English grammar-5 CLASS - FIVE

English grammar-5 CLASS - FIVE

2. PUBLISHED BY:

%. &liana

NEW EDITION

| Eliana
Designed by ENGLISH

_— GRAMMAR

Printed at

3. Eliana English Grammar is a series of eight books graded
‘meticulously for the students of classes I-Vill. Each book in the
series helps students master all the language skils and enables
the leamers whose mother tongue is not English to express
themselves in this international language confidently and
correctly. For this, we have taken into account the special learning
needs and problems of Indian students who do not get adequate
‘exposure to English.
The series aims at enabling students to apply grammar in the use
ofthe language. The exercises given are large enough for practice
and have a wide variety of questions and activities. The unique,
interesting activities will consolidate the concepts in children's.
minds and will make both teaching and learning enjoyable.
The series lays a balanced emphasis on grammar, vocabulary,
writing skills and reading skills. The reading comprehension
includes both prose and poetry. The writing exercises have been
designed to stimulate students to unfold their creativity.
All definitions and explanations have been written in a very simple
and easy language, using short sentences. While the definitions
are putin different font. All key points have been highlighted in an
‘eye-catching style. The concepts have been illustrated with
‘colourful pictures that appeal to children. The examples given are
very easy and correlated with students’ surroundings.
We are sure that with all these appealing qualities, each book in
this series will help leamers use the English Language correctly
and confidently

Authoress:

¿a ata D

4. CONTENTS

{Grammar Segment
1. Nouns

2. Pronouns
3. Adjectives
4, Verbs
5. Helping Verbs
6. Tenses
7. Prepositions
3. Conjunctions
9. Parts of Speech
10. Articles
11. Determiners
12. Sentences
13. Sentences: Phrases and Clauses
14, Sentences: Simple, Compound and Complex
15. Punctuation
16. Direct and Indirect Speech
17. Aktive and Passive Voice
Vocabulary Segment
18. Vocabulary
Writing Segment
18. Paragraph Writing
20. Diary Writing
21. Letter Writing
22. Invtation Writing,
23. Notice writing
24, Chart Making
25, Story writing
26. Message Writing
27. Essay Writing
Reading Segment
28. Comprehension

2
1
20
2
28
a
35
39
a
45
m
52
ES
59
62
oa

n

5. Nouns 1 2

Kinds of Non
mon Cale
Re Se Nas
Nee No

Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are the particular names given to

zi A Proper Nouns
persons, places, animals or things, e.g. Rahul, siwayebeginwith |
Mumbai, Sony, Monday, Ganga, Mahatma “a capita letter
Gandhi, Mr. Malay, ete.

e Now Perform
e

|. Rewrite these sentences using capital letters for the proper nouns:
The bakery, owned by shahji sells bread, biscuits and christmas cakes.

Hold on,

My friend peter and perrinlive in chennai.
Have you seen the film free willy? itis about a boy who savesawhale.
Iwill return ellen’s books once! complete my english assignment.

admire sherpa tenzing for being one of the first mento scale mt everest.

‘Common Nouns

‘Common nouns are the names given to person, place, animal or thing generally, eg,
pen, house, boy, river, fruit, painter, doctor, ball, etc.
s

6. e Now Perform

Here are people who are telling you about the work they do. Write their
occupations :

I design buildings.
Igrowcropsinfields.

{sell medicines.

Imend shoes.
Icarvestatues.

1 headthe kitchenina hotel.
Isingsongs.

Complete the table with common and proper nouns :

building | planet | friend actor bird

Red Fort Sania Mirta Belgium

Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are names of groups or collection of persons, places, animals or
things.
Examples:

+ anarmy ofants

Hold on
+ Collective means not single.

+ People, persons, players, etc,
+ abandofmusicians + añockofshecp are not collective nouns but

they are plural forms.
e Now Perform
e

D. Complete the sentences using the collective nouns given in the box:

1. Theyoungshepherdwentto the field with his of sheep.
2. Isawa of ionsin the sanctuary.
3. Thechildren stepped onan. ofantsinthe garden.

of otters

7. 4. Thestate will look after the problem of water supply.
5. Thesoccer. will eave forthe World Cup tomorrow.
6. Our will stay back forthe celebrations.

7. Idistributed the of cards among the players.

8. Theteacherread through the ofnames.

9. The votedin favour of the candidate.

10. The police caught the ofthieves last night.

11. The of stars was hidden by the clouds.

12. The ‘on our flight was very helpful.

E. — Matchthe collective nouns with the correct pictures:
colony
pack

swarm

clump

fleet

Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns express actions, feelings or qualities.
Examples:

+ Actions, suchas laughter, robbery, practice

+ Feelings, such as sadness, joy, pride

+ Qualities, such as bravery, beauty, honesty

1
2
3;
4. shoal
5.
6.
7.

Now Perform

List any five abstract nouns that show your qualities:
1 2

Hold on
Abstract nouns cannot be
touched, smelt, heard, seen

or tasted.

These do not have physical form.

4. 5.

8. G. — Shadethe boxes with abstract nouns :

rose beauty peace dove pipe violence
Einstein | intelligence | soup appetite | brilliance sun
cupboard | bouquet joy Inder | kindness | thought
honesty | football care horror book machine
Material Nouns

Itis the name ofa matter or substance of which things are made.

Examples:

+ Thering is made of gold. + Thetableis made of wood.

e Now Perform

H. Make sentences with the given material nouns:

1. Gold
2. Silver
3. Glass
4. Curd
5. Wood

Kinds ofGender
Mase
Feminine Gender
‘Common Gender

‘Neuter Gender

e Now Perform

e Gender :

+ Diamondis very costly.

It

ates the male nouns, e.g., boy, father, king, bull, etc.

Itdenotes the female nouns, e.g., girl, mother, queen, cow, ete
It expresses the male and female nouns both. Such as, student,

doctor, cousin, friend, teacher, etc.

Itrefers to non-living things, c.g., ball, book, car, shirt, etc.

I. Underline the nouns according to their gender — red for feminine, blue for
masculine, green forneuter and brown for common gender:

1. jewels

2. thief

3. policewoman
8 À engich Grammars

4. salesman

9. 2

5. cousin 6. uncle 7. aunt 8. house

9. boy 10. empress 11. palace 12. courtiers
13. bride 14, guest 15. groom 16. dress
17. car 18. horse 19. mare 20. rat
Change the gender of these nouns:

1. emperor 2. mare

3. bride 4, grandmother

5. nephew 6. ox

Rewrite the following sentences after changing the gender. You may have to do
some other changes too:

1. Heiscomingto hisaunt's house.

2. Heand his motherare buying car.

3. Theinstructress andthe git

waited for the class to begin.

4. The king was very fond of the princess.

5. Theauthorwrotea book.

6. Myauntand motherare flying to New York tomorrow.

7. Mr.Guptaisthe founder of our college.

8. The princess was the only lady presentinthe crowd.

9. Myuncle toois going to meet my grandmother.

10. Thegiantasked the hunter to leave the forest.

10. Number of Nouns

Rules

Aplural noun is mostcommonly
formed byadding-stothe existing
noun.

Nounsendingin-5,-s5,-%,-0,-ch,
sh, form their plurals byadding-es.

Somenounsendingwith-o only add
-s inthe plural form.

Nounsendingwith-y witha
‘consonant before it, take-linplace
of-yandadd-esinthe plural form.

Nounsending with -fand-fe change:
to-vandthenadd-es.

Some words endingin-fonly add-s
inthe plural form.

Some nounsare changed totheir
pluralforms by adding -en.

Some nouns change to the plural
form by changingthe vowel.

In compound words, sis added to
‘the main word inthe plural form.

10. Somenounshave the singularand

pluralalike.
11. Somenounsare alwaysin the plural

because two parts form a pair.

e Now Perform

‘Make sentences with the plural forms

1. mouse 2. child

Read these rules for changing the number of the nouns

Examples
gir-girs, boy-boys

bus-buses, class-classes, tax-taxes,
buffalo-buffaloes, branch-branches,
bush-bushes

photo-photos

baby-babies, city-cities

knife-knives, thief-thieves

chief-chiefs, proof-proofs

oxoxen

man-men, foot-feet

mother-in-law-mothers-in-law,
stepson-stepsons, passer-by-passers-by

deer-deer sheep-sheep,
series-series,fish-fish

pair of scissors, pairofspectacies

ofthese nouns :
3. bus
2

4. bench

11. 5. volcano 6. toy 7. lady 8. deer
9. baby 10. half 11. cargo 12. man

Underline the correct noun to complete each sentence

There are five (studioes/studios) for animation films in this city.
‘Theyare eating their (food/foods).

‘The stranger drew outa (knife/knives) from his pocket.

There were a few (crack/cracks) in the wall

‘The cook prepared chicken (sandwich/sandwiches) for the picnic.
Theykept five pieces of (luggage/luggages) in the storeroom.

1 enjoy eating (mangoes/mango) ice cream.

We cut the sweet buns into (half/halves).

We have to pay property (tax/taxes) by the end of the month,
10. The(sheep/sheeps) grazedtillevening.

Fillinthe blanks with the types of nouns given in the brackets:

1. Ushaswamacrossthe. to save Patel. (common noun)

2. The food inspector wants to check the. of our kitchen. (abstract
noun)

3. Mybrotherlikes to play badminton with his friend, «(proper noun)

4. People like him because of his. (abstractnoun)

5. Shelivesina near San Francisco. (common noun)

Rewrite this paragraph changing the gender of the nouns. Underline the nouns of
‘common gender and circle the nouns of neuter gender:
My uncle is an artist. He lives on a farm. He has
many animals. When we went to the farm, my
brother and | saw some hens and some chicks.
We saw large bull standing near a fence. Uncle
paints pictures on his farm. He carries an easel
and his paints and brushes to the fields. Today
he is painting a picture of the milkmaid
carrying some pots. He has painted portraits
ofall the people who work forhim.

a

12. Pronouns 9 :

Kinds of Pronoun
Personal Demonstrative Relative
Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are pronouns that we use in place of Hold on
h Pronouns can act as
names of persons, animals, places and things. blocs anal Onc
‘The pronouns I, me, we, us, you, he, she, it, him, her, they, — — Sentences. They also show
belonging or ownership.
‘them are personal pronouns.
Cases of Personal Pronouns
Hold on
You! and
may be in
subjective and
objective
case,

e Now Perform

|. Look at the underlined pronouns and state their cases. Write S for subjective, O for
objective and P for possessive cases :

1. Theteachertold them astory.

13. Thebikeheisridingis mine.
She gave the book to Mrs Brown.

The last piece of cake was hers.

They donated their old toys and clothes.

I can’t find the book. Sania keptitin my drawer.

Complete the sentences using suitable pronouns:

1. Mygranny taught. howtocook.

2. Uncle Haritook tothemarket.

3. Jeffwillreachheresoon. isalready on his way.

4. Katie forgotto bring her crayons, so she borrowed E

5. Allmyfriendspromisedtocome, willbe here by7 p.m.

6. We are getting bored at home, so Mark showed some magic
tricks.

7. Junaidis waiting for inindia.

Complete the sentences using suitable possessive pronouns:
This book belongs tome. tis

Thisis Shweta's essay. Itis

The crayon boxbelongs tothe children. Itis

You can choose any flavour you want, The choice is
Mysister and | havetwo pet turtles. Theturtlesare _

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point out the nouns to which they refer.
‘This, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns.

Read the demonstrative pronouns used to indicate objects that are close or far:

2

14. e Now Perform

Relative Pronouns

Fillinthe blanksusing demonstrative pronouns:

1. Here, __isthebook that youhad asked me to get for you.
2 are the names of the selected children : Neha, Ashraf and
Mithun,
3. over theres the tree from which fell when | was six years old.
4. Doyouseethe fields over there? are mine.
The boys standing across the road, are my cousins.
Hold on

+ ‘Who’ and ‘whom’ are used for persons.

A relative pronoun refers back or relates 10 + ‘Which’ is used for things and animals.
thenoun mentioned before it. + ‘Whose’ and ‘that’ are used for persons,

Examples:

things and animals.

‘+ Theman who gaveme this parcel was wearing a blue uniform.

‘+ Like watching films that have good music.
The girl whose book you took is waiting outside.

e near Be

Complete the sentences using relative pronouns:

1. Ihave found the book was missing from the shelf.
2. Theroom was shut for years has been opened.

3. Mycol family lives in Europe willbe visiting us this week.
4. Thechild painted this wall receive the prize.

5. Mr.Sharma, ‘owns this bookstore, is my neighbour.

on

15. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when the doer of an action also receives the action. In
‚other words, the doeracts on itself.

Read this table to understand how personal pronouns change into reflexive pronouns:

F. Completethesentences with suitable reflexive pronouns:
1. Rahul patted after winning he trophy.
2. Thelittlegirl saw. inthe mirror.
3. Rohit pinched. when he wonatrip to Europe.
4, Thekitten rubbed against the wall.
5. Nowtheyare grownup. Theycantakecareof__. >

Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are pronouns that introduce questions.
They include the words who, whom, which, whose, what, etc.
Who and whom are used for persons only; which is used for both persons and things;
what is used for some information only. Examples

+ What are those black marks on your shirt?

+ Whomdo you wanttomeet? + Whoseis this newspaper?

9 Now Perform
od

G. Complete the sentences using interrogative pronouns:

1 didyouseeclimbing the wall?
5

16. youputinthebox?
have a blue toothbrush. isyours?
tellsyou all the stories?
did you invite to the party?

State the type of underlined pronouns inthese sentences:

Five of us decided to watch the match together.
Nooneismore worried about the project than she.

Rahul and are roommates.

Who will accompany me tothe show?

twas his father who had hidden the present under his pillow.
never realised that they were so intelligent.

Mohan andhe sat upthe entire night tofinish the work.
Shanaya hurt herself while chopping onions.

Fillin the blanks with suitable pronouns:

1 doyoulike?
2. Igavethe dessert to Tahira and E

3. Thedoor, islocked, leads tothe study.

a. ishe doing?

5. Thissetofdrumsis

6. Itwas not my fault, twas

7. Mysisterloves reading. This bookis for

8 Would youlike tojoin for lunch?

9. isJohn'ssweaterand. belongsto Mary.
10. Mybookisonthattable. isyour book.

a. are my crayons. Where are yours?

12. Do fitin your suitcase?

13. I planted a inthe

distance were planted by the gardener.

17. ve

Adjectives 3

Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns.

Adjectives

Adjectives Adjectives:

of Quality of Quantity
Possessive Emphatic
Adjectives Adjectives

€ Grab the points
a
* Adjectives of Quality answer the question—of what kind? For example,
+ shiny, green apple
+ Adjectives of Number answer the question—how many? They can be categorized as~
+» Cardinal Adjectives—one car, five hundred people
+ Ordinal Adjectives-the first person to climb Mt Everest, the sixth period
+ Indefinite Adjectives~a ewbooks (countable) little water (uncountable)
* Distributive Adjectives-each boy, every teacher
+ Adjectives of Quantity answer the question-how much? For example,

+ somewater + Iittlehoney
* Demonstrative Adjectives pointoutnouns. Forexample,
+ those fish + thatkite

+ Possessive Adjectives show belonging and answer the question-whose?
+ myfish bow! + theirhouse
o

18. e Now Perform

. Underline theadjectives inthe passage:
My grandmother is a lovely person. She knows many
stories. She cooks delicious food and tends a beautiful
garden. She is also a good chess player. Last year she got
the first place in the local Chess Championship. Every
winter, she knits a beautiful sweater for each grandchild.

Difference Between Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

Read this sentence:
+ Thebook is Minu’s

© Ifwe wantto replace the noun Minu with a possessive pronoun, we will write-
+ Thebook is hers.

Some simple possessive pronouns are mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, yours

Some simple possessive adjectives are my, his, her, our, their, your its.

a

B. _ Lookatthe underlined words. Write P for possessive pronouns and A for possessive
adjectives:
1. lamdoingherwork
2. Isthatbagyours? =
3. Thecatcleaned its fur. =
4. These crayonsare theirs, not ours. =
5. These aremy books. =
6. These aremy books. Yoursarein the desk. =
7. Where did you keep your socks? =
8. Don’t touch that sandwich. Itishis. =
9. Thiscartonis mine.
10. Bringyourcartonandkeepithere. a

a

19. Interrogative Adjectives

Interrog:
‘What, which and whose can be used with nouns to ask questions.
Examples:

/eadjectives are used with nouns to ask questions.

. Hold on
8 Whattimeisit? + Whose bag is this? (Interrogative adjective)
+ Which book are youreading? + Whose is this bag? (Interrogative pronoun)

Emphatic Adjectives
Sometimes, we use words like own and very to give our sentences emphasis, as in these
sentences.

+ saw it withmy own eyes.

+ [found the very book I wanted.

aan

e
©. Circle the interrogative and emphatic adjectives and underline the nouns that they
modify:
Which dress shall wear?
Whose bookis this?
Thisis the very place where Gandhijiwasborn.
What gift shall we give grandmother on her birthday?
She spoke rudely and spoilt her own chances of winning the debate.
The classteacheris myown sister.

Complete thesentences using the adjectives givenin the box:

Thisisthe spot where | dug my box.
colour doyouwant on the walls?
booksare these?
film did you see last evening?

He got so busy in helping others that his work gotdelayed.

#

20. Verbs 4

Finite Verbs

Finite verbs change according to their subjects, numbers, person, tense.
Setl. Helikeddancing. — Helikes dancing. Hewilllike dancing.
Set2. Lliketo dance. Helikestodance —— Theyliketo dance.

Inthe first set of sentences, the verb like changes in tense.
In the second set, the verb changes to match the subject in number and person
(Uhe/they). This is because it has a subject (/he/they). Here, the verb like is a finite
verb.

Hold on
{A least one finite verb is compulsory in a sentence.
Every sentence in English needs a finite verb is an essential part of a sentence.
An infinitive sa non finie verb that does the work of a noun ina sentence.
An infinitive may be as the subject or object of a finite verb.

Non-finite Verbs Hold on
Now lookat the verbs dancing and to dance. They donot change Infinitive doesn't
ith ber. Thi led non-finite verb: cae eee
ineithertenseor number. These are called non-finite verbs. Garey
(Infinitive (to +) ae
Read these sentences :
1. Birds love to sing. 2. Tohelp others is ourduty. SEER
(ii) Gerund(V, + ing) (const
Read thesesentences : ‘according to tense
+ i or number or
1. Reading isa good hobby. Lenjoy cooking. Ge
Subject

21. (ii) Participle
Read these sentences:

1. The erying baby woke up everybody.

2. [need some cheese for my toasted bread.
In these sentences, the verbs crying and toasted are formed by adding -ing and -ed to
‘ery and toast respectively. They function as adjectives in these sentences. They cannot
stand on their ownas the main verb andare also a type of non-finite verbs.

© vorne

\. _ Statewhethertheunderlined verbs are finite by writing or infinite by writing NFin
the boxes:

The children started tosing.

Rohan stood up toanswerin class.

The teacher asked the students for their books.

Joggingisgood forkeeping fit.

The Principalisina meeting.

‘The gardener found him hiding under the staircase.

Thisgirlhas no place tolivein

B. _ Rewrite the sentences using gerundsin place of the underlined words:
ike to fish.

‘Tocookis something lenjoy.

Toswim in the pool in summeris fun.

Weliketoread at the library in the afternoon.

Wealllike to dance.

‘Tospeakisbetter than be silent.

Helikestojump.

She likes to knit.

€. Choosethe correct participle tofillinthe blanks :
1. The boat leftthe harbour (sailing/sailed)

a

22. Eatthe orange. (peeling/peeled)
The plumber will repairthe tap. (dripping/dripped)
Everyone was busy looking for my, ring. (losing/lost)
Icouldn’t find water anywhere. (drunk/drinking)

The bird came in throughthe window. (broken/breaking)
My father got aletter by the Principal. (written/writing)

Identify whether the underlined words are gerund, participle or infinitive :
Mike whistling.
like to whistle.
cooking is fun.
want toread the newspaper.
Cleaning is one of my hobbies.
The watering canis rusty.
He likes dancing.
Helikes todance.
Singingis fun.
10. Iwanttoeatthefood.

Write F for sentences where the underlined words are finite and NF for non-finite
verbs:

The children areplayingin the field.

Salim was watching TV when the phone rang.

The students ran after the puppies.

The children were reading their books silently in class.
My friend helpedher brother tojump overthe ditch.
The girlsare dancingintheroom.

Hewas sleeping when the bomb blusted.

The girlsran after the actor.

The girls were sleeping in their rooms.

10. Mymotherhelped her friend to solve the problem.

23. F. Use suitable participles and gerunds from the box to complete the sentences. You

may use aword more than on

10.

A stone gathers no mass.
Fathertaughtme.
isagoodhobby.
twill go, insummer.
Myunclelikes
Children simply love
The old man was tired of 5
The police are looking or the car.
She used paper to make the puppet.

Itis easy to play cricketon grass.

G. — Identify the verbs. Write forinfinitive, P for participle and G for gerund :

1:

10.
1
1
13.
14,
15.

Itis important to sleep foratleastsixhours each day.

Cooking and dusting re the chores that! do.

Hereis the missing piece of the puzzle.

Letme repair your torn coat.

Iwant tovisit grandmother next week.

amo happy to see you!

| saw the approaching storm.

Please call meto help you.

When willyou finish talking?

Sabya likes mashed potatoes with mintsauce.

Always drink filtered water.

Hewoke upearly togotothe dairy.

Actingisa popular activity in our school.

I thought hearda hissing sound.

The baby likes to play with my mobile phone.
2

24. Helping Verbs 5

Helping verbs support the main verbs.

— ne me dE
Now Perform are also called

Complete the story with suitable forms of be, do or have verbs:
Param and Chang friends.
They not tease others.
Param studying with Chang
inthe same school. Param,

living with his grandmother, and
Chang coming from
Beijing in China. They

been friends for many years

‘One day,as they ___walking to school,
they hear a loud roar. To their amazement, they see a lion
walking across the street. They terrified. Then they notice
that a small boy. walking in front of the lion. He aleashin
hishand. Thelion apet, andthe boy. taking him for a walk
Modals

You have learnt that words like can, can't, may, might, will, would are used with main
verbs to express ability, possibility, certainty, to make requests, or to take permissions.
Such wordsare called modals.

20 Engish Grammars

25. Read these sentences:
+ Shecan speak and write seven languages. (Shows ability)
+ MayThelp you carry this box? (shows offer)
+ Would you pass me the salad, please? (shows request)
+ You should visit a doctor for your cold. (shows advice)
+ You must watch this movie. (shows strong suggestion)

Modalsiin different forms can make up different types of sentences:
Positive + Imightbe late forthe meeting.
sentences + You must lie down and takerest.
+ Lcan'tremember where Ikeptmy shoes. Negative
. e. sentences. Pose
Youshould not repeat the same mistake. den
person of the
Interrogative + Would youjoinus forthe picnic? subject cannot
sentences + May borrow your crayons? affect the form
of modal.
e
B. _ Choosethe correct option thatis shown by each statement:
1. Jason canwritewith both hands.
a. suggestion mm b.ability lm c-possibility
2. Teacher might askus to performa play.
a.possibility im b.offer wu c.suggestion

3. Youcanusemyroomtostudy.
a.ability im b.permission =
4. Youshouldsitstraight.

a.ability mm b.advice ma coffer

5. Wouldyoulike meto drop you at your house?

a. suggestion = b. possibility im coffer

=

26. Question Tags
Read these interrogative sentences :
+ Youcan click photographs, can’t you
+ Mary will not come with us, willshe?
+ Zaynshouldn’tstay homealone, should he?
‘The mini questions can't yo
question tags.

?, will she?, should he? at the end of these statements are

© A positive statement takes a negative question tag.
Forexample,
+ Snowis white,isn’tit?

© A negative statement takes a positive question tag.
Forexample,
+ Youcan’t seeme, can you?

e Now Perform

C. Matchthe statements tothe correct question tags:

1. Nancycan'tkeepquiet, a. should?
2. Wehadn'tbeenrude, b. werewe?
3. Hewasquiteangry, e. isit

4. Ishouldn’task him for help, d. wasn'the?
5. Itwasverydark, e. canshe?

6. Theywerelate, f. weren'tthey?
7. Theywon’tinviteus, 8. willthey?

8. Weweren'tthere, h. hasshe?

9. itisn'ttoohot, i, wasn'tit?
10. Shehasn'ttoldyou, j. hadwe?

D. — Changethesentences as directed:
1. Imayplayfootballthis evening. (negative)
2. She cannot bake a cake without help. (positive)

2

27. 3. Wemay go out and play. (interrogative)
4. Wewillgotoahill station this summer. (negative)
5. Maywegoonapicnictomorrow? (negative)

Complete the sentences with the verb forms of be, do and have:

1. They. going for a vacation tomorrow.
2. Mybrother going to Germany next week.

3. invited tothe party?

4. You not obey theteachers.

5. Thishouse alotoffurniture.

6. She been sleepingsince afternoon

7. He practising hard for the final performance.

& He not come to school yesterday.

9. They washing cars when | spoke tothem this morning,
10. He alongandtiring day at the office.

Write question tags forthese statements :

She has come first,

You should make notes,
Itisnotvery far,
Heisn’tvery sick,

10. You should talkto Principal,

1. Hewasrude, wasn'the?

2. Sheislook happy. Holden
eistookingveryhappy, isso

3. Wecan'tgotoday, tags to postive

4. Theyhaveeaten, sentences and positive

5. Hewillbelate, togo to negative

A sentences.

ZL

8.

9.

Using modals, write questions you would like to ask the following people:

1. afriend Canyou
2. aguest

3. ateacher

4. yourbrotherorsister

5. your parents

=

28. Tenses

‘Tenses express time when an action is done.

Read this table to know the uses of different tenses

Tenses

Simple Present

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Simple Past

Past Continuous

Simple Future

Past Perfect

Uses

for everyday events, habits and
facts (V; (base form) of the verb)

action that i taking place now

(is/am/are + V, ing)

«+ to show an action that has just
happened

+ to describe past event whose
effect is continues in the present

+ to talk or write about actions
whose time is not definite

+ to describe an action that has
started in the past and still
continues (has/have + V;)

for actions completed in the past

(17)

to talk about things that were

happening at a particular time

in the past.

(was/were + Ving)

for actions that will happen in the

future (wil/shall + V.)

for actions done before another

action in past had +3)

a

Examples
I paint whenever | get time.

Someone is knocking at
the door.

‘have finished my
breakfast.

Suzie has brought snacks
for everyone.

Remy has learnt pottery.

‘Mahia has ordered a grilled
‘vegetable sandwich,

| gave my book to Sam.

Shane was sleeping when
reached his house.

‘They will buy tickets for us
aswell.

We had reached the party
before it started.

29. ‘A. Matchthesentencestothetenses:
1. Wegoto school everyday. a. present continuous
2. Weare doinga grammar exercise. b. pastperfect
We went tothe market yesterday. ©. present perfect
We havejustreturned from school. d. past continuous
We were readinga story inthe second e. past continuous
period today.
6. Wealreadyhad our food. E. simple present
7. Wewerewaiting for theshow. £- simplepast

B. _Fillinthe blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in the brackets:

€ Get more

Past Perfect Tense
We use the past perfect tense for an action that took
place before a certain time or an action in the past.

Forexample,
+ Thetrain had already leftby the time I reached the station.
+ Theteacher had not yet begun the lesson when Priyaarrived.

listen) to her.

(prepare) breakfast for us.

1. Myfriendsandi (visit) the library once a month,
2. Theteacher (tell) usa story right now. We

3. Mymotherisin thekitchen. She

4. Ithink! (read) that book tomorrow.

5. Lastyearl (80) toKerala.

61 (write) my composition while the teacher was correcting books.

Hold on
Will and shall are
both used to show the

future tense. Wills also used

to make a strong statement

‘about an action in the future.

For example,
‘| will do everything
possible to help him.

When two actions happen in the past, we use the past perfect tense to indicate which

action happened first, For example,
+ We had finished our dinner before the guests arrived.
+ had completed the sums when the teacher called me.

3

30. © Now rsa

Complete the sentences using verbs n the past perfect tense:

1. Thewaves washed away the sandcastle that we just
(build)
The race not yet when we reached the stadium. (start)
When she went out to play, she already her
homework. (do)
The baker iced all the cakes thathe (bake)
The doctor took off the plaster that he ‘on my arm two weeks ago.
(put)

6. She not a horse before today. (ride)

7. Theplay just when wearrived. (finish)

. Complete these sentences wi
had already
We are going to
My grandfather is going to

My grandmother had not yet
Sally had never

leas of your own:

E. Rewrite thesentences changing the tenses as directed:
1. Ivisited Rajasthan during holidays. (simple future tense)

2. Hurry up! Wewait for you. (present continuous tense)

3. Ifinishthejob. (present perfect tense)

4. Wecookeda delicious meal for our friends last Saturday. (simple future tense)

5. _Ireceivehis letter yesterday. (simple past tense)

31. Prepositions

Examples:

She goes to temple on Sunday.

+ The meaning of the term ‘preposition’, means placing before.
+ Thus a preposition is usually put before a noun or a pronoun.

@ Get more

Prepositions show us nouns in relation to the following :

32. » Now Perform
ee

A. — Underline the prepositionsin the sentences:
1. The bus shuttles between Delhiand Gurugram.

The children ranacross the bridge.

Towards evening, you can hearthe frogs croak.

I dug the flowerbeds with aspade.

‘The mountaineer reached the peak with great difficulty.

B. _Fillinthe blanks with suitable prepositions:
1. Iwonderwhatlies, thehorizon.

‘The band marched thetown.

We walked the river,

have been waitinghere threehours.

have beenlivinghere 2011.

5 Get more

Preposition following words

It is interesting to see how the meanings change when different prepositions follow the
same verb and form phrasal verbs,
Look at these phrasal verbs with break and called and other verbs

32 Ens Grammars

33. Look at this list of phrasal verbs and their meanings:

Phrases Meanings Phrases
call up telephone draw back
drawup prepare draw near
keep back hide, conceal give back
keepup maintain give up
keep away remain absent ive away

® now Pertorm

Complete the sentences using phrases from the above table. Change the tenses of

D.

the verbs as necessary:
1. Thearchitect aplanforthe building.
2. Seeing the wolf, the dog got frightened and

3. Astheman Isawthatitwas my uncle.
a. He fromschool because he had a fever.
5. Dont thetruth from me.

6. the good work!

Choose the correct prepositions to complete the sentences:

1. Letusnailthe picture. (in/for/on) the wall.

2. Theboydived {in/into/from) the pool.
2

Meanings
retreat
approach
return
leave
distribute

34. [3

3. Thecaptain reported (at/in/for) half past nine.
4. Thebirds chirped early {at/in/by) the morning.
5. Thespeakeris standing. (on/in/at) the podium.

Complete the sentences with suitable phrasal verbs formed by adding prepositions
tothe verbsin brackets. You may change the tensesif required :

ii my friend onthe phone. (call up)

2. Youmust not. when troubles come. (giveup)

3. Aswe. ‘the mountains, the air became cool. (drive up)
4. The farmer when he sawasnakein the grass. (draw up)
5.

As myexamination became more and more tense. (draw near)

Make sentences of your own with the given preposition:

10.
u.
12

3.
14.
15.
16.

35. ve

Conjunctions

Conjunctions
Join
Words.
Hold on

+ Conjunctions are also called connectors.
+ These join words, phrases and sentences.
+ Different conjunctions are used to join diferent ideas.

Letus learn different uses of different conjunctions :
© And, as well as show addition of two things. Forexample,

+ Llikeapples and mangoes.

But and while show contrast or opposite ideas. Forexample,

+ Hikeapples, but I don’t like mangoes.

+ Iwentto the market because I wanted to buy some apples.
Until and when show time. Look at these examples.

+ Will you wait until come back?

+ Themangoes ripen when the weather is warm.

® Because, as and since give usa reason. For example,

© ‘Though and although mean in spite of. They show a fact that makes another fact
look surprising or unusual. For example,
+ Though we were tired, we finished the work.
+ Although she tried very hard, she could not get the job,
5

36. © That is used to give a reason, an aim, ora result. Forexample,
+ Tellthem that Tam waiting.
© For and since are also used to give reasons, as in these sentences.
+ Imadea card for, itwas my grandmother's birthday.
+ Since itwas grandmother’sbirthday, | made a card.
® While means during a period of time. It also shows contrast between two things.
Forexample,
+ While he was sleeping, the boy escaped,
+ Ronnie likes pop music while his brother likes classical songs.
®. Orand otherwise indicate choice. For example,
+ Which balloon do you want, red or blue?

€ Get more

Word Pairs as Conjunctions (Correlatives)
Some conjunctions are used in pairs such as not only...but also, eitheı
both...and, neither...nor, etc.

Read these sentences:
+ Sheisadancer Sheisamusieian.
Not only sheisadancer butalso a musician. (x)
(She is not only a dancer but also a musician.) (/)
+ She paints. She cooks. She plays football
Not only does she paintand cook but also plays football. (x)
(Not only does she paint and cook, but she also plays football.) (4)
+ Heis eithera manager ora clerk. (/)
+ She neither attended the birthday party nor did she goto office. (7)

dirais
e

A. — Useconjunctionstofil
1. One of the most popular nursery rhymes is about a boy named Jack
agirl named Jil.

2. lenjoychess, Idon’tlil
E

inthe blanks:

cricket as much.

37. D.

3. Wewenttobedearly wewere tired.
4. you won'thelp me, | willdo the work myself

5. Theydidnotallowusin wewerelate.

6. Wewaitedforher itwasdark.

À itwas raining, we did not cancelthe match.

8. Doyouwanttoplaychess carrom?

9. my grandmother is old, she is very strong and active.

10. Mybrother wantedto leave the chief guest was givinga speech.

Combine these sentences usingnot only...but also:
We went to the park. We went to the zoo.

He baked a cake for us. He made sandwiches.

Mr. Jackisa doctor. Mr.Jackisanurse.

She climbed Mt Everest. She climbed Mt Titi.
completed my Maths assignment. | wrote an essay.

Complete the following sentences:
We wanted to watch the film but.
Since it was raining

bought not only aboxof crayons but also
He was overjoyed because
Wait hereuntil

Whenitiswinter,
‘Though we were exhausted,
Imeteithera playeror

Choose the correct conjunctions to complete the sentences:

Raviwas not well, he did not go for the picnic. (since/although)
Iwentfora walkatnight was afraid of darkness. (as/although)
The sun hid behind the clouds itstartedraining. (when/until)
Iwil be late today my carhas broken down. (but/because)
Weeat wemaylive. (but/sothat)

E)

38. R

6. Iwaited the train arrived. (until/because)

7. Birdsfly fish swim. (until/but)

8. Itookmyumbrella itwasraining. (but/for)

9. Raj is a cricketer a poet. (not only..but
also/although...but)

10. my parents came home, could notleave. (for/until)

Join these pairs of sentences using suitable conjunctions :
Iworea coat. lworea muffler.

Iworea coat. My sister did not wear one.

Itwas cold. My sister did not weara coat.

Iworea coat. Itwas cold.

Iworea coat. did not feel cold.

My sister felt cold. She did not have a coat.

We were thirsty. We had no water.

Wewere thirsty. We did not complain.

Use these conjunctions to make sentences of your own

10.

39. ve

Parts of Speech 9

When we make a sentence, we use
prepositions, conjunctions an

it nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs,
terjections.

These parts of sentences are called parts of speech. eee cree
Read the poem given below knowledge to create the
Every name youcalla Noun, (Nouns SA
Askingand queen, and dress the gown,

The Pronoun in place of noun does stand, ‘Pronouns

As you and [clap our hands.
The Adjective does a thing describe, “Ajenos
Assoftcushion and beautiful life,

‘The Verb means action, something done,

As sing and dance, and play and run. Vos

‘The Adverbs show how, where and when
Things are done, as quickly, inside and often. EC
The Preposition shows its relation toa noun,
Asatthe station, or in the town. “Prepostions
Conjunetions bring together, in many ways,
Sentences, words or phrase.
Asand, butand because. ps

The Interjection cries out, ‘Hark!

Don't forget the exclamation mark!" nern
All these rhymes happily teach
allaboutthe Parts of Speech. LOTS

40. © now perform

+ Pick out the parts of speech in the sentences and write them as shown in the
example:
lamgoingto the market.

Sheis dancingon the stage.
Wow! It'sgreatnews!

Ajayis my best friend.

Goand play outside.

My brother and | went out to play.
Hurray! We have won the match!
The Gangaisalongriver.

Come home early.

10. Thewormclimbed slowly up the tree.

eseneonsunr

11. Canyoujump over this fence?
12. We have three cats athome.

‘SNe. Nouns Pronouns Adjetivos Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Canuncens Itrfelns Ais

make == 1 the

À Eng Grammar

41. Articles 10. *

Articles

Indefinite
Articles
(aan)

Indefinite Articles

We use indefinite articles a or an when it is not clearly defined or stated a person or a
thing spoken of, e.g., ateacher, means here any teacher.

Definite Article

We use definite article the when it points out some particular, some special person or
thing spoken of, e.g., the teacher, means here some particular teacher.
Hold on
+ Ais used before the noun inthe singular countable number beginning with consonant sound.
+ Anis used before the noun in the singular countable number beginning with vowel sound.
‘+ Theis used with both singular or plural nouns that must be in particular form.

e Get more
ei

1. The indefinite articles, are used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns.
‘These area and an. For example,
+ Iwould like to have dinner at a restaurant. (any restaurant, nota specific one)
he definite article, is used to refer to specific or particular nouns. Thi
article the. Forexample,

is the

a

42. a

a» 2 A A

‘+ Tateat the best restaurant in town. (There are many restaurants in town, but late at the
bestone.)

Weuse aand an before singular nouns. The can be used for both singular and plural

nouns. Forexample,

+ Radha planted an orchid in her backyard, (one plant)

+ Ihave exactly the same watch youare wearing. (one watch)

+ How did you make the cookies you sent me? (many cookies)

We use a with words beginning with consonant sounds. We use an with words

beginning with vowel sounds. For example,

+ auniversity (Although sa vowel, ithas the sound of the consonant y.)

+ an hour (Although h is a consonant, it is silent and the word begins with the vowel
soundaa.)

With uncountable nouns, the can be used. For example,

+ Hespilled the soup all over the floor.

Sometimes, the can be omitted, asin this sentence.

+ Hespilled soup all over the floor. (Here, we don’ thave to specify which soup.)

We also use the when we have already mentioned the noun before. For example,

+ Shehas got two children, a boy anda girl. The girls four, and the boy's six years old.

Weuse the article the before

+ ordinal numbers—the second, the last

+ superlative degree of comparison—the worst, the shortest

‘+ names of unique things—the earth, the sun, the sky

+ namesof nationalities, races and communities—the Australians, the Sri Lankans

+ names of countries that indicate that the countries are made-up of many parts— the
United States, the Netherlands

+ namesofmountain ranges and deserts—the Alps, the Thar Desert

+ names ofrivers, seas and oceans—the Arctic Ocean, the Brahmaputra

+ names ofimportant buildings—the Qutub Minar, the Taj Mahal
+ namesofnewspapers and holy books—the Hindustan Times, the Koran

£ Now Perform

Fillin the blanks with a, an orthe:
1. Isaw ocean for first time last year.
A

43. 2. Doyouhavetowear uniformtoschooleveryday?

Nileis longest river in Africa.
Zend Avesta is the holy book of the Zoroastrians. itis
ancient book.
5. | bought encyclopedia. It is encyclopedia that we
readtogetherinthelibrary.
6. Hindiis easylanguage.
7. Sheonlyrepliedwith smile.
8. Agrais historical city.
9. earth revolves around, sun.
10. Ironis useful metal

Omission of Articles
We do notuse an article with the names of,
1. people orplaces, except when the count
+ Peter, Pakistan, the United Kingdom
2. islands, except in the case ofa group of islands. For example,
+ Greenland, the Andaman Islands
3. lakes, exceptin the case ofa group of lakes. Forexample,
+ Pichola, the Great Lakes
4, mountains, exceptin the case of mountain ranges. For example,
+ Mt. Everest, the Himalayas

a collection of states. For example,

© We do not use an article when we are speaking about meals, places and transport.
For example,
+ Hehasbreakfastathome.
+ 1goto college.
+ Maggle goes to work by taxi.
® We also do not use an article when we are speaking about things in general,
substances, languages, sports and academic subjects. For example,
+ Sugarissweet
+ Tenjoy playing football
+ Father loves Geography
a

44. 19

E,

D.

Now Perform

Lookat these pairs of sentences. Tick (7) the correct one:
1. Ironrusts easily.

The iron rusts easily.
2. Wereached homelate in afternoon.

We reached home late in the afternoon.
3. IsawTaj Mahal for first time yesterday.

| saw the Taj Mahal for the first time yesterday.
4. Footballis an exciting game.

The football isan exciting game.
5. Ihad breakfast before Icametoschool

had the breakfast before came tothe school.

Fillin the articles wherever necessary :

1. 1enjoylisteningto. number of programmes on radio.
2. Hetelephoned agent who waslistedin. directory.
3 Mount Everest is highest mountain peak.

4. Ibrahim carried umbrella to school every day.

5. Hegot jobin bestrestaurantintown.

6 children watched film yesterday.

7. Theyasked him most difficult question.

8 Herequested early reply tohis etter.

9. She might goto school in England.

Correct the followingsentences :

‘An European came tothe city.
Heisa best boyin the class.
‘The charity begins at home.
Eata apple or aorange.
Doyouknowa person. lam talking about?
She has the parkin front of her house.
a

45. Determiners 11, *

There are several different types of determiners in the English language. The articles a,
an and the also specify nouns. Therefore, they are determiners. Let us look at some
adjectives that function as determiners.

This, that, these and those
© Weuse this and that with singular nouns. For example,
+ thispen + thatboy

© Weuse these and those with plural nouns. Forexample,
+ these apples + those stars

À Thisand these refer to things near in terms of place and time.
+ thispen(here) + these tables (here)

© Thatand those refer to things further away in terms of place and time.
+ thatshop(there) + those days (then)

used with uncountable as well as countable nouns. For example,
+ Iwantsome butter.
+ Someboys were atthe door.

% Some is usually used in questions when we expect the answer to be yes. For
example,
+ Do youhavesome paper?
+ Can! have some lemonade, please?
+ Would youliketohave some ea?

s

46. Any
© Any is usually used in questions when we expect the answer to be no. For example,
+ Doyou have any paper? + Isthere any food inthe fridge?
+ Doyou have any fresh vegetables?
®, Anyis generally used in negative sentences. for example,
+ Idon’thave any clothes to wear.
+ Idon’thave any money to buy the uniform.
+ Shedoesn’t haveany new books to read.

Few/a few and little/a little
Afew and alittle refer to small quantities.
® A few goes before the plural number of nouns, while a little goes before
‘uncountablenouns. Forexample,
+ Thought few toys forthe children.
+ Thada little money inthe bank.
‘© Few and little without a have a negative meaning. They mean hardly any. For
example,
here was!

tle traffic on the roads this Sunday.
+ Thereare few carson theroad.

Muchandmany

Much and many signify large quantities.

% Many goes before a plural noun. Forexample,
+ Thereare many books onthis shelf.
+ Grandma tells us many stories of her childhood.
© Much goes before an uncountable noun. Forexample,
+ Thereisn’t much milk lef.
+ Zoyahastoo much work today.

Now Perform
<a
A. Choosethecorrectdeterminerstofillinthe blanks :
1. Thereare students present today because the rain has flooded the

streets. (few/a few)
0

47. B.

D.

2. Fetchsomemik. Therei leftinthe jug. (little/a tie)

3. books high up on the library shelf are very dusty. Please help me
carry books. My armsare aching! (these/those)

4. tree we are standing under is an apple tree. tree you
seein the distance is a pear tree. (this/that)

5. How buckets of water do you use in a day? How

water do you want? (much/many)

Write much or many to complete these sentences:

1. Heshowed courage.
2, treeshave been cut down.

3. How rupees did you pay tothe landlord?
4. Youcanhaveas. coffee as you like.

5. How _legsdoes an octopus have?

Complete the following usinga few ora little:

1 knowledge is a dangerous thing.
2. Hespoke words.

3. Icansee house inthe hill,

4. Pleaseadd salttothesoup.

5. Thereis milk eft for you.

Complete the following sentences with each other orone another.

1. Thefoursons always quarreled with

2. littlechildren ove ES

3. Thetwosistersneverloved poda

4. Thethreefriendslove One another is used
for more than

Complete thesentences suingsomeorany: ae

1. plants don’t need much watertolive.

2. Idon'twant. apples

3. Iwouldliketo have moretea, please.

4. Canyoulendme booktoread?

5. Isthere letterforhim?

a

48. Sentences

Parts of a Sentence

[Sener

i
1

The earth’s land was once made- _ The earth's was once made-up of a
up ofa single continent. land single continent
Subject — : The part of sentence which names a person or a thing is called the
subject.
Predicate The part of the sentence that tells us about the subject is called the
predicate.
Hold on

+ Subject may be of one word or more than one word.
+ Predicate must start with a verb.

e Now Perform
a
A.

Tick (/) the group of words that makes complete sentences. End the sentences
with full stop (.) or question mark(?):

1. Theeaglesoared

2. IsBiancain herroom

3. Ryanand Zara will come withyouif

4. lamspendingmy vacations with my grandmother
5. Aishatoldme about

8 Eng Grammars

49. 8. Underine he sube and ce the reia these sentences. One hasbeen
donetoryou:

en DH apoB
Herecomesthetrain.

The boy with the limp won the race.

The sunwas setting over the mountains.

My mother hasa very good memory.

Sahil was playing basketball with his friends.

Complete the santances with suitable subjects. Put across were no subject is
required. One has been done for you:

1. The boys and girls from the neighbourhood _ collected oldnewspapers.

2. take down notes as! speak.

3 heard the sound of horses
galloping.

4. will take place in the stadium
tonight.

5. prepare many kinds of sweets on
Diwali

D. Completethe sentences with suitable predicates:
Rehman practised _

My friends and!

The oldclock

George

Thenewteacher

Types ofsentences

In your previous clas
them.

, you have learned the different types of sentences. Let's revise

© >Anassertive or declarative sentence is a statement that provides some information.
Forexample:
+ Wewalk tonearby places instead of taking the car.
+ They didnot understand what the teacher explained.
e