ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY with MCQ with newdata

Environment and ecology

1. For JKPSI
Complete Course
https://web.igclasses.com
/new-courses/16-jk-police-
sub-inspector-complete-
course
Click Below
For NAIB TEHSILDAR
TEST SERIES
Click Below
https://web.igclasses.com/
test-series/23
For Wildlife Guard
Complete Course
Click Below
https://web.igclasses.c
om/new-courses/19
For HIGH COURT JUNIOR
ASSISTANT Batch
Click Below
https://web.igclasses.com/new
-courses/10-junior-assistant-
high-court-complete-course
DOWNLOAD IG Classes App
From PlayStore
https://play.google.com/store/apps/det
ails?id=com.igclasses.learners
DOWNLOAD MY Coaching By
AppX App
For iOS users
Use org Code -
9914715

2. For JKPSC 10+2 Lecturer Test Series
Commerce EVS English
https://web.igclasses.com/tes
t-series/20
https://web.igclasses.com/tes
t-series/22
https://web.igclasses.com/tes
t-series/21-english-102-
lecturer-test-series

3. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

4. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
1)Introduction
2)Food Chain & its Related Terms
3)Ecological Succession
4)Productivity of Ecosystem
5)Biodiversity Introduction
6)Indian Biodiversity
7)Biodiversity Loss
8)Conservation of Biodiversity
9)Red Data Book
10)Biodiversity Hotspot & Wetlands
11)Estuaries, Mangroves & Coral Reefs
12)Environmental Issues : Global Warming & Ozone Depletion
13)Miscellaneous Topic
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

5. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
ENVIRONMENT
Environment refers to all living and non- living components surround
you.
ECOLOGY
❑Ecology is the study of organisms, the environment and how the
organisms interact with each other and their environment.
❑The term ecology was coined by combining two Greek words, oikos
(meaning 'house' or 'dwelling place') and logos (meaning 'the study
of') to denote such relationships between the organisms and their
environment. Thus, literally, ecology is the study of organisms 'at
home'.

6. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
✓The Term ecology was coined by – Ernst Hackel in 1866.
✓ Father of Ecology – Alexander von Humboldt as he was the first
one to take on the study of relationship between organism and their
environment. .
✓ Eugene Odum - father of modern ecology
✓ Ramdeo Mishra is known as the father of ecology in India.
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
Why is ecology important?
Ecology enriches our world and is crucial for human wellbeing and
prosperity. It provides new knowledge of the interdependence
between people and nature that is vital for food production,
maintaining clean air and water, and sustaining biodiversity in a
changing climate.

7. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
The main levels of organization in ecology are six and are as
follows.
1.Individual
2.Population
3.community
4.Ecosystem
5.Biome
6.Biosphere

8. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Ecosystem
A ecosystem is a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among
themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment. The term
“Ecosystem” was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in
1935.

9. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Types of Ecosystem
An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning thousands of
miles. There are two types of ecosystem:
❑ Terrestrial Ecosystem
❑ Aquatic Ecosystem
Terrestrial Ecosystems Terrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based ecosystems. There are
different types of terrestrial ecosystems distributed around various geological zones. They are as
follows:
❑Forest Ecosystem A forest ecosystem consists of several plants, animals and microorganisms that
live in coordination with the abiotic factors of the environment. Forests help in maintaining the
temperature of the earth and are the major carbon sink.
❑Grassland Ecosystem In a grassland ecosystem, the vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs.
Temperate grasslands, savanna grasslands are some of the examples of grassland ecosystems.
❑Tundra Ecosystem Tundra ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold climates or where
rainfall is scarce. These are covered with snow for most of the year. The ecosystem in the Arctic or
mountain tops is tundra type.
❑Desert Ecosystem Deserts are found throughout the world. These are regions with very little
rainfall. The days are hot and the nights are cold.

10. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Aquatic Ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems present in a body of water. These can be further divided into
two types, namely:
▪Freshwater Ecosystem The freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic ecosystem that includes lakes,
ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands. These have no salt content in contrast with the marine
ecosystem.
Lentic Ecosystems:
These are freshwater ecosystems with standing water, meaning the water is relatively still or
slow-moving. Examples include lakes, ponds, pools, and swamps.
Lotic Ecosystems : These ecosystems feature flowing water.
Rivers and streams are the most common examples of lotic systems.
Wetlands : Wetlands are areas where the soil is saturated or flooded with water for a significant
part of the year.
▪Marine Ecosystem The marine ecosystem includes seas and oceans. These have a more
substantial salt content and greater biodiversity in comparison to the freshwater ecosystem.

11. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Components of Ecosystem
The components of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:
❑Biotic Components
❑Abiotic Components
Biotic Components
Biotic components refer to all life in an ecosystem. Based on nutrition, biotic components can be
categorised into autotrophs, heterotrophs and saprotrophs (or decomposers).
Producers include all autotrophs such as plants. They are called autotrophs as they can produce food
through the process of photosynthesis. Consequently, all other organisms higher up on the food chain rely
on producers for food.
Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food. Consumers are
further classified into primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.
▪Primary consumers are always herbivores that they rely on producers for food.
▪Secondary consumers depend on primary consumers for energy. They can either be a carnivore or an
omnivore.
▪Tertiary consumers are organisms that depend on secondary consumers for food. Tertiary consumers
can also be an omnivore.
▪Quaternary consumers are present in some food chains. These organisms prey on tertiary consumers
for energy. Furthermore, they are usually at the top of a food chain as they have no natural predators.

12. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
▪Decomposers include saprophytes such as fungi and bacteria. They directly
thrive on the dead and decaying organic matter. Decomposers are essential for
the ecosystem as they help in recycling nutrients to be reused by plants.
Abiotic Components
Abiotic components are the non-living component of an ecosystem. It includes air,
water, soil, minerals, sunlight, temperature, nutrients, wind, altitude, turbidity, etc.

13. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
1) The biotic component of an ecosystem consists of
A) plants and animals B) green plants and algae
C) producers, consumers and decomposers D) air, water and soil
Ans C
2) Consider the following statements regarding an ecosystem:
1 . Non living components of the environment are not the part of ecosystem.
2 . Edaphic factors are the components of ecosystem.
3 . Biome is the form of sub continent al ecosystem having similarity in vegetation.
4 . Ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of the biosphere.
Select the correct answer from below given codes:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4
Ans D
HOMEWORK

14. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

15. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Trophic Levels
The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food or energy takes
place are called trophic levels. In fact, in a food chain, each step representing an
organism forms a trophic level. In simple words, you can say that the term “trophic
level” means the “feeding level” of an organism. Various trophic levels in a food
chain can be represented as:
❑The plants, are producers or autotrophs and form the first trophic level. They fix
up the sun’s energy for the consumers or heterotrophs.
❑Herbivores or primary consumers form the second trophic level.
❑The carnivores or secondary consumers form the third trophic level.
❑And the top carnivores or tertiary consumers constitute the fourth trophic level.

16. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Food Chain
Anything that we eat to live is called food. Food contains energy, the food (or energy) can be
transferred from one organism to the other organism through the food chains. The
starting point of a food chain is a category of organisms called Producers. Producers are, in
fact, plants. So, we can say that almost the food chain begins with a green plant (or grass) which
is the original source of food.
The Food Chain is the sequence of living organisms in a community in which one
organism consumes other organisms (living beings) to transfer food energy.In simple words,A
Food Chain is a list of organisms (living organisms) that shows “Who Eats Whom”.

17. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

18. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Three types of food-chains are recognised:
1.Grazing food-chain: The grazing food chain is also known as the Predator-prey
food chain. In a grazing food-chain, the first level starts with plants as producers
and ends with carnivores as consumers at the last level, with the herbivores
being at the intermediate level. There is a loss of energy at each level which may
be through respiration, excretion or decomposition. The levels involved in a food
chain range from three to five and energy is lost at each level.
The phytoplanktons →zooplanktons →Fish sequence or the grasses →rabbit
→Fox sequences are the examples, of grazing food chain.
2.Detritus food chain: This type of food chain goes from dead organic matter into
microorganisms and then to organisms feeding on detritus (detrivores) and
their predators. Such ecosystems are thus less dependent on direct solar energy.
These depend chiefly on the influx of organic matter produced in another
system. For example, such type of food chain operates in the decomposing
accumulated litter in a temperate forest.

19. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
3) Parasitic Food Chain
Parasitic food chains involve organisms living in or on a host organism and deriving nutrients at
the host’s expense. The energy flow starts with the host, which is then consumed by a parasite.
The parasite derives its energy and nutrients from the host organism. This type of food chain is
common in ecosystems where parasites play a significant role in controlling populations of other
organisms.
10 % Law of Energy
During energy transfer through the trophic levels in an ecosystem, there is a loss of
energy. No transfer of energy is 100 percent. This10 percent law was given by
Lindeman in the year 1942.
According to the 10 Percent Law, only 10 percent of energy entering a
particular trophic level of organisms is available for the transfer of energy to the next
higher trophic level.
We can also say that the energy available at each successive trophic level is 10 percent
of the previous level.

20. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Food Web
When the feeding relationship in a natural ecosystem
become more complicated, the food chain does not
remain simple and linear rather it is also complicated by
several inter-connected overlapping food chains. This
happens when greater number of species feed on many
kinds of prey. Such complicated food chain is called
food web.

21. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Ecological Pyramid
Ecological Pyramid are graphical representations that illustrate the structure and function of
ecosystems, highlighting the relationships between different trophic levels. First described by
Charles Elton in the 1920s, these pyramids show the relative amounts of various ecological
parameters, such as the number of organisms, energy, and biomass across different levels of the
food chain. The three ecological pyramids that are usually studied are:
a)Pyramid of Numbers: It illustrates the number of individuals at each trophic level within a
given area. It shows how the population size decreases as we move up the trophic levels, from
producers at the bottom to top consumers.
b)Pyramid of Biomass: It measures the total biomass (dry weight or caloric value) present at
each trophic level. It provides insights into the total living material available at each level of
the food chain in a given area.
c)Pyramid of Energy: It measures the energy flow through each trophic level over time. It shows
how energy decreases from one level to the next, as only a fraction of energy is transferred
up the food chain. It is also referred to as a pyramid of productivity

22. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Pyramid of Numbers
•Upright Pyramid of Numbers, the number of individuals is decreased from a lower trophic
level to a higher trophic level. The grassland, aquatic ecosystem and forest ecosystem
exhibit this kind of pyramid.
•In the Inverted Pyramid of Numbers, the number of individuals is increased from
a lower level to a higher trophic level. Parasitic food chains exhibit this kind of
pyramid.

23. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Ecological Pyramid of Biomass
•Upright Pyramid of Biomass (Terrestrial Ecosystem)
•Inverted Pyramid of Biomass (Aquatic Ecosystem).
Ecological Pyramid of Energy
The energy flow in this pyramid is always upright for all
ecosystems, reflecting the decrease in energy as it moves up the
trophic levels.

24. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Q1) With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements:
1)A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each
other.
2)Food chains are found within the populations of a species.
3)A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a)1 only
b)1 and 2 only
c)1, 2 and 3
d)None Ans A
Q2) Which type of ecological pyramid would be obtained with the following data?
Secondary consumer: 120 g Primary consumer: 60 g
Primary producer: 10 g
a) Upright pyramid of numbers b) Upright pyramid of biomass
c) Pyramid of energy d) Inverted pyramid of biomass
Ans D
HOMEWORK

25. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

26. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the gradual, directional change in the species
composition of a community over time, driven by processes where communities
modify the physical environment. This leads to the development of more stable,
mature, and self-maintaining ecosystems.
•The species structure of an ecosystem will not be constant.
• There will be changes in the types of plants and animals living there as conditions are
ameliorated by the organisms themselves.
•Typically there will be a sequence of different assemblages of species, each known as a seral
stage or sere; each seral stage will alter the environment slightly.

27. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
•New species will migrate into the area as conditions change to those which they can tolerate.
• Change of community structure due to environmental change through time in this way is
called succession. Succession is an orderly process involving predictable changes in species
structure leading to a stable, self perpetuating community, called the climax.
•Ecological Succession Definition
“Ecological succession is a series of changes that occur in an ecological community over time.”

28. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
•The first plant to colonize an area is called the pioneer community.
•The final stage of succession is called the climax community.
• A climax community is stable, mature, more complex and long-
lasting.
• The stage leading to the climax community is called successional stages
or seres.
• Each transitional community that is formed and replaced during succession is
called a stage in succession or a seral community.

29. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

30. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Types of Ecological Succession
These are the following types of ecological succession:
• Primary Succession Primary succession is the succession that starts in lifeless areas
such as the regions devoid of soil or the areas where the soil is unable to sustain life. When
the planet was first formed there was no soil on earth. The earth was only made up of rocks.
These rocks were broken down by microorganisms and eroded to form soil. The soil then
becomes the foundation of plant life. These plants help in the survival of different animals
and progress from primary succession to the climax community. If this primary ecosystem is
destroyed, secondary succession takes place.
• Secondary Succession Secondary succession occurs when the primary ecosystem
gets destroyed. For eg., a climax community gets destroyed by fire. It gets recolonized
after the destruction. This is known as secondary ecological succession. Small plants emerge
first, followed by larger plants. The tall trees block the sunlight and change the structure of
the organisms below the canopy. Finally, the climax community arrives.

31. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Autogenic and Allogenic succession
•Autogenic succession refers to ecological succession driven by biotic elements
or living organisms within a specific community.
•In this type of succession, the changes in the ecological community are primarily
influenced by internal factors such as vegetation development and the
accumulation of organic matter in the soil.
•On the other hand, allogenic succession is an ecological succession that is
influenced by abiotic or external community factors.
•In this case, external events such as volcanoes, flooding, forest fires, or global
warming play a significant role in modifying the ecological community.

32. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
ECOTONE
An ecotone is a transitional area between two different ecosystems, such as a forest and
grassland.
EDGE EFFECT
• Ecotones often have a larger number of species and larger population densities than the
communities on either side.
•This tendency for increased biodiversity within the ecotone is referred to as the "edge effect."
•Those species which occur primarily or most abundantly in the ecotones are called "edge"
species.

33. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
HOME RANGE
The home range of an animal is the area where it spends its time; it is the region that
encompasses all the resources the animal requires to survive and reproduce.
Mechanism of
Ecological
Succession

34. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
1. Nudation: This is the initial stage where a new area of land is exposed, or a
disturbed area is created, leading to a lack of life. This could be due to volcanic
eruptions, landslides, or human activities like deforestation.
2. Invasion: Organisms from surrounding areas begin to colonize the newly available
area. This includes the arrival of seeds, spores, and small animals.
3. Competition and Coaction: As the initial colonizers establish themselves, they
compete for resources like space, water, and nutrients. This competition, along with
the interactions between different species (coaction), can influence which species
survive and thrive.
4. Reaction: The existing species modify the environment, making it more suitable for
some species and less suitable for others. For example, early plants might add
nutrients to the soil, facilitating the growth of other plants.
5. Stabilization (Climax): The process continues until a stable community is reached,
called the climax community. This community is in equilibrium with the local
environment and is self-perpetuating, meaning it can maintain itself over time
without significant changes.

35. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
1) What is the main objective of ecological succession?
(a) To maximize biodiversity
(b) To reach a state of equilibrium or balance in the ecosystem
(c) To increase the rate of primary production
(d) To decrease the complexity of the food web
Ans B
2) Which of the following is a characteristic of a climax
community?
(a) High species diversity and low stability
(b) Low species diversity and high stability
(c) High species diversity and high stability
(d) Low species diversity and low stability Ans C
Homework

36. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

37. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Productivity
▪Productivity in an ecosystem refers to the rate at which biomass is
produced.
▪It’s essentially the energy accumulated by plants through photosynthesis and
subsequently transferred through the food chain.
▪There are two main types of productivity – Primary Productivity and
Secondary Productivity.

38. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Primary Productivity
Primary production refers to the quantity of biomass or organic material
generated by plants per unit area within a specific time frame through
the process of photosynthesis.
The rate of biomass production is called ‘primary productivity’ or simply ‘productivity’.
Primary productivity varies in different types of ecosystems and depends on the inhabiting plant
species as well as a variety of environmental factors
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) of an ecosystem refers to the rate of production of organic
matter during the process of photosynthesis.
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the biomass that is available for the consumption of
heterotrophs (herbivores and decomposers).
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) – Respiration

39. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Secondary Productivity
•This is the rate at which consumers convert the energy they acquire
from food into new biomass.
•Consumers define secondary productivity as the rate of formation of new organic
matter.
•Heterotrophs such as animals influence Secondary Productivity. It is the
accumulation of energy at the consumer’s level. It keeps moving from one
organism to another, unlike primary productivity. This process occurs as a result
of organic materials being transferred between various trophic levels.
Unit of Productivity
It is measured as weight(e.g., g/m
2
/yr) or energy
(e.g., kcal/m
2
/yr).

40. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

41. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
❑Hologenic: Those animals which take their food through their mouths, such as big animals
e.g. elephants, cows, camels, etc.
❑Parasites: Those animals which depend on other animals for their food and life.
❑ Autecology: The study of relationship of individual species with the environment.
❑Synecology: The study of plant communities in relation to their habitats of a given
ecosystem.
❑ Symbiosis: Relationship in which two species live closely together, usually benefiting from
each other. Also known as Mutualisation.
❑Habitat: The place where a particular population (e.g., human, animal, plant,
microorganism) lives and its surroundings. For example, the anaconda snake lives in water
and thrives very well there.
❑ Ecological Niche: The specific role and position a species occupies in an ecosystem.It
includes the resources it uses, its interactions with other species, and its functional role.
❑Animals that lay eggs are called oviparous animals.
❑Viviparous animals: In viviparous animals the zygote develops into a young one inside the
female body. Later the young ones are delivered out of the body.Example - mammals.

42. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
Edaphic Factors - Edaphic factors arethe soil-related characteristics that influence
the organisms living within an ecosystem. Eg.- soil, pH, Minerals, Topography etc.
Bioaccumulation:
It is the process of increase in the concentration of toxic elements within the body
of a particular organism (i.e., it refers to how a part first made an entry into the
food chain),
and in general, the concentration of such pollutants becomes higher in the body of
the organism compared to the external environment like air, water, etc.

43. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
1) What is secondary productivity?
a) The rate of energy storage at the producer level.
b) The rate of energy storage at the consumer level.
c) The rate of energy loss through respiration.
d) The rate of energy transfer through decomposition.
2) What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
a) Convert sunlight into chemical energy.
b) Break down dead organic matter and release nutrients.
c) Consume primary producers.
d) Compete with primary producers for resources.
HOMEWORK

44. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

45. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

46. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
1) What is the main difference between a food chain and a food web?
a) Food chains are simple, while food webs are complex.
b) Food chains show the flow of energy, while food webs show the flow of matter.
c) Food chains are found in aquatic ecosystems, while food webs are found in
terrestrial ecosystems.
d) Food chains show only one pathway of energy flow, while food webs show
multiple pathways.
Answer: d) Food chains show only one pathway of energy flow, while food webs
show multiple pathways.
2) Which of the following represents a detritus food chain?
a)Oak tree→ Insects → Warbler
b)Dead leaves → Woodlouse → Black bird
c)Phytoplanktons → Zooplanktons → Small fish → Large fish
d)None of the above
AnswerOption 2 : Dead leaves → Woodlouse → Black bird

47. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
3) Identify an example of organisms that do NOT belong to the third trophic level.
a)Fishes
b)Wolves
c)Birds
d)Cows
Answer Option 4 : Cows
4) Consider the following statements:
1. The ecological pyramid of biomass is normally upright in terrestrial ecosystems and
inverted in aquatic ecosystems.
2. In a grassland ecosystem, the ecological pyramid will generally be inverted.
3. The ecological pyramid of energy is always upright.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
Ans C

48. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
5) With reference to ecological succession, consider the following statements:
1. Change in the structure of the communities is orderly and sequential.
2. The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called sere.
3. A climax community is in near equilibrium with the environment.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2 and 3
Ans D
6) With reference to the productivity of an ecosystem, consider the following statements:
1. Primary Productivity depends on the plant species inhabiting a particular area.
2. Gross Primary Productivity is the amount of organic substances left in the plant after its own
metabolism.
3. Secondary Productivity is the rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers.
4. Oceans have higher annual net primary productivity compared to land.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only B) 2 and 4 only
C) 1 and 3 only D) 3 and 4 only
Ans C

49. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
7) If A represents 'insects', B represents 'hawks', C represents 'snakes' and D
represents 'frogs', then which of the following food chain is in the correct order?
a) A-D-C-B b) C-D-B-A
c) D-C-A-B d) B-A-C-D
Ans A
8) Consider the following statements:
1. Detritus food chain begins with dead organic matter.
2. Detritus food chain is made up of decomposers.
3. Decomposers are also known as saprotrophs.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a)1 only
b)1 and 2 only
c)2 and 3 only
d)1, 2 and 3
Ans D

50. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
9) The rate at which food energy is assimilated at the trophic level of
consumers is known as
(a) Gross primary productivity
(b) Net primary productivity
(c) Secondary productivity
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c)
10) This entity will be the first one to colonize a bare rock
(a) Herbs and shrubs
(b) Annual plants
(c) Lichens
(d) Perennial plants
Answer: (c)

51. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
11) During ecological succession
(a) types and numbers of animals remain constant
(b) establishment of a new biotic community is fast in its primary phase
(c) predictable and gradual changes in species composition take place in
a given area
(d) changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the
environment and is referred to as pioneer community
Answer: (c)
12) This ecosystem has the maximum biomass
(a) Grassland ecosystem
(b) Pond ecosystem
(c) Lake ecosystem
(d) Forest ecosystem
Answer: (d)

52. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
13) At the producer level, if 20J of energy is trapped, then how much energy will be
available to a peacock as food in the subsequent chain?
Plant -> Mice -> Snake -> Peacock
(a) 0.2 J (b) 0.02 J
(c) 0.002 J (d) 0.0002 J
Answer: (b)
14) With reference to food chain, consider the following statements:
1.Only 10 per cent of the energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower
trophic level.
2. The flow energy takes place in both directions in food chain.
3. The natural interconnection of food chains makes it a food web.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3 only
Answer d

53. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
15) Consider the following statements:
1. With respect of succession of plants; Hydrarch succession takes place in wetter
areas and xerarch succession takes place in dry areas.
2. The species that invade a bare area are called pioneer species.
3. All communities composition and structure constantly change in response to the
changing environmental conditions. These changes lead finally to a community that is
in near equilibrium with the environment and that is called a climax community
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 only
Answer c
16) Who first developed the concept of ecological pyramids?
(a) Charles Darwin
(b) Charles Elton
(c) G.E. Hutchinson
(d) A.G. Tansley
Answer: (b)

54. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
17) Which of the following is the most accurate definition of Net Primary
Productivity (NPP)?
(A) The total amount of energy produced by producers through photosynthesis.
(B) The amount of energy available to consumers after producers' respiration
losses.
(C) The total biomass produced by an ecosystem per unit area per unit time.
(D) The rate at which energy is converted into chemical energy by producers.
Answer: (B)
18) In an ecosystem, what is the typical unit of measurement for productivity?
(A) Kilocalories per square meter per year (kcal/m²/yr)
(B) Grams per cubic meter per year (g/m³/yr)
(C) Liters per hectare per day (L/ha/day)
(D) Meters per second (m/s)
Answer: (A)

55. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/
19) Consider the following statements:
1. Ecotone is a zone of junction between two or more diverse ecosystems.
2. Ecotone is always larger than a biome.
3. A well-developed ecotone may contain some unique organisms which might be absent in the adjacent
ecosystems.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?
(a)Only one (b) Only two
(c) All three (d) None
Ans B
20) Consider the following statements regarding ecology:
1. Climax ecosystem is a stage in the evolution of an ecosystem, at which all the species are in dynamic
equilibrium among themselves as also with the environment.
2. Ecological niche means all the physical, chemical and biological factors that a species needs in order to live and
reproduce exist.
3. Edge effect refers to the presence of rich and unique biological diversity found in an ecotone.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a)1, 2 and 3
b)1 and 2 only
c)1 and 3 only
d)2 and 3 only
AnswerOption 1 : 1, 2 and 3

56. •Join us at Telegram Channel -
https://t.me/ig_commerce_classes
•For Mock Test & Materials -
https://www.igclasses.com/
Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

57. Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/Subscribe & Do Share – IG Classes https://www.youtube.com/@IGCLASSES_ Visit Our Website For Mock Test & Material -https://www.igclasses.com/

58. For JKPSI
Complete Course
https://web.igclasses.com
/new-courses/16-jk-police-
sub-inspector-complete-
course
Click Below
For NAIB TEHSILDAR
TEST SERIES
Click Below
https://web.igclasses.com/
test-series/23
For Wildlife Guard
Complete Course
Click Below
https://web.igclasses.c
om/new-courses/19
For HIGH COURT JUNIOR
ASSISTANT Batch
Click Below
https://web.igclasses.com/new
-courses/10-junior-assistant-
high-court-complete-course
DOWNLOAD IG Classes App
From PlayStore
https://play.google.com/store/apps/det
ails?id=com.igclasses.learners
DOWNLOAD MY Coaching By
AppX App
For iOS users
Use org Code -
9914715

59. For JKPSC 10+2 Lecturer Test Series
Commerce EVS English
https://web.igclasses.com/tes
t-series/20
https://web.igclasses.com/tes
t-series/22
https://web.igclasses.com/tes
t-series/21-english-102-
lecturer-test-series

60. DOWNLOAD IG Classes App
From PlayStore
https://play.google.com/store/apps/det
ails?id=com.igclasses.learners