Environmental science Gtu 1st semester all chapters ppt

Environmental science Gtu 1st semester all chapters ppt

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE(3110007)
VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
Introduction to Environment 1S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

2. Sr. Topics
Teaching
Hours
Module
Weightage
1INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENT
Definition,principlesandscopeof
Environmental Science. Impacts of
technology on Environment,
Environmental Degradation,
Importance for different engineering
disciplines
2 8%
Introduction to Environment 2S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH

3. 2
ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION
a)WaterPollution:Introduction–Water
Quality Standards, Sources of Water
Pollution, Classification of water
pollutants,Effectsofwaterpollutants
b)Air Pollution: Composition of air,
Structureofatmosphere,AmbientAir
Quality Standards, Classification of air
pollutants, Sources of common air
pollutantslikePM,SO2,NOX,Auto
exhaust,Effectsofcommonairpollutants
c)NoisePollution:Introduction,Sound
andNoise,Noisemeasurements,Causes
andEffects
d)SolidWaste:Generationand
management
e)Bio-medicalWaste:Generationand
management
f)E-waste:Generationandmanagement
14 44%
Introduction to Environment 3S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH

4. 3GLOBALENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
Sustainable Development,
ClimateChange,GlobalWarming
andGreenHouseEffect,Acid
Rain,DepletionofOzonelayer,
CarbonFootprint,Cleaner
DevelopmentMechanism(CDM),
InternationalStepsforMitigating
GlobalChange
6 24%
Introduction to Environment 4S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH

5. 4BASIC CONCEPT OF
GREEN BUILDING AND
SMART CITIES
GreenBuilding:Introduction,
Objectives, Fundamental
Principles,BenefitsofGreen
Building,ExamplesofGreen
BuildingSmartCities:Concept
4 16%
5CONCEPT OF 4R’s
Principles,Applicationof4R’s
2 8%
Introduction to Environment 5S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH

6. Chapter-1
IntroductiontoEnvironment
VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
Introduction to Environment 6S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH

7. Environment
ExternalSurroundingsandconditionwhichisdirectlyorindirectly
affectsthelivingorganisms.
OR
Environmentissumtotalofwater,airandland,interrelationship
amongthemselvesandalsowiththehumanbeings,otherliving
organismsandproperty.
8S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

8. Ecology
ThewordEcologyisderivedfromtwoGreekwords“oikos”
meaninghouse,habitationorplaceoflivingand“logas”meaning
study.
Ecologyisthestudyoftheinterrelationshipbetweenliving
organismsandtheirphysicalandbiologicalENVIRONMENT.
9S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

9. Ecosystem:
Ecosystemismadeupof
twowords
“system”
environment
“eco”and
eco means
andsystem
meansandinteractingand
interdependentcomplex.
Food chain, Food Web,
BiogeochemicalCycles.
10S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

10. ScopeofEnvironmentScience
11S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
ItisScientificStudyofourenvironmentandourplaceinit.
Environmentscienceisthestudyofearth,air,waterliving
organismsandthemanwithisimpactonenvironment.
Itishighlymultidisciplinaryintegratingdisciplinesofphysical,
chemicalandbiologicalscience,geology,mathematics,Sociology
etc.
Environmentstudies(science)isthereforeamultidisciplinary
subjectwheredifferentaspectsaredealtwithaholisticapproach.

11. ComponentsOftheEnvironment
Biotic
i.e.Living
Components
Abiotic
i.e.Non-Living
Components
Environment
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
12S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

12. ComponentsOftheEnvironment
13S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Atmosphere:Theregionsurroundingtheearthisknownas
atmosphere.Atmosphereisgenerallyamixtureof gases
surrounding the earth.

13. ComponentsoftheEnvironment
14S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Onthebasisoftemperatureprofileandotherrelatedphenomena,
atmosphereisdividedintofollowingmajorlayers.
Troposphere:-(0To12Km)Contains75%ofthegasesinthe
atmosphere.Thisiswhereweliveandweatheroccurs.
Stratosphere:-(12–50Km)thislayercontainsozonelayer.Ozone
actsasashieldfortheearth’ssurface.Itabsorbsultraviolet
radiationsfromthesun.Thiscausestemperatureincreaseinthe
upperpartofthelayer.
Mesosphere:-(50to80Km)Thisisthecoldestregionofthe
atmosphere.Thislayerprotectstheearthfrommeteoroid.They
burnupinthisarea.

14. ComponentsoftheEnvironment
15S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Thermosphere:-(80Kmandabove)Theairisverythininthis
region.Thermospheremeans“HeatSphere”.Thetemperatureis
veryhighinthisregion
Ionosphere:-Thisisthelowerpartofthethermosphere.Itextends
from80Km–550Km.Thislayergenerallyhelpsinradio
communication.
Exosphere:-Theupperpartofthethermosphere.Itextendsfrom
550kmandabove.Airisverythinherethisistheareawhere
satelliteorbitstheearth.

15. ComponentsoftheEnvironment
Hydrosphere:Hydrosphereisin
factwaterenvironment,about70
%ofearthiscoveredbywater.
Waterisavailableinseas,oceans,
lake,river,glaciersetc..Itis
estimatedthatthehydrosphere
containsabout1360millioncubic
kmofwateroutofwhich97%is
inoceansandsea,2%isin
glaciersandicecapswhile
remaining1%offreshwateris
availableforhumanconsumption.
16S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

16. ComponentsoftheEnvironment
17S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Lithosphere:Theuppermost
partoftheearthcrustisknown
asLithosphere.
Lithosphereincludes,soilandits
particles,rocks,metaletc.,
Lithosphereplaysanimportant
roleasitnotonlyproducesfood
forhumanbeingsandanimals,
butalsothedecompositionof
organicwasteiscarriedoutbya
hostofmicroorganismsinthe
soil.

17. ComponentsoftheEnvironment
18S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Biosphere:The life supporting mantle of the earth extending from
fewkilometerintotheatmospheretothe deepoceanis knownas
Biosphere. The region of the earth where life exist is known as
Biosphere.

18. InteractionbetweenDifferentComponentsofthe
Environment
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
19S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

19. InteractionbetweenDifferentComponentsofthe
Environment
20S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Therearefourmajorenvironmentalcomponents:-Atmosphere,
Hydrosphere,Lithosphere,Biosphere
ASchematicrepresentationoffourenvironmentalcomponents
andtheirinterrelationshipisshownintheFigure.
Thecirclerepresentsthesphereandthecurvedarrowsindicate
theflowpathof matter,
Thereisaclosed,dynamic,inseparable,organiccouplingor
allother
interrelationshipamongthe environmentalcomponents.
Ifoneofthecomponentsorlinkageschanges,
componentsresponds.

20. InteractionbetweenDifferentComponentsofthe
Environment
21S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Atmospheremaybeconsideredasatransportcomponentsthat
movesthe substances from atmospheric sourcestothe receptor.
Hydrospheredividedintwosystemsoneisfreshwaterand
anotheristhemarine.
Thelithosphereisthesolidshellofinorganicsmaterialsonthe
surfaceof the earth.
Thebiosphereisthethinshelloforganicmatterontheearth
surfacecomprising of allthelivingorganisms.

21. ManandEnvironmentRelationship:
22S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
ThetwowordsManand
environmentarenotnewto
thehumanhistoryandthe
interrelationbetweenthemis
wellestablished.Thinking
abouttheenvironmentisasold
asourfirsthumanancestors.
Theirsurvivaldependedon
knowledgeofit.Concernfor
theenvironmentisalsonot
new.
people
Since
have
ancient
known
times,
the
importanceofpreserving it.

22. ManandEnvironmentRelationship:
23S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Worshippingoftreesandrivers,animalsandthebirdswasnot
basedonthesuperstition;buttherewasahiddenmessage
preservingandprotectingoftheenvironment.
Thereligiousritualsservedanimportantpurpose-theymade
peopleawareoftheenvironmentanditsimportantandso
indirectlyhelpedpreserveandnourishesit.

23. ManandEnvironmentRelationship:
24S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
communityparticipationinallthosepracticesthatwouldleadto
themaintenanceofecologicalbalance.
Manistheonlylivingorganismcapableofmodifyingits
surroundingenvironmentaccordingtotheneed.Otheranimals
changeaccordingtotheenvironment.

24. ManandEnvironmentRelationship:
First man starting hunting the animals and cutting trees for his
basicsneedgraduallywiththetimehestartedcultivating food
grains for that he started hunting animals and cutting trees for his
basics needs, gradually with time he started cutting forests and
convertingthemintograss lands/agricultural fields.Toincrease
his comforts he started disturbing each and every component of
theenvironment.
25S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

25. ManandEnvironmentRelationship:
26S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Withthestartoftheindustrialrevolutionthetotalscenario
changed.Quantityofcarbondioxideemissionincreased
tremendouslywhichhasstartedshowingeffectintheformof
dischargeofindustrialwasteandsewage.Majorenvironmental
issuesarisingduetohumanactivitiesareglobalwarming,acid
rain,ozonedepletionandpopulationexplosion.

26. ManandEnvironmentRelationship:
Emission of co
2and the other gases in atmosphere from fossil fuel
burning and other human activities may raise the temperature of
the earth’sloweratmosphereseveraldegreesby2050. Thiswould
disruptfoodproductionandfloodingoflow-lyingcoastalcities
andcroplands.
27S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

27. ManandEnvironmentRelationship:
An estimated 36500 spices of plants and animals become extinct
eachyear,mostlybecauseofhuman activities.
The main factors which affect the distribution of population and
human settlement are: Relief of land, climate, soils, mineral
deposits,watersupply...
28S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

28. EnvironmentalDegradation
Overthecenturieswe,Indians,
haveworshipednature.Wehave
livedinharmonywithnature.
However,oflate,wehavefollowed
westerncountriespastofconflict
withnature.
Theresultisthattoday,we
observeandexperience,overall
environmentaldegradation.
Anyobjectiveviewof
environment,ofIndia
stateof
orany
developingcountrieswouldclearly
showthat:
29S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

29. EnvironmentalDegradation
Soilsareeroding.
Forestsretreat.
Water qualityisunsatisfactory.
30S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

30. EnvironmentalDegradation
Urbanairqualityisworse.
Watershedsare losingstorage capacity.
Reservoirsarefilledup withsediments.
31S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

31. EnvironmentalDegradation
Wildlifeandtheirhabitatsarebeingeliminated.
Solidswastespileupandsmolder.
Costalspawninggroundsdisappear
32S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

32. EnvironmentalDegradation
Someofthesecomponentshavechangedtosuchanextentthat
cannotbesetrightbyself-regulatorymechanismofthe
environment.Consequently,thechangedenvironmental
conditionsadverselyaffectthelivingorganismsofthebiosphere.
33S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

33. EnvironmentalDegradation
Environmentaldegradationthuscanbedefinedastheloweringof
environmentalqualitiesduetothedamagedcausedbyboth
naturaleventsandhumanactivitiesinthebasicstructureofthe
environmentatlocal,regionalandgloballevelsadverselyaffecting
alllivingorganismincludingman.
34S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

34. EnvironmentalDegradation
35S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
The total environmental degradation and pollution arises mainly
duetoconsumptionof naturalresourcesbyoverpopulationof the
developingcountriesand wastefuloverconsumption ofrecourses
bydevelopedcountries.
IPATequation popularlyknown astheimpactequation as
presented.
I =PAT{P=population, A=affluenceT= Technology}

35. EnvironmentalDegradation
36S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Environmentaldegradationhasledtothedestructionofthe
environmentalstabilityandecologicalbalance.Someofthe
naturaleventsthatcauseenvironmentaldegradationarevolcanic
eruption,forestsfires,earthquakes,floods.

36. EnvironmentalDegradation
Examples of human activitiescausing pollution and degradation of
environmentare nuclearexplosion,release oftoxicgasesfrom
automobiles,powerplantsand variousindustriesetc.
37S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

37. EnvironmentalEducation:
EnvironmentalEducationis
anintegral
deals
process,
with
which
man’s
interrelationship
naturaland
withhis
manmade
surroundings,includingthe
relationofpopulation
growth,pollution,resource
depletion,allocationand
conservationtechnology,
urbanandruralplanningto
the total human
environment.
38S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

38. EnvironmentalEducation:Importance
39S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Theobjectiveofenvironmentaleducationistomakepublic
awareaboutenvironmentalproblem,andimportanceof
environmentprotection.
Itgivesusthebasicunderstandingaboutvariousaspectsof
environmentanditsassociatedproblem.
Itteachesustheconceptofsustainabledevelopment.
Itgivesanideaaboutbeneficialuseofnaturalresourceswithout
damagingitmuch.
Itteachesushowtoconserveenergyandsaveourplanet.
Itdevelopsskillstoidentifyenvironmentalproblemsandtheir
solution

39. EnvironmentalEducation:Objectives
Increase awareness
oftotalenvironment.
Increase the
knowledgeof
environment.
Improveattitude
towards
environment.
Providemotivation
for environmental
protection.
40S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment

40. EnvironmentalEducation:Principles
41S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
Environmentaleducationconsidersenvironmentintotality.
It is not a one short learning process but it requires a holistic
approachasitmultidisciplinaryinnature.
Environmental hazardsarecontrollableandeverycitizenhas a
moral obligation and responsibility towards this. Education must
begiventoallsectionof thesociety.
Help learnertodiscoverthesystemsand causesofenvironmental
problems.

41. ImportanceofDifferentEngineeringDisciplines:
42S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
1.MechanicalEngineering:
itdealswithdesignandoperationofmanycombustionprocesses.
He/shetrytoincreasetheefficiencyofcombustionprocess,as
incompletecombustionleadstoproductionofcarbondioxideand
otherairpollutants.
Useofrefrigerationwhichhavehigherglobalwarmingpotential,
whichmayeliminatetheuseoftheseenvironmentally.
2.CivilEngineering:-
Demolition and construction waste are produce in large quantity
in variousworksrelatedtocivilengineering.
If a civil engineering is aware of the problems cause in handling
anddisposingofwaste.

42. ImportanceofDifferentEngineeringDisciplines:
43S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHIntroduction to Environment
3)ElectricalEngineering:-
Producing energy by conventional energy sources causes
depletion ofnaturalresourcesand largeamountofpollution.
Powersectorisoneofthelargestcontributor.
Basicknowledgeofdifferenttypesofpollutantproducein power
generationand theirimpactson environment.
4)Computer/ITEngineering:-
Itincludesofe-waste,itsourceandimpactsontheenvironment.
Computer engineers with a sound knowledge of environmental
science would try to develop technologies which can use to
upgrade existing computer and IT gadgets easily there by reducing
needofreplacingtheexistingone.

43. Chapter-2
WaterPollution
VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
Water Pollution 1S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

44. Topicstobecovered
2S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Introduction
Sourcesofwaterpollutant
Classificationofwater pollutant
Effectsofwaterpollutants
Controlofwater pollutants

45. Introduction
INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION
Environmentalpollutioncan
bedefinedasanyundesirable
changein
chemical
thephysical,
or biological
characteristics of any
componentoftheenvironment
(i.e.air,waterandland)which
cancauseharmfuleffectson
variousformsoflifeor
property.
3S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

46. Introduction
Pollutant
Apollutantmaybedefined
asanysubstancepresentin
theenvironmentinsuch
concentrationthatalterthe
qualityofenvironmentand
affectthelivingthings
adversely.
Or
Pollutantisdefinedasthe
substancesthatactually
causepollution.
4S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

47. TYPESOFENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION
Waterpollution
Airpollution
Landpollution
5S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

48. TYPESOFENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION
Noisepollution
Thermalpollution
Marinepollution
6S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

49. WaterPollution
7S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Waterpollutioncanbedefinedasalterationinphysical,chemical
orbiologicalcharacteristicsofwaterthroughnaturalorhuman
activitiesmakingitunsuitableforitsdesignateduse.

50. WaterPollution
Anyphysical,chemicalor
biologicalchangeinwaterquality
thatadversely living
waterorganisms
unsuitable
affects
ormakes
forcertainusesis
referredaswaterpollution.
Freshwaterpresentontheearth
surfaceisputtomanyuses.Itis
usedfordrinking,domesticand
uses,
industries,
agriculture,
recreation
municipal
irrigation,
etc.
8S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

51. Signsofpollutedwater
Badtasteofdrinkingwater.
Offensiveodoursformrivers,lakesandoceans.
Decreaseinnumberoffishinfresh waterandsea water.
Oilandgreasefloatingonthesurface.
Uncheckedgrowthofaquaticweedsinwaterbodies.
Presenceofcolourduetoorganicmatter.
9S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

52. Typesofwater
10S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Pureformofwater:IntheformofH
2O,alsoknownasdistilled
water.
Mineralwater:Waterwithacceptablelimitsofmineralsspecified
bypotablewater standards.
Tapwater:Watersuppliedbytheconcernedauthorityavailableat
homes.
Pollutedwater:Watercontainingimpuritiesnotsuitablefor
drinking.
Contaminatedwater:Watercontainingharmfulimpurities,not
suitableforany purposenor evencanbethrowninwaterbodies.

53. WaterqualityStandards:-
11S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Mainparameterswhicharerequiredtobetestedfordeterminingthe
qualityof water canbedividedinto.
(1) Physical(2)Chemical(3)Biological/Microbiological
(1)Physicalparameters
Turbidity
Colour
Odour
Taste
Temperature

54. Waterqualitystandards
12S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
(2)ChemicalParameters
Solids(suspended,dissolved,volatile)
Hardness
Chlorides
pH
DissolvedgaseslikeOxygenCarbonDioxide,HydrogenSulphide
NitrogencompoundslikeNitrites,Nitrates,AmmonicalNitrogen,
AlbuminiodNitrogen
MetalsandotherinorganicsubstanceslikeFluoride,Iron&
Manganese,Lead,Arsenic,Iodides,BoronCadmium

55. Waterqualitystandards
13S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
(3)Biologicalparameters
InBiologicalparametersincludesvariousmicroorganismslike
bacteria,virus,protozoa,wormspresentinwateritmaybe
pathogenicornonpathogenic.
Theagenciesplayinganimportantroleinspecifyingthenormsfor
variouseffluentstobedischargedinthewaterbodiesaswellas
fordrinkingwaterare:
IndianStandardsInstitution(ISI)
WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)
UnitedStatesPublicHealthServices(USPHS)
IndianCouncilofMedicalResearch(ICMR)

56. Sourcesofwaterpollution
14S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Sourcesofwaterpollutioncanbeclassifiedas
(1)PointSources
(2)NonPointSources
(1)PointSources
Thosesourceswhichcanbeidentifiedasasinglelocationare
calledpointsources.
Examplesofpointsourcesareindustrialeffluent,powerplants,
sewagedischargeetc.
Itispossibletominimizethewaterpollutionfromthepoint
sourcesifthewastewateriscollectandisgivensometreatment
beforeitisdischargedintoawaterbody.

57. Sourcesofwaterpollution
15S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
(2)Nonpointsources
Nonpointsourceswhicharealsocalledasareaordiffusedsources.
Thosesourceswhoselocationcannotbeeasilyidentifiedarecalled
nonpointsources.
Thedischargefromthissourcesisnotatanyparticularsite,rather
thesearescattered,whichindividuallyorcollectivelypollutethe
water.
Exampleofnonpointsourcesaresurfacerunofffromagricultural
fields,overflowingsmalldrains,rainwatersweepingroadsand
fieldsetc

58. 16S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

59. Sourcesofwaterpollution
Majorsourcesofsurfacewaterpollutionare:
Sewage:dischargeofsewersanddrains.
Industrialeffluentsfromdifferentindustries.
Syntheticdetergentsusedforwashingandcleaning.
17S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

60. Sourcesofwaterpollution
Agrochemicalslikefertilizerscontainingnitratesandphosphates
andpesticidesusedinagriculturalfieldswhichcomeinrunoff
fromtheagriculturalland.
Oilspillageduringdrillingandshipment.
18S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

61. Sourcesofwaterpollution
Wasteheatfromindustrialdischargeincreasesthetemperatureof
thewaterbodies.
Majorsourcesofgroundwaterpollutionareseptictanks,deep
wellinjectionofindustrialeffluents,minesetc.
19S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

62. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
20S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
1.InorganicPollutant
2.OrganicPollutant
3.SuspendedMatter
4.RadioactivePollutant
5.ThermalPollutant
6.SyntheticOrganicCompound(Nutrient)
7.Pathogens(Bacteria,Virus,Protozoa, Worms)
8.Sediment

63. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
Organicpollutants:
Theorganicpollutant
means “oxygen
demandingpollutants”.
Theorganicpollutants
arepresentindomestic
sewage,plantnutrient,
oilwastefromfood
processingindustries,
dairy,pesticideswaste
etc.
21S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

64. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
22S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Themostorganicwasteis
biodegradableinnature
henceitcanbebreak
downandusedasfoodfor
microorganisms.
Theaerobicbacteriauses
dissolvedoxygenfromthe
wateranddepletethe
levelofdissolveoxygenfor
thedecompositionof
organicmatter.

65. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
RadioactiveCompounds:
Thesourceofradioactivecompoundsarenuclearpowerplants,
medicatedradioactiveuseinhospitalandscientificuseofradioactive
materialfromlaboratories,uraniumandthoriumminingetc.
Thesewastesarehighlytoxicandcausebirthdefects,genericdamage
andcancer.
23S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

66. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
ThermalPollutants:
Thethermalpowerplantbased
oncoalfiredornuclearfuel
firedisthemajorsourceof
thermalpollution.
Thesethermalplantsrelease
hotwateranddischargeinto
nearbywaterbody.
Thehotwaterdischarge
increasethetemperatureof
waterbodyandkillsthe
aquaticcreature.
24S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

67. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
25S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Nutrients:
Thesewageandagriculturerunoffwastefromfertilizeranddetergent
industriescontentsphosphateand nitrogenin largequantity.
Suchrunoffisdischargeintowaterbodythenitresultsintoover
nutritioninwaterwhich is calledeutrophication.
Theresultistheformationofaquaticweedsandvegetablewhichagain
istheheadacheforpublic watersupply.

68. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
InorganicPollutants:
Theinorganicpollutantsareinorganicsalts,mineralacids,toxic
metals,sometraceelementetc.
The inorganicpollutant makeswaterunfitfordomesticpurpose
andcausedangerof lifeforaquaticcreature.
26S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

69. ClassificationofWaterpollutants:
Suspendedmatter:
Thesoilerosionisthemainsourceforaccumulationof
sediments/suspendedmatterinwaterbody.
Theothersourceissolidsfromdomesticsewageandsolidsfrom
constructionactivities.
Thesuspendedmatterinhibitsthepenetrationofsunlightinwater
bodywhich resultsintodecreaserateofphotosynthesisprocess
27S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

70. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
Followingaresomeimportanteffectsofvarioustypesofwater
pollutants:
Oxygendemandingwaste(Biodegradableorganicwaste)
Organicmatterwhichreachesthewaterbodiesisdecomposedby
microorganismspresentinwater.Forthisoxygendissolvedinwateris
used.
ORGANICMATTER+DO(O
2)+Bacteria CO
2+H
2O
BiochemicalOxygendemand(BOD)isusedtoasameasuretofindout
theamountofBiodegradablematterinthewater.
Itisdefinedasamountofoxygenrequiredbythebacteriatodecompose
thebiodegradable organicmatterunderaerobiccondition.
ThesaturatedvalueofDOinwaterisintheorderof8to10mg/L.
28S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

71. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
OptimumDOrequiredforhealthyfish
andotheraquaticlifeisabout5-8mg/L.
DuetodegradationofwasteDOlevels
getsreduced.IfDOdropsbelow4mg/L
fishandotheraquaticlifeisthreatened
andinextremecaseskilled.
OthereffectofreducedDOisundesirable
taste,odourandcolourprohibitingitsuse
fordomesticandrecreationalpurpose.
29S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

72. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
Pathogens
Manywasteswaterespecially
manysewage contains
pathogenic microorganisms
whichareusuallycontainedif
facesandurineofinfected
persons.
Waterbornedieseslikecholera,
dysentery,typhoidarecauseddue
topathogenspresentinwater.
30S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

73. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
31S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Nitrogenandphosphoruscompounds(Nutrients)
Additionalofcompoundscontainingnitrogenandphosphorushelpsin
growthofalgaeandotherplants.Thesecompoundsarenutrientfor
growth.
Whentheseconcentrationsarehighitcausesrapidgrowthcausingalgal
bloom.Alsothegrowthofweedsincreases.
Itcoversupthewatersurfaceandpreventsentryofsunlightintowater
bodies.
Aquaticplantsalongwithalgaethusdie;thebacteriapresentinwater
nowdecomposeallthesedeadplants.
Thedecayedorganicmatteraddsunwantedcolour,odourandtasteto
water.
ItalsoreducedDOofwaterandleadstodeathoffishandotheraquatic
animals.

74. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
32S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
ToxicCompounds
Pollutantssuchasheavymetals,pesticides,cyanidesandmany
otherorganicandinorganiccompoundsareharmfultoaquatic
organisms.
Someofthesubstanceslikepesticides,methylmercuryetcmoves
intothebodiesoforganismsfrommediuminwhichthese
organismslive.
Thesesubstancestendtoaccumulateintheorganismsbody.This
processiscalledBioaccumulation.
Theconcentrationofthesetoxicsubstancesbuildsupatsuccessive
levelsoffoodchain.ThisprocessiscalledBiomagnification

75. 33S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

76. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
FollowingexampleofbiomagnificationofDDTinaquaticchain.
Components DDTConcentration(ppm)
Birds 10.00
Needlefish 1.0
Minnows 0.1
Zooplankton 0.01
Water 0.000001
Mercurydumpedinwateris convertedtomethylmercurybybacterialaction.A
diseasecalledMinimatadiesesoccursduetoconsumptionofmethylmercury
contaminatedfish.
Concentration ofnitratemorethan 45mg/Lcausesoccurs bluebabydiseasesin
infants.
Excess fluoridecausesfluorosis.Itiseffectsthebonesandteeth ofthe person.
34S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

77. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
35S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Suspendedmatter
Makeswateraestheticallydispleasing.
BiodegradablesuspendedmattercausesDOdepletion.
Itreducedlightpenetrationtherebyreducingphotosynthesisanda
correspondingloss infood production.
Providesadsorptionsitesforharmfulchemicalsorbiological
organismswhichcaneffect floraandfauna ofstream.

78. EffectsofWaterpollutants:
36S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
ThermalDischarge
Waterisusedfordissipationofwasteheatinpowerplantand
industries.Thisheatedwaterissubsequentlydischargedintowater
bodies.Increasedtemperatureofwaterhasfollowingeffects:
Increasesbiologicalactivities.
Causedeathofsomeheatsensitiveorganisms.
DOconcentrationdecreasethistogetherwithincreasedbiological
activitiesathightemperaturemayresultintoanaerobiccondition.
Resultinginbadodour.
Growthofalgaeincreases.
Toxicityofchemicalpollutantsincreaseswithincreasesin
temperature.

79. Eutrophication:-
37S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
ThewordEutrophicationisoriginatedfromGreekwordseu=well
andtrophes=food.Thusmeaningis“wellfed”or“nutrientrich”.
Thuswecandefineeutrophicationasexcessivenutrientloadina
waterbodyorenrichmentofwaterbodybynutrientslike
phosphorusandnitrogen.
Presenceofnutrientsismustforgrowthoforganisms,burifthese
nutrientsarepresentinexcessiveamountthentheyactas
pollutantsbecausetheyallowexcessivegrowthofaquaticplants
likealgae.

80. Eutrophication:-
38S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Dependinguponthepresenceofnutrients,thewaterbodies(aquatic
system)maybe classified asunder:
(1)Oligotrophic:
Waterbodieswithpoorconcentrationofnutrientsandverylow
productivityof aquaticplants.
(2)Mesotrophic:
Waterbodieswithmoderateconcentrationofnutrientsandaverage
productivityof aquaticplants.
(3)Eutrophic:
Waterbodieswithhighconcentrationofnutrientsandveryhigh
productivityof aquaticplants.

81. 39S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

82. Eutrophication
40S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution

83. Eutrophication:-
41S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Whatcauseseutrophication?
Newlyformedwaterbodiessuchaslakes,pondsandreservoirs,whether
naturalorman-madehaslownutrientcontentandlowplantproductivity.
Gradually,withthepassageoftimethesewaterbodiesbecomerichin
nutrientsthroughthedepositofdomesticwaste,agriculturalresidue(rich
innitrogenandphosphorus),andindustrialwasteetcwhichultimately
increaseaquaticgrowth.
Inthiswaytheoligotrophicwaterbodiesturnsgraduallyinto
Mesotrophicwaterbody.
Naturaleutrophicationisaveryslowprocess,oftentakingmorethan100
years.Butartificialeutrophicationisveryfastasitdependsontheinput
oforganicwastematter.
Theaerobicdecompositionoforganicwasteinthepresenceofoxygen
bybacterialeadstoeutrophication.

84. Eutrophication:-
42S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Thenutrientrichwaterbodysupportsthegrowthofalgaeandtheentire
waterbodybecomesgreen.
Asmoreplantsgrowduetotheadditionalsupplyofnutrients,more
plantsalsodie.
Bacteriadecomposethesedeadplantsandorganicwasteusingdissolved
oxygen.Asa results,BODof waterincreases.
Fishandotheraquaticanimalsstartdyingduetothedepletionofoxygen.
Suchawaterbodyis saidto be eutrophied.
WithanincreaseinBOD,waterstartsemittinganoffensivesmelland
astheticandrecreationalimportanceofthewaterbodydecreases.
Generally,itisobservedthatconcentrationofnitrogenhigherthan0.3
mg/Landphosphorus morethan0.15 mg/Lcauseeutrophication

85. Eutrophication:-
43S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Effects ofeutrophication:
Highergrowth rateofalgaeinthewaterbody.
Algaebloomrestrictthepenetrationofsunlightinwaterbody
hencerateofphotosynthesisprocess decreases.
Decreaseindissolvedoxygen(DO)andincreasebiologicaloxygen
demand (BOD).
Badtaste,badodourisproducedandalsoincreasesinturbidityof
water.
ThedecayingorganicmattercausesdepletionofDO,destroying
fish and otheraquaticspecies.
Astheticandrecreationalimportanceofthewaterbodydecreases
i.e.fishing,swimming,boatingetc.

86. Eutrophication:-
44S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Controlofeutrophication
Thecontrolatsourcesisthebestpracticetopreventeutrophication
thereforewastewaterenrichwithnutrientshouldbetreatedforremoval
ofnitrogen,phosphorusandcarbonbeforedisposal.
Recyclingofnutrientshouldbeadopted.
Algae bloomshouldberemovedthewaterbody.
Reducingtheuseofphosphateindetergents.
Reducingtheuse ofnitratecontainingfertilizers.
.

87. Controlofwaterpollution
45S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Waterpollutioncanbecheckedoratleastreducedbyfollowingmeasures:
Bypropersewagetreatment:
Thesewageshouldbeproperlytreatedbeforedisposingitinanywaterbodies.
Sewageshouldbegivenfollowingtreatmentbeforedischargingintowater
bodies
Primarytreatment:
Toremovefloatingimpurities,girt,inorganicparticles,settablesolidsetc.It
mainly involvesphysicalmethodforremovalofimpurities.
Secondarytreatment:
Mostlyaimedto remove organicimpuritiesusingmainlybiologicalmethods.
Tertiarytreatment:
Mostlyusingstrongoxidizingagentstoremoveimpurities.Examplechlorinegas.
Itisusedtoremovetheimpuritiesremainingafterprimaryandsecondary
treatment.

88. Controlofwaterpollution
46S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHWater Pollution
Theindustrial effluentshouldbeproperlytreatedbeforedischargingitintowater
bodies.
Byenforcingstringentstandardsfordisposalofsewageandindustrialwasteinto
waterbodies.
Byprohibitingdirectwashingofclothesandanimalsinwaterbodiesusedfor
drinkingwatersupply.
Pesticidesandfertilizersshouldbejudiciouslyusedtoreducechemicalpollution
dueto surfacerunofffromfarms.Lessstablepesticidesshouldbeused.
Increasingthevegetativecovertoreducewaterpollutiondueto soilerosion.
Encouragingreuseofwater.
Toavoidthermalpollutionhotwatershouldbecooledbeforereleasingitinto
bodies.
Advancedtreatmentforremovalofnitratesandphosphatesshouldbeadoptedto
preventeutrophication.

89. Chapter-3
AirPollution
VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
1AIR Pollution S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

90. Topicstobecovered
2S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
Introduction
Sourcesofairpollutant
Classificationofairpollutant
Effectsofairpollutants
Controlofairpollutants

91. DefinitionofAirpollution
“Airpollutionisdefinedasthepresenceofunwantedand
undesirableforeignparticlesandgases(insufficientquantityand
duration)intheairwhichmayhaveadverseeffectsonhuman
being,animals,plants,vegetation'sandimportantstructure.
3S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution

92. SourcesofAirPollution
4S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
Sourcesofairpollutioncanbemainly classified into
(a)Natural
(b)Man-made
(1)NaturalSources
Pollengrains
Volcanic eruption
Forestfire
Salt sprayfromoceans
Duststorms
Marshyland
Bacteriaand othermicroorganisms
Photochemicalreaction

93. SourcesofAirPollution
5S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
(2)Manmadesources
Industrialunits
Thermalpower plants
Automobileexhaust
Fossilfuelburning
Agriculturalactivities
Mining
Aircrafts
Nuclearexplosion
Domesticburningofwoods

94. SourcesofAirPollution
6S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
Manmade sourcescanbe generallyclassifiedinto
(a)Pointorstationarysources:
Industrial unit whichaddpollutanttoairatparticularpointsfromtheir tall
chimney.
b)LineormobileSources:
Thissourcesof airpollutionaretheautomobileasthese add pollutantsalonga
narrowbeltsandoverlongdistance.
(C)Areasources:
Townandcitiesadd smokeandgasesoverwide areas.

95. ClassificationofAirpollutants
7S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution

96. ClassificationofAirpollutants
8S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
A.Classificationbasedonoriginofairpollutants
(1)Primarypollutants
(2)Secondarypollutants
(1)Primarypollutants:
Theseareemitteddirectlyfromthesourcesandarefoundin the
atmospheres.
ForExample SO
2,NO
2,HC,ash,smoke,dust, mist etc
(2)Secondarypollutants:
Theseareformed intheatmospherebychemicalinteractions
between primarypollutantsand atmospheric constituents.
ForExample Ozone,Sulphur trioxide,PAN,aldehydes,ketones
etc.

97. ClassificationofAirpollutants
9S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
B)Accordingto the stateofmatter
(1)Gaseousairpollutants
(2)Particulateairpollutants
(1)Gaseousairpollutants:
Thesepollutantsareingaseousstateatnormaltemperatureand
pressure.
ForExampleCO,CO
2,NO
x,SO
x,HC,Photochemicaloxidants
(2)Particulateairpollutants:
Theseincludesuspendeddroplets,solidparticlesortheirmixturesinthe
atmosphere.
ForExampleaerosols,dust,smoke,fumes,mist,fog,flyash,soot,and
naturalparticulatessuchaspollengrains,protozoa,fungalsporesand
volcanicdust.

98. ClassificationofAirpollutants
10S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
(B)Accordingtothestateofmatter
(1)Gaseousairpollutants
(2)Particulateairpollutants
(1)Gaseousairpollutants:
Thesepollutantsareingaseousstateatnormaltemperatureand
pressure.
ForExampleCO,CO
2,NO
x,SO
x,HC,Photochemicaloxidants
(2)Particulateairpollutants:
Theseincludesuspendeddroplets,solidparticlesortheirmixturesinthe
atmosphere.
ForExampleaerosols,dust,smoke,fumes,mist,fog,flyash,soot,and
naturalparticulatessuchaspollengrains,protozoa,fungalsporesand
volcanicdust.

99. 11S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution

100. AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect
12S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
1.Carbonmonoxide(CO)
Itiscolourless,odourless,tastelessgas.
It has no effect at normal concentration (0.1 ppm) but at higher
conc.It seriouslyaffectsthe humanmetabolism.
Sources:
Volcaniceruption
naturalgasemissions
electricaldischargeduringcloudforming
marshgasproductionetc.
Transportationsourcescontribute about64%ofCOin air.
Forest fire and agricultural burning contribute about 17 % of in
air.

101. AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect
13S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
Industrialprocessessuchaselectricfurnaceand blastfurnacesiniron
andsteelindustries
Petroleumrefining
Paperindustry
Gasmanufacture
Coalmining
Effects:
It reducestheoxygencarryingcapacityoftheblood byselectively
combiningwithhemoglobinformingcarboxyhemoglobin.Thiscauses
giddiness, laziness,and exhaustion.
Itreducesvision andcausescardiovasculardisorders.
COisaverydangerousasphyxiantanditshighlevelsarefataltohuman
life.

102. (2)Carbondioxide(CO
2):
Thecontentofcarbondioxideintheairhasincreasedbyapproximately
15%duringthelastcenturyinspiteofthefactthatphotosynthesizing
greenplantsbalancetheCO
2-O
2ratiotoalargeextent.
Sources:
Fossilfuelburning
Agriculturalpractices(eg.Deforestation)
Forestry.
Effects:
itismajoreffectisontheclimateofearth(GreenHouseeffect).
CO
2islessdangerousthanCOand causenauseaandheadache.
14S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect

103. (3)OxidesofNitrogen(NO
x):
Nitricoxideand nitrogenoxideareveryimportantpollutant.
NOiscolourless,odourlessgasbutisNO
2reddishbrownandhave
suffocatingodour.
Sources:
Fuel combustioninautomobilesandindustries.
Lightening
Forestfire
Bacterialdecomposition oforganicmatter
Effects:
Nitricoxidecombinewithhemoglobinandreducestheoxygencarrying
capacityofblood.
15S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect

104. NO
2ismoretoxicthenNOand mayaffectlungsandcausebronchitis.
NO
2isreactwithatmosphericmoisturetoformnitricacidcausesacid
rainandaffectsvegetablesandmetals.
(4) Oxidesofsulphur(SO
x)
SO
xincludeSO
2andSO
3.
SO
2is colourless gas having pungent and suffocating odour.
Sources:
mostoftheSO
xpollution(67%)duetovolcanicactivitiesandother
naturalsources.
Burningof solidandfossil fuels
Transportation
Industrieslikepapermfg.plants,refineries,sulphuricacidplant
Openburning of refuseandmunicipalincinerator
16S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect

105. Effects:
Itcausescardiacdiseases,asthma,bronchitis,eyeirritation,throat
troublesetc..
Longtermexposurestohighlevelsofsulphurdioxidegascauses
respiratoryillness andheartdiseases.
Oxidesofsulphurattacksbuildingmaterialsespeciallymarblesandlime
stone.(eg.TajMahal atagra)
SO
2reactwithmoistureinatmospheretoformsulphuricacidwhich
causesacid rain affectsvegetablesandmetals.
Oxidesof sulphurmayaffectclothes,leather,paperandplants.
(5)Hydrocarbon(HC):
thegaseousandvolatilehydrocarbonsaremainlyresponsibleforair
pollution.
CommonHCincludesmethane,ethane,acetyleneetc.
17S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect

106. Sources:
Coalfields
Naturalfires
Incompletecombustionfromcarengines
Industrialsources(refineries)
Forestfires
Agriculturalburning
Coalwastefires
Effects:
SomearomaticHCmay causecancer.
UnburnedHCwithoxidesofnitrogeninthepresenceofsunlight
from Photochemicaloxidants(likeozone,PAN)whichareharmful.
18S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect

107. (6)Photochemicaloxidants:
Themajorphotochemicaloxidantisozone.
Ozoneisproducedintheupperatmospherebysolarreaction,small
concentrationsofthisgasdiffusedownwardsandbecomethemajor
concernintheairpollution.
Inthepresenceofsunlight,theoxidesofnitrogenreactwiththe
unburnedHCreleasedbytheexhaustsofautomobilesandfollowinga
seriesofcomplexreactionsproducesecondarypollutantslikePAN,
Ozone,aldehydesandKetonesetc.
UnburntHC+NO
x Photochemicalsmog
Sources:
Automobileexhausts
AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect
19S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution

108. Effect:
Photochemical
headacheetc.
20S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
oxidantscauseirritationofeye,noseandthroat,
Ozonedamagechromosomes.
OzoneandPANcausedamagetoplantsbyinterferingwithplantcell
metabolismespeciallyinleafyvegetables.Prematurefallandyellowing
ofleavesareduetothispollutant.
Photochemicaloxidantsalsoeffectthematerialslikerubber,plants,
textilefibersetc.
(7)ParticulateAirpollutants:
Thesearesmall,solidparticlesandliquiddropletspresentinthe
atmosphereinfairlylargenumbersandsometimesposeseriousair
pollutionproblems.
Thesizeofparticulaterangesfrom0.02µto500µ.
AirPollutants-Sourcesandeffect

109. (1)Aerosols:
Theseincludeallairbornesuspensionsofsolidorliquidparticlessmallerthan
1 mm.
(2)Dust:
Itconsistofsmallsolidparticles(size1to200µm)andaregeneratedby
materialcrushing,grindingorblasting.
(3)Smoke:
itconsistoffinesolidparticles(size0.1to1µm)resultingfromtheincomplete
combustionoforganicparticleslikecoal,wood,tobaccoorotherchemical
processes.
(4)Fumes:
Thesearefinesolidparticles(size0.1to1µm)formedbythecondensationof
vaporsofsolidsmaterials.
(5)Mist:
Itconsistofliquiddropletsformedbythecondensationofvapoursinthe
atmosphereorarereleasedfromindustrialoperation.
21S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-ParticulateMatter

110. (6)Fog:
itthemistismadeupofwaterdropletswhoseconcentrationis
highanddenseenoughtoobscurevisionthenthemistiscalled
fog.
(7)Flyash:
Thisconsistsoffinelydividednoncombustibleparticlespresentin
thegasesarisingfromfuelcombustion.
(8)Soot:
Incompletecombustionofcarboncontainingmaterialsrelease
carbonparticles.
22S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-ParticulateMatter

111. Sources:
Volcaniceruption
Duststorms
Sprayingofsaltsby oceans
Flyashfromcombustionoffossilfuels
Smokefromvehicles
Mining
Agricultureburning
Effect:
Health effects -Particulates less than 10 µm can enter deep into
the lungs and may also get into blood streams. It can cause
problemslikeirritation,asthma, chronic bronchitis and other
lungdiseases.
23S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-ParticulateMatter

112. Particulatesacceleratecorrosionofmetals,damages
buildings,paintsetc.
Aerosols(Fluorocarbons,NO
x,SO
x)releasedfrom
emissionsfromjetandsupersonicplanesdepletethe
ozonelayerinhigheratmosphere.
Dustcoatingonleavesaffectsphotosynthesisand
reducesplantgrowth.
FlyashreducespHbalanceandpotabilityofwater.
Metaldustcontainingheavymetalsandcottondust
mayalsocauserespiratoryproblem.
24S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
AirPollutants-ParticulateMatter

113. Carbonmonoxide(CO)andnitricoxide(NO)combinewith
hemoglobintoformcarboxyhemoglobin(COHb)whichreduces
oxygencarryingcapacityofblood.
Oxidesofnitrogen(NO
X)andoxidesofsulphur(SO
X)cause
irritationtoeye,throatandnose.Theyancausediseaseslike
asthmaandbronchitis.
Pollencaninitiateasthmaticattacks.
Secondarypollutant(O
3,PAN)producedbyhydrocarbonsand
NOx,resultsintheformationofphotochemicalsmog,which
causesirritationofeyes,nose,throatandrespiratorydiseases.
Somearomatichydrocarbonsmaycausecancer.
Exposuretodust,smoke,smogandsootmayincludeseveral
respiratorydiseaseslikeasthma,bronchitisandlungcancer.
25S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
EffectsofAirPollutiononHumanHealth

114. Heavymetalslikeleadmaycausepoisoningeffectson
nervoussystem,damagetokidneyandvisionproblem.
Nickelparticulatesintobaccosmokeresultinrespiratory
damage.
Radioactivesubstancescauselungdiseasesandaffect
kidney,liver,brainandsometimesmay causecancer.
Atmosphericdustcontainingsilicamaycausesilicosis.
26S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
EffectsofAirPollutiononHumanHealth

115. EffectsofAirPollutiononplantsandvegetation:
27S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
Airpollutantsaffectplantsbyenteringthroughstomata(leaf
poresthroughwhichgasesdiffuse),destroychlorophyllandaffect
photosynthesis.
Pollutantsalsoerodewaxycoatingoftheleavescalledcuticle.
Cuticlepreventsexcessivewaterlossanddamagefromdiseases,
pests,droughtandfrost.Damagetoleafstructurecauses
droppingofleaves.
Particulatelikedust,fog,sootdepositonplantleaves,block
stomataandaffecttherateoftranspiration.

116. EffectsofAirPollutiononProperty/Material:
28S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
SO
2inthepresenceofoxygenandmoistureisconvertedintoH
2SO
4
acid.Depositionofthisacidonmetalpartsofbuildingroofs,railway
tracks,metalonbridgescausecorrosion.
H
2SO
4acid deposition reacts with limestone, marble and other building
materialstocausedeteriorationanddisfigurethebuilding material.
PollutantslikeSO
2,O
3,H
2Sandaerosolsdamageprotectivecoatingand
paints ofthesurface.
DamageoftextiledyesandtextilefibersiscausedbySO
X,NO
xandO
3.
OzoneandPANcausecrackingofrubbertyresand variousformsof
electricalinsulation.
Deteriorationof lather and paper due toH
2SO
4decomposition.
Soilingincreasescostof cleaningshirts andotherwears,windows,
buildingsurface.

117. EffectsofAirpollutantsonClimate:
29S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
Due to man made activities like industrialization, automobiles,
deforestation etc., concentration of CO
2and other green house
gasesinatmosphere willincreases.
About 50%ofGreenHouseEffectmaybe attributingtoCO
2,
which resulted in the increase in temperature of earth. This
increase in temperature caused the melting of ice caps and
glaciers. Thus the increase in ambient air temperature will
increasethe meansea level.
Thethinningoftheozonelayerinthestratospherebytheaction
ofaerosolswillincreasethepenetrationofharmfulultraviolate
raystoearthandthiswillcauseblindness,Sunburn,inactivation
ofproteins,RNAandDNA.

118. EffectsofAirpollutantsonAesthetic Beauty:
30S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
Themostnoticeableeffectof airpollutiononthepropertiesof
atmosphere is the reduction in visibility, which may lead to safety
hazard.
Visibility is reduced by adsorption and scattering of light by air
borneparticles(0.1to1µmsize).
Industrial and automobiles emissions, sewage and garbage emit
foul odourscausingfurther lossofaestheticbeauty.

119. Thefactorswhichaffectairpollutionareasfollows:
1.Metrologicalparametersorcharacteristics:
Winddirection
WindSpeed
RelativeHumidity,etc.
2.Topographicalfeatures:
Unevennessofland formsand barrierslikemountainsvalleys.
3.Characteristicsofpollutants:
Typeandsizeofpollutants
Interaction among pollutants
4.Modeofreleaseofpollutants:
Intermittent,continuous,cyclic
Fromsinglesourcesormultiplesources
Frompointsourcesor areasources
31S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHAIR Pollution
FactorsaffectingAirpollutant

120. Chapter-4
NoisePollution
1S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

121. Noisepollution:
SoundandNoise
Noiseisunpleasantand unwantedsound.
Sound iswhat wehear.
Thedifferencebetweensoundadnoisedepends
uponthelistenerand thecircumstances.
UnitofMeasurement:
Soundpowers:
Itisthewoundenergytransferredpersecond
fromthesources(sound)totheair.Poweris
expressedinwatts(W).
SoundPowerLevelL
w:
Soundpowerinwattsconvertedtodecibelscaleis
calledthesoundpowerlevel.
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH2

122. Noisepollution
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Soundpressure:
it is the amount of air pressure fluctuation created by the source
ofthe sound.
Soundpressureis expressedasPascal.Ahealthy youngpersoncan
hearsound pressureis lowpressuresaslowas0.00002Pa.
SoundPressureLevel(SPL):
Soundpressureconvertedtothedecibelscaleiscalledsound
pressurelevel.
Decibel(dB)isusedinenvironmentalnoisepollutionasameasure
ofsoundpowerlevel,soundintensitylevelandsoundpressure
level.
3

123. Noisepollution
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH4

124. Noiseratingsystem:
Anoisemayconsistofdifferenttypeofsound(Continuous,intermittent,
andimpulsewithdifferentpressurelevelsoperatingfordifferenttime
intervals.
Thefrequencyofthissoundmayvery.Thecombinedresultantimpactof
differentsoundpressurelastingdifferentperiodsisworkedoutbyusing
somestatisticalmeasuresasL
NandL
eqsystem.
TheL
Nconcept:
TheparameterL
Nisastatisticalmeasureindicatinghowfrequentlya
particularsoundlevelisexceeded.
ThevalueofL
Nwillrepresentthesoundpressurelevelthatwillexceed
forN%ofthegaugingtime.
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Noisepollution
5

125. TheL
eqconcept:
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
L
eq isdefinedastheconstantnoiselevel,whichoveragiventime,
expandsthesameamountofenergy,asisexpandedbyfluctuatinglevels
overthesametime.
SourcesofNoisePollution
Followingarethemain sources ofnoisepollution
Trafficsources
Industrialsources
Constructionalsources
Othermiscellaneoussources
1.Trafficsources:
noisecreatedbyvariousmeansoftransportliketrucks,tractors,buses,
trains,aeroplanes,etcare thetrafficrelatedsourceofnoisepollution.
Noisepollution
6

126. Itmaybeintheformof:
Hornofvehicles
Vehiclewithdamagedsilencer
Noiseproducedbya dieselcarwillbe more thanthatproducedby apetrolcar.
Ajetaircraftwillproducemorenoisethanapropellertypeofaircraft.
2.Industrialsources
Noiseistheessentialbyproductofindustry,itsintensityandnaturebeing
dependent uponthe typeofindustry.
Industrial noisesareusuallyproducedby:
Reciprocatingorrotating machinery
Cuttingofmaterials,grinding
Blowhammers
Generators
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Noisepollution
7

127. 3.Constructionalsources
Noisesproduced by variousconstructional activitiesare:
Rockcrusherforproductionofaggregate
Pile drivingequipment
Boringanddrillingequipment
Roadrollers
Materialshandlingbyconveyers
Rockblasting
4.Othermiscellaneoussources
In residential area–Loud voiceof T.V.,musicsystems,radio,etc
Publicaddresssystem–publicfunctions,Navratryfestivaletc.
Sirens –Policevan,industries,ambulance
Militarysources–noiseofbomb,grenade explosion,tanksothervehicles,
missilesetc.
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Noisepollution
8

128. Noisepollutioneffects:
Majoreffects:
1.Lossofhearing
2.Annoyance
3.Healtheffects
4.Interferencewithcommunication
5.Workingefficiency
1.Lossofhearing:
Lossofhearingoccurduetoexposureofnoise,whichistermedasartificial
hearingloss.Thislossisdividedintotwo types:
A.NoiseInducedTemporaryThresholdShifts(NITTS):
Thisiscausedduetoexposuretoloudnoiselikeburstingofcrackers.Thiscan
berecoveredinashortperiod oftime.
B.NoiseInducedPermanent ThresholdShifts(NIPTS):
Thisoccursbecause ofexposuretoloudnoiseforalongperiodoftime.
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Noisepollution
9

129. 2.Annoyance:
Thisisasubjectivematterforanoise.Someonemaylikeclassicalmusic,itmayannoy
other.
Bloodvesselsgetconstricted,breathingrateisaffectedandmusicaltensionchanges.
3.Healtheffects:
(i)Effectsonphysicalhealth:
Auditoryeffects:
Theyaregroupedintoshorttimeandlongtimeeffects.
Acoustictraumaiscausedbyaveryhighintensityimpulsivenoiseofabout150dbor
morefromexplosion.
Non–auditoryeffects:
Exposuretoaloudnoisemayincreasethepulserateandbloodpressurechanges.
Bodyexperiencesfearreactions.Disturbedbrainwavesleadtotheinterferenceinvision.
(ii)Effectsonmentalhealth:
Effectonmentalhealthisless.Lackofconcentrationathighnoiselevel.
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Noisepollution
10

130. 4.Interferencewithcommunication:
Apersonmayfacetheproblemoftryingtounderstandanotherperson
talkingtohim/herinan environmentwithhighbackgroundnoiselevel.
5.Workingefficiency:
Itisfoundtobedecreaseddrasticallywheneverapersonisworkingin
thenoisyenvironment
Other effect:
Sleepinterference
Increasedindustrialaccidents
Personalcomfortinterference
Property valuedegradation
Effectsonwildlife
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Noisepollution
11

131. ControlofNoisePollution:
1.Propermaintenanceandlubricationofmachinecanreducenoise.
2.Sourcesofnoisepollutionlikeheavyvehicles,airports, noise producing
industriesetcshouldbelocatedawayfrompopulatedareas.
3.Silencezonesshouldbecreatedaroundresidentialareas,educational
institutionsandhospitals.
4.Noisymachinesshouldbeinstalledin soundproofchamber.
5.Plantingmoretreeshavingbroadleaveswhich canabsorbsound.
6.Useofloud-speakersandamplifiersshouldberestrictedtoafixed
intensityand fixedhoursoftheday.
7.Occupationalexposuretonoisecanbereducedbyusingprotective
devices suchasearplugs.
8.Restrictingtheunnecessaryhornblowingbylaws.
S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
Noisepollution
12

132. VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Chapter-5
Solid waste: Generation and Management
1S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

133. Topicstobecovered
2S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
DefinitionandImportantterms.
TypesandSourcesofSolidWastes.
Generationrates ofSolidwaste.
CausesofSolidwastepollution.
Effectsof SolidwastePollution.
Solidwastemanagement.
S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

134. Definition:-
3S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Garbage:-Alltypesofputrescibleorganicwastesobtainedfromkitchen,
hotels,restaurantsinfromofwastefoodetc.,infromofwastefood
articles,peelingofvegetables,fruitsetc.Italsoincludesanimaldung,
grass andleavesetc.
Rubbish:-Allnonputrescible wastesexceptashesareknownasrubbish.
Itincludesragspaperpiecesofglass,paperpackets,glassandplastic
bottles,brokencrockeryetc.
Ashes:-Ashesareincombustiblewasteproductsobtainedfrom,
industries,hearthandfurnaces.
Putrefaction:-Microbialdecompositionoforganicmatteraccompanied
byodour iscalledputrefaction.
Leachate:-Liquidthathastravelledthroughsolidwasteorother
mediumandhasextracted,dissolvedorsuspendedmaterialsfromit is
calledleachate.

135. TypesandSourcesofSolidwaste:
Municipalwaste:-Municipal
wastearethosewastewhich
arisefromhouseholdactivities,
publicplaces,restaurants,
institutionmarketsstreet-
sweepingetc.
Industrialwastes:-Industrial
wastesarethatwastewhich
arisesfromindustrialactivities.It
typically
ashes
includesrubbishes,
demolitionand
constructionwaste,specialwaste
andhazardouswaste.
4S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

136. TypesandSourcesofSolidwaste:
Hazardouswaste:-Wastesthatposesasubstantialdanger
immediatelyoroveraperiodoftimetohumananimalorplantlife
arecalledhazardouswastes.
5S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

137. CausesofSolidwastepollution
6S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
1. Over population:-As the number of people producing pollutant
increase, pollution will naturally increase. Same is true for solid waste
pollution too. Solid waste pollution increase with increase in
population.
2.Technology:-rapidlygrowingtechnologyfrommosteconomic
goodsindicatesashiftintechnologyfromthereturnablepackaging
tonon-returnablepackaging.

138. CausesofSolidwastepollution
7S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
3. Urbanization:-Solid waste is preliminary as urban problem,
though not exclusively urban. Solid waste pollution increases with
increasein urbanization.
4. Affluence:-With increase in the affluences there is a tendency to
declare items as being in or out fashion and promptly throw away the
oneswhichareout offashion. Thisresultsin solidwastepollution

139. Effectsofsolidwastepollution:-
8S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Transmissionofmanydiseaseduetofliesbreedonthe
refuse/solidwastedumps.
Ratsflourishinguponthesolidwastesmayalsocausethe
diseases.
Improperdisposalcancausecontaminationofcropsandwater
supply.
Obnoxiousorderarisingfromdecomposingsolidwastecancallair
pollutionandcausing problems inthesurrounding areas.
Solidwastedumpalsocreatesaestheticallyunpleasing
surrounding environment.

140. SolidWasteManagement
9S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Thesolidwaste managementhasthefollowingcomponents:
Identificationofwaste anditsminimizationatthesource
Collection,segregationand storageatthesiteofcollection
Transportation
Treatment
Energyrecovery
Disposal

141. CollectionofSolidwaste:-
10S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Kerbsidecollection:Thehouseownerisresponsibleforplacing
thesolidwastecontainersatthecurbonthescheduledday.The
workmencome,collectandemptythecontainerandputbackatthe
curb.Thehouseownerisrequiredtotakebacktheempty
containersfromthecurbtohishouse.
Blockcollection:-Individualsbringthewasteincontainersand
handitovertothecollectionstaffwhoemptiesitintothewaiting
vehiclesandthereturnthecontainertotheindividuals.
CommunityStoragepoint:-Thesolidwasteistakentoafixed
storagebinsandstoredtillthewastestorageagencycollectitas
perthescheduleofthecollection.

142. Processingtechniquesareusedinsolidwastemanagementsystems
to(1)improvetheefficiencyofsolid-Wastedisposalsystems(2)
TorecoverResourcesand(3)Topreparematerialsforthe recovery
ofconversionproductsand energy.
11S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Processing ofSolidWaste

143. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
12S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Disposalonorintheearth’smantleis,atpresenttheonlyviable
methodforlong-termhandling:
(1)SolidWastesthatarecollectedandareofnofurtheruse,
(2)Theresidualmatterremainingaftersolidwasteshavebeen
processed,
(3)Theresidualmatterremainingaftertherecoveryofconversion
productsandenergyhasbeenaccomplished.
Landfillingisthemethodofdisposalusedmostcommonlyfor
municipalwastes;landfarminganddeep-wellinjectionhavebeen
usedforindustrialwastes.Althoughincinerationisoften
consideredadisposalmethod,itisinreality,aprocessingmethod.

144. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
13S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
1.opendumping
2.SanitaryLandfilling
3.Incineration
4.Composting
5.Pyrolysis
Opendumping:-Inthismethod thesolidwasteis dumped into
lowlyingareasand outskirtsof thecities.Beingrelativecheaper.

145. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
Sanitary landfill:-in this method the solid waste is disposed or
dumped either in naturally available low lying area or digging
tranchesorin open areasunder an engineered operation,design
and operated according to the acceptable standards not causing
anynuisanceor hazardtothepublic healthor safety.
14S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

146. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
15S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Incineration:-

147. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
16S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Incinerationcanbedefinedasacontrolledcombustionprocessfor
burningsolid,liquidandgaseouscombustiblewastestogasesand
residuecontainingnoncombustiblematerial.
Incineratorsareusedfortheprocessofincineration.Following
importantpointsshouldbeobservedcarefullyduringincineration.
Chargingofsolidwasteshouldbecontinuous.

148. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
17S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Compostingasdefinedearlierisaprocessinwhichorganicmatter
ofthesolidwasteisdecomposedandconvertedtohumusand
stablemineralcompounds.Theendproductofcompostingprocess
iscalledcompostwhichisrichfertilizer.
Therearethreemethodsofcomposting:
(1)CompostingbyTrenching
(2)Openwindowcomposting
(3)MechanicalComposting

149. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
18S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH
Pyrolysis:
Itisdefinedasheatingthesolidwasteatveryhightemperaturein
absence of air.
Pyrolysisiscarriedoutatatemperaturebetween500
0Cto1000
0Cto
produce threecomponentstreams.
Gas:Itisamixtureofcombustiblegasessuchashydrogen,carbon
dioxide,methane,carbonmono-oxideandsomehydrocarbons.
Liquid:Itcontainstar,pitch,lightoil,andlowboilingorganicchemicals
like aceticacid,acetone,methanoletc.
Char:Itconsistsofelementalcarbonalongwithinertmaterialinthe
wastefeed.
Thecharliquidandgaseshavehighcalorificvalues.
Ithasbeenobservedthatevenaftersupplyingtheheatnecessaryfor
pyrolysis,certainamountofexcessheatstillremainswhichcanbe
commerciallyexploited.

150. DisposalofSolidwaste:-
19S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

151. 20S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

152. 21S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

153. 22S. N. P. I. T. & R. C., UMRAKH

154. Chapter-7
E-Waste: Generation and
Management
VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
E-waste 1S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

155. E-Wasteisdefinedaselectricalandelectronicequipment,whole
orinpartdiscardedaswastebytheconsumerorbulkconsumer
aswellasrejectsfrommanufacturingrefurbishmentandrepair
process.
2S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste
Introduction

156. ClassificationofE-Waste
3S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste
Largehouseholdappliances.
Smallhouseholdappliances.
Informationtechnologyand telecommunicationequipment.
Consumerequipment
Lightingequipment.
Medicalequipmentsystem
Monitoringandcontrolinstrumentation
Automaticdispencers.

157. GenerationofE-waste:-
4S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste

158. GenerationofE-waste:-
5S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste

159. ImpactofE-wasteOnEnvironment andHumanHealth
6S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste
E-waste has come under attack in recent years due to its negative
effectson the environmentandhumanhealth.
E-wasteis oftenconsideredanoverlookedepidemic,asthelong-
termimpactof thiswasteis stillunclear.
Still,manye-wasterecyclingcenters havebeencreatedinrecent
yearsin an efforttoprotecthumans and the planet.

160. ImpactofE-wasteOnEnvironment andHumanHealth
7S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste
1.E-wasteNegativelyImpactstheSoil
First,e-wastecanhaveadamagingeffectonthesoilofaregion.
Ase-wastebreaksdown,itreleasestoxicheavymetals.Such
heavymetalsincludelead,arsenic,andcadmium.
Whenthesetoxinsleachintothesoil,theyinfluencetheplants
andtreesthatarecrowingfromthissoil.
Thus,thesetoxinscanenterthehumanfoodsupply,whichcan
leadtobirthdefectsaswellasanumberofotherhealth
complications.

161. ImpactofE-wasteOnEnvironment andHumanHealth
8S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste
2.E-wasteNegatively ImpactstheWater
E-wastethat is improperlydisposedofbyresidentsorbusinesses
alsoleads totoxinsenteringgroundwater.
This groundwateriswhatunderliesmanysurfacestreams,ponds,
and lakes. Many animals rely on these channels of water for
nourishment. Thus, these toxins can make these animals sick and
cause imbalancesinthe planetaryecosystem.
E-waste canalsoimpacthumans thatrelyon thiswater.Toxinslike
lead, barium, mercury, and lithium are alsoconsidered
carcinogenic.

162. ImpactofE-wasteOnEnvironment andHumanHealth
9S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste
3.E-waste Negatively ImpactstheAir
When e-waste is disposed of at the landfill, it’s usually burned by
incineratorson site.
This process can release hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, which
pollutestheairthatmanyanimalsand humans rely on.
Furthermore,thesehydrocarbonscancontribute tothe
greenhousegaseffect,whichmanyscientiststhinkisaleading
contributortoglobal warming.
Insomepartsof the world,desperatepeople sift throughlandfills
in ordertosalvagee-wasteformoney.Yet,someofthesepeople
burn unwantedpartslikewiresin ordertoextractcopper,which
can leadtoairpollutionaswell.

163. ManagementofE-waste
10S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste

164. ManagementofE-waste
11S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHE-waste

165. Chapter-8
Environmental Global Issues
VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
1S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

166. Introduction
2S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

167. Introduction
Environmentalissuesare
harmful
activity
effects
onthe
ofhuman
biophysical
Environmental
practiceof
natural
individual,
or
environment.
protectionisa
protectingthe
environmenton
organizational
governmental
benefitof
levels,forthe
boththe
environmentandhumans
4S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

168. AcidRain
5S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

169. AcidRain
6S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH
Acidrainisarainoranyotherformofprecipitationthatis
unusuallyacidic,meaningthatithaselevatedlevelsofhydrogen
ions(lowpH).
Itcanhaveharmfuleffectsonplants,aquaticanimalsand
infrastructure.Acidrainiscausedbyemissionsofsulfurdioxide
andnitrogenoxide,whichreactwiththewatermoleculesinthe
atmospheretoproduceacids.
Acidrainhasbeenshowntohaveadverseimpactsonforests,
freshwatersandsoils,killinginsectandaquaticlife-forms,causing
painttopeel,corrosionofsteelstructuressuchasbridges,and
weatheringofstonebuildingsandstatuesaswellashaving
impactsonhumanhealth.

170. AcidRain
7S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

171. AcidRain
8S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

172. Depletionoftheozonelayer
9S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

173. Depletionofozonelayer
Ozonedepletionconsistsoftworelated
eventsobservedsincethelate1970s:a
steadyloweringofaboutfourpercentin
thetotalamountofozoneinEarth's
atmosphere(theozonelayer),anda
springtimedecreasein
ozonearoundEarth's
muchlarger
stratospheric
polarregions.
Thelatterphenomenonisreferredtoas
theozonehole.Therearealso
springtimepolartroposphericozone
depletioneventsinadditiontothese
stratosphericevents.
10S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

174. Depletionofozonelayer
11S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

175. GreenHouseEffects
12S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

176. GreenHouseEffects
13S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH
Thegreenhouseeffectistheprocessbywhichradiationfroma
planet'satmospherewarmstheplanet'ssurfacetoatemperature
abovewhatitwouldbewithoutthisatmosphere.
Radiativeactivegases(i.e.,greenhousegases)inaplanet's
atmosphereradiateenergyinalldirections.Partofthisradiationis
directedtowardsthesurface,warmingit.
Theintensityofthedownwardradiation–thatis,thestrengthof
thegreenhouseeffect–willdependontheatmosphere's
temperatureandontheamountofgreenhousegasesthatthe
atmospherecontains.

177. GreenHouseEffects
14S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

178. GlobalWarming
15S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH
Globalwarmingisalong-termriseintheaveragetemperatureof
theEarth'sclimatesystem;anaspectofclimatechangeshownby
temperaturemeasurementsandbymultipleeffectsofthe
warming.
Inthemoderncontextthetermsglobalwarmingandclimate
changearecommonlyusedinterchangeably,butclimatechange
includesbothglobalwarminganditseffects,suchaschangesto
precipitationandimpactsthatdifferbyregion.
Manyoftheobservedchangesinclimatesincethe1950sare
unprecedentedintheinstrumentaltemperaturerecord,andin
historicalandpaleoclimateproxyrecordsofclimatechangeover
thousandstomillionsofyears.

179. GlobalWarming
16S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH

180. VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
Chapter-9
GreenBuildingandSmart Cities
Greenn building & smart cities 1S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKH
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
& RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

181. Introduction
A green building is an environmentally sustainable building,
designed, constructed and operated to minimize the total
environmentalimpacts.
2S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities

182. Objectives
3S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities
•Tominimizetheuseofenergy
•Toreducewaste, pollutionandenvironmentaldegradation
•Toprovidemechanicalventilation systemtoincreaseairflow.
•Toselect properbuildingmaterialthathaslowtoxicity
•Toenhanceinteriorlightingto reduceenergydemandandto
increasevisualcomfort.

183. Fundamentalprinciples
4S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities
Sustainablesitedesign:
EnergyEfficiency
Waterefficiency
Materialefficiency

184. 5S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities

185. 6S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities

186. 7S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities

187. 8S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities

188. 9S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., UMRAKHGreenn building & smart cities

189. VishakhaN. Surati
Civil Engineering department
[email protected]
Chapter-10
Conceptsof4R’S
S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH 1
S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH

190. Concept4R’S
•Reduce
•Reuse
•Recycle
•Recover
S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH 2

191. Concept4R’S
S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH
REDUCE is to limit the amount of waste you create in the first
place. This includes buying products with less packaging.
REUSE means to use something again that you would normally
throw away(eg.Glassjar forfoodorplasticbags forbinliners.)
RECYCLE means the product goes through a mechanical process to
change its form. This is only recommended when reducing and
reusing arenot possible.
RECOVERistoconvertwasteintoresources(suchaselectricity,
heat,compostandfuel)throughthermalandbiologicalmeans.
ResourceRecoveryoccursafterreduce,reuseandrecyclehave
beenattempted.
3

192. S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH 4

193. S.N.P.I.T.& R.C., UMRAKH 5