Epidemiology study and exploration in health science .pptx

here you are going to know the relation ship between the key epidemiological terms and epidemiology triangle vs web causation

1. PARTICIPANTS CLASS A Reg nu CLASS B Reg nu SIBOMANA Anaclet EACC2410141 REMEZO IGIRANEZA Fiacre EACC2410077 MUNEZERO Eric EACC2410118 CYUZUZO Ivan EACC2410036 OSSEE MERCI INEZA EACC2410117 RUGWIRO Marcellin EACC2410045 IZUWAYO Pauline EACC2410121 NYABENDA Samuel EACC2410047 MANISHIMWE Adeline EACC2410128 UMULISA Winny EACC2410065 HAKIRE Yves EACC2410138 MANIRAGABA Jean Claude EACC2410067 RURANGWA Elyse EACC2410150 NSHIMIYIMANA David EACC2410076 MUGISHA Samuel EACC2410147 NIZEYIMANA Samuel EACC2410078 UWAMAHORO Valentine EACC2410143 RUGAMBA Henry EACC2410079 NYIRANSAZINEZA Claudine EACC2410146 NSENGIYUMVA Emmanuel EACC2410080 NIYONZIMA Olivier EACC2410130  

2. QUESTION? Describe the Key Epidemiological Terms, Epidemiologic Triangle & Web of Causation

3. Epidemiology Introduction Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and other health related conditions in human populations, and the application of this study to the promotion of health, and to the prevention and control of health problems. (Kebede, 2004) Distribution: Who is getting sick? Where? When? (Time, Place,Person )· Determinants: The causes and risk factors that influence the occurrence of disease. Populations : Focus on groups, not individuals (a key difference from clinical medicine). Application: The goal is to prevent and control disease and promote health.

4. A . Epidemiological terms Descriptive epidemiology is one of the basic types of epidemiology, which is concerned with describing the frequency and distribution of diseases and other health related conditions by time, place, and person. The incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of a disease that occur during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease. Incidence rate = Number of new cases of a disease over a period of time X (Kebede, 2004)

5. Epidemiology Key Terms epidemic or outbreak: disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place. A new infectious agent is introduced, The agent mutates to become more virulent, Examples Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa (2014–2016). Measles outbreaks in unvaccinated populations. Cholera outbreaks after floods or poor sanitation

6. Types of outbreak Common-source outbreak Cases originate from a single source of exposure. Example: Food poisoning at a wedding due to contaminated meal. Propagated outbreak Disease spreads person-to-person , resulting in successive waves of cases. Example: Measles outbreak in a school. Mixed outbreak Starts as a common source, then spreads person-to-person. Example: Cholera outbreak after contaminated water, followed by household spread .

7. cont’d pandemic: a disease or condition that spreads across regions. rate: number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of the population during that period. cluster : group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected.

8. Cont,d endemic : disease or condition present among a population at all times. Examples of Endemic Diseases Malaria → endemic in much of sub-Saharan Africa . Chickenpox → endemic in many countries where vaccination is not routine. Common cold → considered endemic worldwide. Cholera → endemic in some parts of Asia and Africa

9. Prevalence rate Prevalence rate measures the number of people in a population who have a disease at a given time. It includes both new and old cases Morbidity Refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population. It encompasses the illness, symptoms, and disability caused by a disease. Mortality Refers to death. The mortality rate is the measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval .

10. Example for mortality rate Infant mortality rate reflects the health of the community in which the child is being brought up. IMR = No. of deaths under 1 year of age during a given time X 1000 No. of live births reported during the same time interval Infant Under- five mortality rate = No. of deaths of 0-4 years of age during a given time X 1000 Average (mid-year) population of the same age at the same time

11. 2. Epidemiologic Triangle & Web of Causation A.The Epidemiologic Triangle : is a traditional model that states disease occurs when an agent, a host, and the environment interact in a way that disrupts the natural balance. Agent Host environment Visual : A large triangle with " Agent " at the top, " Host " and " Environment " at the bottom corners.

12. The Three Components Agent :The cause of the disease. Examples: Virus, bacterium, parasite, chemical, physical force. Host: The human or animal that harbors the disease. Factors: Age, genetics, immunity, nutrition, behavior. Environment: The external conditions that allow the agent and host to interact. Factors: Climate, sanitation, socioeconomic status, access to healthcare.

13. Applying the Triangle: Example of Malaria Agent : Plasmodium parasite· Host: Human (Factors: lack of immunity, not using bed nets)· Environment: Stagnant water (breeding site for mosquitoes), warm climate· Prevention Strategy : Break any side of the triangle! · Target Agent: Use anti-malarial drugs to kill the parasite. · Target Host : Provide bed nets and prophylactic medicines to protect people. · Target Environment: Drain stagnant water to eliminate mosquito breeding sites.

14. Limitations of the Triangle Chronic Diseases: Like heart disease or diabetes, which have no single agent. · Multifactorial Causation : Diseases caused by the interplay of many factors. · Social & Behavioral Determinants: Like poverty, stress, and diet, which are complex and interconnected

15. b. The Web of Causation The Web of Causation is a more complex model that explains how multiple factors interact to cause disease. Visual: A web with "Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)" in the center. Lines connect factors like: High BP, High Cholesterol, Smoking, Diabetes, Obesity, Sedentary Lifestyle, Family History, Stress, Low Income. N.B: No single agent causes a heart attack.

16. HOW IT WORK Smokin g can cause high blood pressure. A poor diet can lead to obesity and high cholesterol. Stress can exacerbate high blood pressure. Low income can limit access to healthy food and healthcare. Prevention Strategy: Must target multiple strands of the web simultaneously through lifestyle changes, medication, and public policy

17. COMPONRNTS Causal factors: genetic, biological, environmental, behavioral, social. Shows chains of causation and multiple pathways leading to disease. Useful for chronic diseases (heart disease, diabetes) or diseases influenced by multiple factors.

18. Implications for Nursing Practice Assessment : Don't just look for a single cause, Assess the whole patient their biology, behavior, and social environment. Intervention : Develop holistic care plans. Educating a diabetic patient isn't just about insulin; it's about diet, exercise, foot care, and stress management. Advocacy : Advocate for policies that address the broader "web," like promoting healthy food options in low-income neighborhoods or smoke-free laws. Mindset: Shift from a simple "cause-and-effect" mindset to a systems-thinking approach.

19. Conclusion and Key Takeaway The Epidemiologic Triangle is a foundational model perfect for understanding and combating infectious diseases where The Web of Causation is a necessary, modern model for tackling the complex reality of chronic diseases. As nurses and midwives, we must be fluent in both. They are complementary tools in our toolkit. Choosing the right model allows us to better understand our patients' health and create more effective, comprehensive strategies for prevention and care Together, these models provide essential tools for disease prevention, health promotion, and public health planning .

20. Our readings Kebede, Y. (2004). Epidemiology: For Environment and Occupational Health Students. Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, 86. Dean H. Introduction to public health, epidemiology, and surveillance. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC Science Ambassador Program, July 16, 2012. Fraser DW, Tsai, T, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New Engl J Med 1977;297:1189–97. Goodman RA, Smith JD, Sikes RK, et al. Fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries: an epidemiologic study. Public Health Rep 1985;100:329–33. Rentz DE, Lewis L, Mujica OJ, et al. Outbreak of acute renal failure in Panama in 2006: a case-control study. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86:749–56. Thacker SB, Birkhead GS. Surveillance [Chapter 3]. In: Gregg, MB, ed. Field epidemiology. 3 rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008

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