read a book
anymore. Your reading confidence will
increase and you'll find reading more
enjoyable.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
TOOLS NEEDED FOR SPEED READING
In order to track record of your reading you need
some tools to help you keep your record. These are:
Stopwatch: in order to keep record of what is
your current speed record you need to have a
stopwatch. It will help in keeping the record of in
how much do you read a certain passage and how
much you need to improve more.
Pen/pencil and paper: these tools will help you
note down the time and the obstacles or
distractions that you faced while reading so that
next time you try to over come these distractions.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
In order to track record of your reading you need
some tools to help you keep your record. These are:
Stopwatch: in order to keep record of what is
your current speed record you need to have a
stopwatch. It will help in keeping the record of in
how much do you read a certain passage and how
much you need to improve more.
Pen/pencil and paper: these tools will help you
note down the time and the obstacles or
distractions that you faced while reading so that
next time you try to over come these distractions.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
LETTING GO OFF YOUR BAD HABITS
letting go off the habits that are stopping
you from speed reading is essential. If you want to
develop the skill of speed reading you must
recognize these habits and let go off them. These
habits include:
Reading one word at a time is the foremost habit
that you need to let go in order to develop speed
reading. Although this is perfectly normal to
have this habit but it is the one of the main
causes to stop you from developing your skill.
Another habit that we need to let go is vocalizing
our own voices. Although it has helped us a lot in
our initial days to learn reading, it is now a
hindrance in development of our speed reading.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
letting go off the habits that are stopping
you from speed reading is essential. If you want to
develop the skill of speed reading you must
recognize these habits and let go off them. These
habits include:
Reading one word at a time is the foremost habit
that you need to let go in order to develop speed
reading. Although this is perfectly normal to
have this habit but it is the one of the main
causes to stop you from developing your skill.
Another habit that we need to let go is vocalizing
our own voices. Although it has helped us a lot in
our initial days to learn reading, it is now a
hindrance in development of our speed reading.
Abdullah Danish, Educational PLatform
PRÉCIS
WRITING
BY SADAF FAROOQ
WRITING
BY SADAF FAROOQ
WHAT IS PRÉCIS?
•Précis is derived from a French word and it‟s meaning is
“to cut short”. The „s‟ is only pronounced if it is plural.
•An essence or comprehension of a passage, mentioning
all the essential points and giving a basic idea of what it
says is called Précis writing.
Educational Platform
•Précis is derived from a French word and it‟s meaning is
“to cut short”. The „s‟ is only pronounced if it is plural.
•An essence or comprehension of a passage, mentioning
all the essential points and giving a basic idea of what it
says is called Précis writing.
Educational Platform
DO’S OF PRÉCIS WRITING
•Start your précis with the main idea so that reader can quickly
understand the essence of the précis.
•As the main idea or the essence is established, you can follow it
up with some methods, facts, points, etc.
•As a précis is concise, compress it and make sure that the length
is available for you to retain the important data, keywords, and the
concept.
•Removing the irrelevant data or sentence is as important as
writing the relevant points.
•Thus, identify the excess data and facts and keep the core idea of
the work only in the précis.
•If you are mentioning anything related to history or any historical
data than make sure that it is written in the past tense only.
•Also, remember to put the purpose as to why you are writing a
précis in the writing piece.
•This will help the reader understand what you wrote in the précis.
Educational Platform
•Start your précis with the main idea so that reader can quickly
understand the essence of the précis.
•As the main idea or the essence is established, you can follow it
up with some methods, facts, points, etc.
•As a précis is concise, compress it and make sure that the length
is available for you to retain the important data, keywords, and the
concept.
•Removing the irrelevant data or sentence is as important as
writing the relevant points.
•Thus, identify the excess data and facts and keep the core idea of
the work only in the précis.
•If you are mentioning anything related to history or any historical
data than make sure that it is written in the past tense only.
•Also, remember to put the purpose as to why you are writing a
précis in the writing piece.
•This will help the reader understand what you wrote in the précis.
Educational Platform
DON'TS OF PRÉCIS WRITING
•Even though you have read and understood the Précis
well, do not form your own opinions.
•You cannot insert your own remarks and criticism in a
précis.
•Always take the fact and data that is given in the
paragraph only.
•Also, during a précis writing, you cannot insert a
question.
•For a précis writing, avoid using contractions and
abbreviations, write the full form of any given words only.
•Avoid being jerky. This will show that you have not
understood the passage properly and have started
writing a précis.
Educational Platform
•Even though you have read and understood the Précis
well, do not form your own opinions.
•You cannot insert your own remarks and criticism in a
précis.
•Always take the fact and data that is given in the
paragraph only.
•Also, during a précis writing, you cannot insert a
question.
•For a précis writing, avoid using contractions and
abbreviations, write the full form of any given words only.
•Avoid being jerky. This will show that you have not
understood the passage properly and have started
writing a précis.
Educational Platform
STEPS TO WRITE A PRÉCIS
•Read Carefully
First read the passage twice or thrice carefully to summarize it.
This will enable you to understand the main theme of the passage.
•Underlining
Underline and mark the important ideas and essential points from
the original text.
•Outline
With the help of underlined ideas, draw the outline of your précis.
•Omission
Omit all the unnecessary information or the long phrases which
could be replaced by one word. All the adjectives and the adverbs can also
be omitted in order to make a good précis.
•Don‟t Omit
While making a précis, the writer should never omit the important
points and ideas which are essential to be described.
•Size
Keep the fact in your mind that the length of the précis should be
the one third of the original passage.
Educational Platform
•Read Carefully
First read the passage twice or thrice carefully to summarize it.
This will enable you to understand the main theme of the passage.
•Underlining
Underline and mark the important ideas and essential points from
the original text.
•Outline
With the help of underlined ideas, draw the outline of your précis.
•Omission
Omit all the unnecessary information or the long phrases which
could be replaced by one word. All the adjectives and the adverbs can also
be omitted in order to make a good précis.
•Don‟t Omit
While making a précis, the writer should never omit the important
points and ideas which are essential to be described.
•Size
Keep the fact in your mind that the length of the précis should be
the one third of the original passage.
Educational Platform
CONT…
•Objective Approach
A précis writer should adopt an objective approach. He should
not add his personal ideas to a précis. Put all the important points and
ideas in a logical order.
•One Paragraph
There could be two or more paragraphs in the original text.
While making the précis, try to write all the ideas in one paragraph.
•Rough Draft
After omitting all the unnecessary ideas, the writer should
prepare a rough draft to finalize it.
•Final Draft
Having read the rough draft and pointed out some mistakes
which may be found in the rough draft, the writer can prepare the final
draft.
Educational Platform
•Objective Approach
A précis writer should adopt an objective approach. He should
not add his personal ideas to a précis. Put all the important points and
ideas in a logical order.
•One Paragraph
There could be two or more paragraphs in the original text.
While making the précis, try to write all the ideas in one paragraph.
•Rough Draft
After omitting all the unnecessary ideas, the writer should
prepare a rough draft to finalize it.
•Final Draft
Having read the rough draft and pointed out some mistakes
which may be found in the rough draft, the writer can prepare the final
draft.
Educational Platform
ESSENTIALS OF GOOD
PRÉCIS
•It should be precise and clear.
•The précis must be logically connected and should have a
good flow of words.
•It should be coherent.
•A précis should have an appropriate title and the order of ideas
need to be original.
•The details found in the précis must match the details found in
the original text.
Educational Platform
PRÉCIS
•It should be precise and clear.
•The précis must be logically connected and should have a
good flow of words.
•It should be coherent.
•A précis should have an appropriate title and the order of ideas
need to be original.
•The details found in the précis must match the details found in
the original text.
Educational Platform
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SUMMARY AND PRÉCIS
•Précis have proper headings while summary usually don‟t.
•Always maintains order of the events properly while
summary don‟t.
•Written in same voice as original while summary isn‟t.
•Précis maintain keywords while summaries focuses only
on themes/stories.
Educational Platform
SUMMARY AND PRÉCIS
•Précis have proper headings while summary usually don‟t.
•Always maintains order of the events properly while
summary don‟t.
•Written in same voice as original while summary isn‟t.
•Précis maintain keywords while summaries focuses only
on themes/stories.
Educational Platform
THANK YOU
Reading Comprehension
By Sadaf Farooq
By Sadaf Farooq
What is Comprehension?
•Reading comprehension is the act of understanding what you are
reading.
•It is an intentional, active, interactive process that occurs before,
during and after a person reads a particular piece of writing.
•Reading comprehension is one of the pillars of the act of reading.
When a person reads a text he engages in a complex array of
cognitive processes. He is simultaneously using his awareness and
understanding of phonemes (individual sound “pieces” in language),
phonics (connection between letters and sounds and the relationship
between sounds, letters and words) and ability to comprehend or
construct meaning from the text.
•Reading comprehension is the act of understanding what you are
reading.
•It is an intentional, active, interactive process that occurs before,
during and after a person reads a particular piece of writing.
•Reading comprehension is one of the pillars of the act of reading.
When a person reads a text he engages in a complex array of
cognitive processes. He is simultaneously using his awareness and
understanding of phonemes (individual sound “pieces” in language),
phonics (connection between letters and sounds and the relationship
between sounds, letters and words) and ability to comprehend or
construct meaning from the text.
Elements of Comprehension
•There are two elements that make up the process of reading
comprehension: vocabulary knowledge and text
comprehension.
•In order to understand a text the reader must be able to
comprehend the vocabulary used in the piece of writing. If the
individual words don’t make the sense then the overall story will
not either.
•There are two elements that make up the process of reading
comprehension: vocabulary knowledge and text
comprehension.
•In order to understand a text the reader must be able to
comprehend the vocabulary used in the piece of writing. If the
individual words don’t make the sense then the overall story will
not either.
Importance of Reading Comprehension
•Without comprehension, reading is nothing more than tracking
symbols on a page with your eyes and sounding them out.
•Imagine being handed a story written in Egyptian hieroglyphics with
no understanding of their meaning. You may appreciate the words
aesthetically and even be able to draw some small bits of meaning
from the page, but you are not truly reading the story. The words on
the page have no meaning. They are simply symbols.
•People read for many reasons but understanding is always a part of
their purpose.
•Reading comprehension is important because without it reading
doesn’t provide the reader with any information.
•Without comprehension, reading is nothing more than tracking
symbols on a page with your eyes and sounding them out.
•Imagine being handed a story written in Egyptian hieroglyphics with
no understanding of their meaning. You may appreciate the words
aesthetically and even be able to draw some small bits of meaning
from the page, but you are not truly reading the story. The words on
the page have no meaning. They are simply symbols.
•People read for many reasons but understanding is always a part of
their purpose.
•Reading comprehension is important because without it reading
doesn’t provide the reader with any information.
Strategies for Reading Comprehension
•Generate questions
•Read aloud and monitor
•Take notes
•Summarise
•Practice PQ4R: This consists of six steps: Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and
Review.
•Preview: Students scan the material to get an overview. The question means that students should
ask themselves questions as they read.
•The four R's have students read the material, reflect on what has just been read, recite the major
points to help learn better, and then return to the material and see if you can answer the questions
previously asked.
•Generate questions
•Read aloud and monitor
•Take notes
•Summarise
•Practice PQ4R: This consists of six steps: Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and
Review.
•Preview: Students scan the material to get an overview. The question means that students should
ask themselves questions as they read.
•The four R's have students read the material, reflect on what has just been read, recite the major
points to help learn better, and then return to the material and see if you can answer the questions
previously asked.
Reading Comprehension Skills
•Here are six essential skills needed for reading
comprehension , and tips on what can help kids
improve this skill.
•Decoding. Decoding is a vital step in the reading process. ...
•Fluency. ...
•Vocabulary. ...
•Sentence construction and cohesion. ...
•Reasoning and background knowledge. ...
•Working memory and attention.
•Here are six essential skills needed for reading
comprehension , and tips on what can help kids
improve this skill.
•Decoding. Decoding is a vital step in the reading process. ...
•Fluency. ...
•Vocabulary. ...
•Sentence construction and cohesion. ...
•Reasoning and background knowledge. ...
•Working memory and attention.
Effective Presentations Skills
Employee Development Center
June 26, 2003
Chris Carter
Employee Development Center
June 26, 2003
Chris Carter
Agenda
◼Introduction
◼Planning Your Presentation
◼The Presentation Sequence
◼Creating Effective Visual Aids
◼resentation Techniques
◼Practice
◼Introduction
◼Planning Your Presentation
◼The Presentation Sequence
◼Creating Effective Visual Aids
◼resentation Techniques
◼Practice
“Great speakers aren’t born,
they are trained.”
Presenting is a Skill…
Developed through experience
and training.
Source: http://www.hplearningcenter.com
they are trained.”
Presenting is a Skill…
Developed through experience
and training.
Source: http://www.hplearningcenter.com
#1 Fear
◼Feared More Than Death!
◼THE FACTS: Shaky hands, blushing
cheeks, memory loss, nausea, and
knocking knees
◼NORMAL!
◼Feared More Than Death!
◼THE FACTS: Shaky hands, blushing
cheeks, memory loss, nausea, and
knocking knees
◼NORMAL!
Causes of the Anxiety
◼Fear of the Unknown OR Loss of Control
◼Fight or Flight Mode
◼No Backup Plan
◼No Enthusiasm For Subject
◼Focus of Attention
◼Fear of the Unknown OR Loss of Control
◼Fight or Flight Mode
◼No Backup Plan
◼No Enthusiasm For Subject
◼Focus of Attention
Definitions
Presentation
◼“Something set forth to an audience for
the attention of the mind “
Effective
◼“…producing a desired result”
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com
Presentation
◼“Something set forth to an audience for
the attention of the mind “
Effective
◼“…producing a desired result”
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com
Effective Presentations
◼Control Anxiety –Don’t Fight It
◼Audience Centered
◼Accomplishes Objective
◼Fun For Audience
◼Fun For You
◼Conducted Within Time Frame
◼Control Anxiety –Don’t Fight It
◼Audience Centered
◼Accomplishes Objective
◼Fun For Audience
◼Fun For You
◼Conducted Within Time Frame
Why Give A Presentation?
Two Main Purposes
1.Inform
2.Persuade
3.Educate
Two Main Purposes
1.Inform
2.Persuade
3.Educate
Part 2:
Planning Your Presentation
Planning Your Presentation
Planning Your Presentation
1.Determine Purpose
2.Assess Your Audience
◼“Success depends on your ability to reach
your audience.”
◼Size
◼Demographics
◼Knowledge Level
◼Motivation
1.Determine Purpose
2.Assess Your Audience
◼“Success depends on your ability to reach
your audience.”
◼Size
◼Demographics
◼Knowledge Level
◼Motivation
Planning A Presentation
3.Plan Space
◼Number of Seats
◼Seating Arrangement
◼Audio/Visual Equipment
◼Distracters
4.What Day and Time?
◼Any Day!
◼Morning
3.Plan Space
◼Number of Seats
◼Seating Arrangement
◼Audio/Visual Equipment
◼Distracters
4.What Day and Time?
◼Any Day!
◼Morning
More Planning
5.Organization
◼Determine Main Points (2-5)
◼Evidence
◼Transitions
◼Prepare Outline
5.Organization
◼Determine Main Points (2-5)
◼Evidence
◼Transitions
◼Prepare Outline
Organizing Your Presentation
Organizational Patterns
◼Topical
◼Chronological
◼Problem/Solution
◼Cause/Effect
Organizational Patterns
◼Topical
◼Chronological
◼Problem/Solution
◼Cause/Effect
Presentation Outline
◼Keyword Reminders
◼Conversational Flow
◼Flexibility
◼More Responsive to Audience
◼Keyword Reminders
◼Conversational Flow
◼Flexibility
◼More Responsive to Audience
Part 3:
The Presentation Sequence
The Presentation Sequence
#1: Build Rapport
◼… relation marked by harmony or affinity
◼Audience members who trust you and feel
that you care
◼Start Before You Begin
◼Mingle; Learn Names
◼Opportunity to reinforce or correct audience
assessment
◼Good First Impression
◼People Listen To People They Like
◼… relation marked by harmony or affinity
◼Audience members who trust you and feel
that you care
◼Start Before You Begin
◼Mingle; Learn Names
◼Opportunity to reinforce or correct audience
assessment
◼Good First Impression
◼People Listen To People They Like
#2: Opening Your Presentation
◼Introduce Yourself –Why Should They
Listen
◼Get Attention, Build More Rapport,
Introduce Topic
◼Humor
◼Short Story
◼Starling Statistic
◼Make Audience Think
◼Invite Participation
◼Get Audience Response
◼Introduce Yourself –Why Should They
Listen
◼Get Attention, Build More Rapport,
Introduce Topic
◼Humor
◼Short Story
◼Starling Statistic
◼Make Audience Think
◼Invite Participation
◼Get Audience Response
#2…Completing the Opening
◼Clearly Defining Topic
◼If Informative…
◼Clear parameters for content within time
◼If Persuasive…
◼What’s the problem
◼Who cares
◼What’s the solution
◼Overview
◼Clearly Defining Topic
◼If Informative…
◼Clear parameters for content within time
◼If Persuasive…
◼What’s the problem
◼Who cares
◼What’s the solution
◼Overview
#3: Presenting Main
Points (Solution)
◼Main Point-Transition-Main Point-
Transition-MainPoint…..
◼Supporting Evidence
◼Examples
◼Feedback & Questions From Audience
◼Attention to, and Focus on, Audience
(Listening)
Points (Solution)
◼Main Point-Transition-Main Point-
Transition-MainPoint…..
◼Supporting Evidence
◼Examples
◼Feedback & Questions From Audience
◼Attention to, and Focus on, Audience
(Listening)
#4: Concluding Your
Presentation
Goal
◼Inform audience that you’re about to close
◼Summarize main points
◼Something to remember or call-to-action
◼Answer questions
“Tell ’em What You Told ‘em.”
Presentation
Goal
◼Inform audience that you’re about to close
◼Summarize main points
◼Something to remember or call-to-action
◼Answer questions
“Tell ’em What You Told ‘em.”
Part 4: Effective
Presentation Techniques
Presentation Techniques
Presentation Style
3 Elements
1.Vocal Techniques
◼Loudness
◼Pitch
◼Rate
◼Pause
◼Deviations From the Norm for Emphasis
3 Elements
1.Vocal Techniques
◼Loudness
◼Pitch
◼Rate
◼Pause
◼Deviations From the Norm for Emphasis
Presentation Style (con’t)
3 Elements
2.Body Language
◼Eye Contact, Gestures, Posture
3.Use of Space
▪Can Everyone See You?
▪Movement
3 Elements
2.Body Language
◼Eye Contact, Gestures, Posture
3.Use of Space
▪Can Everyone See You?
▪Movement
Common Problems
◼Verbal fillers
◼“Um”, “uh”, “like”
◼Any unrelated word or phrase
◼Swaying, rocking, and pacing
◼Hands in pockets
◼Lip smacking
◼Fidgeting
◼Failure to be audience-centered
◼Verbal fillers
◼“Um”, “uh”, “like”
◼Any unrelated word or phrase
◼Swaying, rocking, and pacing
◼Hands in pockets
◼Lip smacking
◼Fidgeting
◼Failure to be audience-centered
5 Presentation Tips
1.Smile
2.Breathe
3.Water
4.Notes
5.Finish On Or Under Time
1.Smile
2.Breathe
3.Water
4.Notes
5.Finish On Or Under Time
Part 5:
Creating Effective Visual Aids
Creating Effective Visual Aids
Visual Aids
◼Enhance Understanding
◼Add Variety
◼Support Claims
◼Lasting Impact
Used Poorly…A Distraction…Ineffective
Presentation
◼Enhance Understanding
◼Add Variety
◼Support Claims
◼Lasting Impact
Used Poorly…A Distraction…Ineffective
Presentation
Visual Aids -Examples
◼PowerPoint Slides
◼Overhead Trans
◼Graphs/Charts
◼Pictures
◼Films/Video
◼Flip Charts
◼Sketches
◼PowerPoint Slides
◼Overhead Trans
◼Graphs/Charts
◼Pictures
◼Films/Video
◼Flip Charts
◼Sketches
Visual Aids Should…
◼Supplement presentation
◼Outline of main points
◼Serve audience’s needs, not speaker’s
◼Simple and clear
◼Supplement presentation
◼Outline of main points
◼Serve audience’s needs, not speaker’s
◼Simple and clear
Main Point 1: The Purpose of
Using Visual Aids
◼Visual aids support your ideas and improve
audience comprehension of your
presentation
◼Visual aids add variety to your presentation
by giving the audience a break from
listening and letting the see something
◼Visual aids help illustrate complex ideas or
concepts and are helpful in reinforcing
your ideas
Using Visual Aids
◼Visual aids support your ideas and improve
audience comprehension of your
presentation
◼Visual aids add variety to your presentation
by giving the audience a break from
listening and letting the see something
◼Visual aids help illustrate complex ideas or
concepts and are helpful in reinforcing
your ideas
Visual Aids
◼Improve comprehension
◼Add variety
◼Illustrate complex ideas
◼Improve comprehension
◼Add variety
◼Illustrate complex ideas
Be Visible
◼Titles should be 38-44 pt. font size
◼Text should be 28 pt font size
◼Use color wisely
◼Contrasting colors
◼Titles should be 38-44 pt. font size
◼Text should be 28 pt font size
◼Use color wisely
◼Contrasting colors
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