Epistemological Bases of Education

Epistemology

1. Knowledge and curriculum அறிவு மற்றும் கலைத்திட்டம்   sbca Dr.a.prabaharan Principal Nehru memorial college of education www.indopraba.blogspot.com

2. Chapter 1 Epistemological bases of education கல்வியின் அறிவுசார்வியல் அடிப்படைகள்   To be discussed Knowledge Skill Teaching Training Information Reason Belief www.indopraba.blogspot.com

3. 1.0 Introduction to epistemology Epistemology is a combination of two Greek words “episteme” meaning knowledge and “logos” meaning study Epistemology is the study of knowledge Epistemology is a branch of philosophy Epistemology deals with theory of knowledge Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge, the rationality of belief, and justification www.indopraba.blogspot.com

4. 1.0 Introduction to epistemology Epistemology revolves around four major themes The philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge Connection among knowledge, truth, belief and justification Problems of skepticism The sources and scope of knowledge and justified belief The criteria of knowledge and justification www.indopraba.blogspot.com

5. 1.1 knowledge Knowledge is getting awareness about persons, objects, events, processes, activities, relationships and all the happenings around the world Knowledge is knowing about something Objects of knowledge is phenomena Knowledge is a comprehension of phenomenon www.indopraba.blogspot.com

6. Definition of knowledge Knowledge may be defined as a process by which people can understand what happened, what is happening and what will happen around them Knowledge of the past can be acquired through different sources like books, videos, audios etc Knowledge of the present can be acquired through senses Knowledge of the future can be acquired through subjects like Futurology, television channels, Internet sites etc www.indopraba.blogspot.com

7. Plato 348 B.C Plato, a Greek philosopher Student of Socrates Teacher of Aristotle Knowledge is defined as the justified true belief Plato says “knowledge is perception or sensation Knowledge is true belief Knowledge is true belief accompanied by a rational account of itself www.indopraba.blogspot.com

8. Meaning of knowledge Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something Knowledge is facts, information, descriptions or skills which is acquired through experience Knowledge can be gained through education by perceiving, discovering, or learning Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject www.indopraba.blogspot.com

9. knowledge Knowledge can be conceived as experience organized through language into pattern of thought, thus creating meaning, which in turn helps us understand the world we live in It can also be conceived of activity, or physical dexterity with thought, contributing and making of things Human beings over time have evolved many varieties of knowledge, which include a number of ways of thinking, of feeling and doing of things, and constructing knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

10. knowledge It is also important to learn to participate in the very process of knowledge creation, meaning making and human action Conceiving knowledge in this broad sense direct us to the importance of examining knowledge in terms of not only the ‘product’, but also the underlying principles of how it is created, how it is organized, who access it, and what is used for www.indopraba.blogspot.com

11. knowledge The process of understanding the meaning or defining knowledge direct us to identify three aspects of knowledge, These aspects are 1. Process involved in knowledge The first aspect is the process involved in knowledge or acquisition or generation or construction, this finally enters into the domain of ways of acquisition or generation or construction of knowledge, that is, its ways of knowing www.indopraba.blogspot.com

12. Knowledge 2) Types of knowledge Since knowledge is sum of human understanding, there must be different types of knowledge 3) Purpose of knowledge The purpose of knowing is different in different context. www.indopraba.blogspot.com

13. knowledge Knowing and knowledge Knowing is both a process and a product As a process it refers to the method of coming to know the phenomenon Knowledge, as a product, is the resultant of knowing, knowing happens through perception, reason and emotion Similarly there are source of every way of knowing These sources are the knower’s senses and mind Different sources of knowing construct different forms of understanding and different types of knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

14. knowledge The following are the sources of knowing 1) Sense Perception The acquisition of knowledge begins with the reception of external stimuli by our sense organs, which is immediately converted into the form of perception Perception refers to, having knowledge about a stimulus that impinges on our sense organs The stimuli may impinge on our sense organs individually or collectively These sensory inputs or sensations as such, do not constitute knowledge, but they are material of knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

15. knowledge Our brain integrates these sensations with the information already available with it, and forms percepts Percepts constitute the starting point and base of man’s knowledge Since the sense organs play important roles in the origin of knowledge, these are considered as ‘gateways of knowledge’ Sensation provides us with ‘information’ about the phenomenon The first stage of knowledge is perceptual knowledge and the second is conceptual knowledge The conceptual knowledge is concerned with making the perceptual knowledge into rational, logical and comprehensive knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

16. knowledge Knowledge can be classified in the following way based on the means used in the process of knowing. They are 1. Experiential knowledge This is a type of knowledge that can only be obtained through experience. For example, the knowledge of what it is like to see colours 2. Experimental knowledge It is based on or derived from experience or empirical evidence 3. Intuitive Knowledge this is acquired without inference and the use of reason, or with the use of reason alone. It comes from within by looking inside or through contemplation www.indopraba.blogspot.com

17. knowledge 4.Reasonsed or Logical Knowledge It is the knowledge of truths and principles of deductive logic 5. Revealed Knowledge This is based on the facts that are simply apparent to people and cannot be denied, as they see it Knowledge classification can be explained as in the following table www.indopraba.blogspot.com

18. Knowledge S.No School Subject Phenomenon/ Object of Study Nature of Knowledge Modes of Understanding Nature of Validation 1 Natural Science Nature of Physical and Biological or concrete things Causal; objective with little subjectivity Observation, Experimentation Verification or falsification 2 Social Science Society in all its aspects Dynamic; Normative; Interpretative Interpretative understanding, Critical evaluations dialogue Constantly, reconstructed in the light of values and utilities; Judged in the light of normative resources 3 Mathematics Numbers, Symbols and Logic, ‘Abstract thought’ Human construction and highly structured; Abstract Logical deductions Proof 4 Language Words, Grammar, culture Human construction but highly dynamic, inter-subjective and creative Narrations; Creative expressions Utilitarian www.indopraba.blogspot.com

19. Types of knowledge based on the nature of knowledge 1. Apriori Knowledge Apriori means “from before’ or ‘from earlier”. The priori knowledge depends upon what a person can derive from within himself. This is known as reasoning www.indopraba.blogspot.com

20. Types of knowledge based on the nature of knowledge 2 A Posteriori Knowledge A posteriori means ‘ from what comes later’ ‘from what comes after’ This is a reference to experience and using a different kind of reasoning called ‘inductive, to gain experience and knowledge This is based on observation and so it is also called as empirical knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

21. Types of knowledge based on the nature of knowledge 3. Explicit Knowledge Explicit knowledge is knowledge that is recorded and communicated through media. It is our libraries and databases. Anything from the sciences or arts can have elements that can be expressed in explicit knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

22. Types of knowledge based on the nature of knowledge 4 Tacit Knowledge Tacit knowledge cannot be expressed through media. For example, a person who is an expert musician cannot truly communicate his knowledge It means that he cannot immediately communicate how to play the instrument This knowledge must be acquired www.indopraba.blogspot.com

23. Types of knowledge based on the nature of knowledge Propositional Knowledge or Descriptive or Declarative Knowledge Propositional knowledge can be expressed in propositions, that is, expressed in declarative sentences. Mathematical equations are examples of propositional knowledge. Propositional knowledge is simply knowing something or having knowledge of something Hence if we read a computer programme or memorize it, then it is our propositional knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

24. Types of knowledge based on the nature of knowledge 6. Digital knowledge It is the knowledge that is useful in handling smart phones laptop etc www.indopraba.blogspot.com

25. Types of knowledge based on the nature of knowledge 7. Non-Propositional Knowledge or Procedural Knowledge Non-propositional knowledge is knowledge that can be used. It can be applied to something, such as a problem. It is acquired by “doing” The knowledge needed for developing anything practical is knowledge in practice, the theory of knowledge for practicing is knowledge and practice is knowledge of practice www.indopraba.blogspot.com

26. 1.2 skill A Skill is learning to carry out a task with pre-determined results often within a given amount of time, energy or both Skills can often be divided into domain general and domain-specific skills For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, team-work and leadership, self-motivation etc But domain specific skills would be useful only for a certain job Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used www.indopraba.blogspot.com

27. Types of skills A] Labour Skills The skills of workers such as electricians, masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, bakers, printers and other occupations that are economically productive B} Life Skills Life skills are problem-solving behaviours that are used appropriately and responsibly in the management of personal affairs. They are set of human skills, acquired by learning or teaching or direct experience, that are used to handle problems commonly encountered in daily human life www.indopraba.blogspot.com

28. skills [C] People skills Understanding ourselves and moderating our responses Talking effectively and empathizing accurately Building relationships of trust, respect, and productive interactions People skills are both psychological skills and social skills www.indopraba.blogspot.com

29. skills [D] Social Skills Social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others. The process of learning such skills is called ‘Socialization’ [E] Soft Skills Soft skills are related to emotional intelligence These are all cluster of personality traits, such as social graces, communication, personal habits, friendliness and optimism www.indopraba.blogspot.com

30. skills [F] Hard Skills Hard skills are any skills relating to a specific task. These skills are quantifiable Human Potential Approach to Skills Human potential approach to skill regards the contribution of skills to personal development in a broad perspective The aim of a human potential approach to skills development is to support the process of becoming fully functioning individuals, developing personal potential in any field (sports, arts, relations, science and others) including emotional skills According to Rogers this process “involves the stretching and growing of becoming more and more of one’s potentialities www.indopraba.blogspot.com

31. skills Definition of Skill Skill is defined as the proficiency, facility or dexterity that is acquired or developed through training or experience Meaning An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving cognitive skills, technical skills and interpersonal skills www.indopraba.blogspot.com

32. 1.3 Teaching Teaching at its most literal level is educating and imparting knowledge is the most fundamental part of a teacher’s job The act of teaching is personal No teachers are the same The way one teaches is unique to him and by teaching teacher personality is brought to the classroom Teacher’s personality, experiences and ambitions are brought in www.indopraba.blogspot.com

33. 1.3 Teaching One’s pedagogy is his teaching style that is it is shaped by his characteristics and influenced by his own education and becomes the guide he used to teach his students While establishing one’s teaching style, he should also be flexible enough to take the learning styles of his students into account Great teachers find balance between a curriculum- centred and a student centred approach www.indopraba.blogspot.com

34. Definition of teaching Teaching is the process of attending to pupil’s needs, experiences and feeling, and making specific interventions to help them learn particular things Meaning of Teaching Teaching includes the following functions Creating learning situations Motivating the child to learn Arranging for conditions which assist in the growth of the child’s mind and body www.indopraba.blogspot.com

35. Definition of teaching Utilizing the initiative and play urges of the children to facilitate learning Turning the children into creative beings Inspiring children with the nobility of thoughts, feelings, and actions www.indopraba.blogspot.com

36. Definition of teaching Giving information and explaining it Diagnosing learning problems Making curricular material and Evaluating, recording and reporting So, teaching meant to be the one which includes the above functions www.indopraba.blogspot.com

37. Nature of teaching Teaching is giving information Teaching is causing to learn Teaching is a matter of helping the child to respond to his environment in an effective manner Teaching is helping a child to adjust himself to his environment Teaching is stimulation and encouragement Teaching is guidance Teaching is formal as well as informal Teaching is both a conscious and an unconscious process Teaching is both an art and science www.indopraba.blogspot.com

38. teaching Teaching is an essential part of education. Its specific function is to impart knowledge, develop understanding and skills Quality teaching may be defined as the teacher’s ability to stimulate students intellectually and move them emotionally to instill in them love for learning and develop suitable skills and attitudes www.indopraba.blogspot.com

39. 1.4 training Training constitutes a basic concept in human resources development It is concerned with developing a particular skill to a desired standard by instruction and practice. Training is a highly useful tool that can bring an employee into a position where they can do their job correctly, effectively and conscientiously Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing a particular job www.indopraba.blogspot.com

40. Definition of training ‘Training is defined as the organized procedure by which people learn knowledge or skill for a definite purpose Training refers to the teaching and learning activities carried on for the primary purpose of helping members of organization acquire and apply the knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes needed for a particular job and organization www.indopraba.blogspot.com

41. training Training is also the act of increasing skills of an employee for doing a particular job Need for Training The need for training arises because of the following reasons 1] Environmental Changes Computerization and automation have resulted in many changes that require trained staff possessing enough skills. Training enriches the staff with the latest technology and knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

42. training 2] Organizational Complexity The technological upgradation has made organizations more complex So , in order to cope up with the complexities training is needed 3] Human Relations Every management has to maintain very good human relations, and this has made training as one of the basic conditions to deal with human problems www.indopraba.blogspot.com

43. training 4] Job Requirements and Organization Needs There is always a gap between organization’s requirements and the employees So, to fill the gap training is needed 5] Change in the Job Assignment Training is also needed when the employee is promoted to the higher level or transferred to another department www.indopraba.blogspot.com

44. Importance of training Trainings of employees and managers are essential in this changing environment It is an important activity of human resources development Training gives a lot of benefits to the employees such as improvements in efficiency and effectiveness, development of self confidence and assists everyone in self-management The stability and progress of the organization always depends on the training imparted to the employees Training becomes mandatory under each and every step of expansion and diversification Only training can improve quality and reduces the wastages to the minimum www.indopraba.blogspot.com

45. Types of training The following are the some of the training commonly used in organizations 1] Induction Training This is known as orientation training, for the new recruits in order to make them familiarize with the internal environment of an organization. It helps employees to understand the procedures, code of conduct, policies existing in that organization 2] Job Instruction Training This training provides an overview of the job and the experienced trainers demonstrate the entire job www.indopraba.blogspot.com

46. Types of training 3] Vestibule Training It is the training on actual work to be done by an employee but conducted away from the work place 4] Refresher Training This type of training is offered in order to incorporate the latest development in a particular field. This training is imparted to upgrade the skills of employees 5] Apprenticeship Training Apprentice is a worker who spends a prescribed period of time under a supervisor www.indopraba.blogspot.com

47. Methods of training There are various methods for giving training to the workers. The following shows the list of training methods Job rotation Coaching Job instruction Committee assignments and Internship training www.indopraba.blogspot.com

48. Methods of training B] Off-The-Job Training Methods Case study method Incident method Role play In basket method Business games Grid training Lectures Simulation Management education C onferences www.indopraba.blogspot.com

49. 1.5 Information Information is that which informs In other words, it is, the answer to a question of some kind It is also that from which data and knowledge can be derived Information is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of something www.indopraba.blogspot.com

50. 1.5 Information The word ‘information is derived from the Latin word ‘information’, which means to give form to the mind’. So information means giving idea or giving form to something www.indopraba.blogspot.com

51. definition It is defined as the knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance Meaning of Information Information is data that is accurate and timely It is specific and organized for a purpose, presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and it can lead to an increase in understanding www.indopraba.blogspot.com

52. Characteristics of information The following are the characteristic of information 1] Pragmatics Pragmatics is concerned with the purpose of communication. It focusses on the context and the intentions of information communicated to the individual 2] Semantics It is concerned with the meaning of a message conveyed in the communicative act Semantics considers the contents of information www.indopraba.blogspot.com

53. Characteristics of information 3 ] It is concerned with the form of information, its grammar and logic 4] Empirics It deals with the mode of transmission of information. It is the channels of communication of information, that is sound, light, electronic transmission etc The concept of information in the sense of knowledge communicated, plays a central role in today’s society. Information is an intangible as knowledge It can also be a process as in data processing, document processing etc Information is a key concept in sociology, political science and the economics Communication is the unity of meaning offer, information and understanding www.indopraba.blogspot.com

54. Characteristics of information Information in relation to knowledge is considered to have the following characteristics It is a raw data It is discrete Pre-meaning stage of knowledge Prerequisite to knowledge Preliminary level of knowledge It is about facts of known It is publicly available www.indopraba.blogspot.com

55. 1.6 Reason Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new, or existing information It is associated with human activities and it is the reasoning activity that is the basis of philosophy, science, language, mathematics and arts It can also be referred to as rationality It may be institutive reason or discursive reason www.indopraba.blogspot.com

56. 1.6 meaning of Reason The French word ‘raison’ is derived directly from Latin and this is the direct sources of the English word ‘reason’ Reasoning plays a significant role in adjusting to one’s environment It not only controls one’s cognitive activities, but also the total behavior and personality is affected by the proper or improper development of one’s reasoning ability It is essentially a cognitive ability and resembles thinking I www.indopraba.blogspot.com

57. 1.6 meaning of Reason Reason has the following aspects It has a definite goal It is an implicit act and involves problem-solving behavior It makes use of one’s previous knowledge and experiences In reasoning we try to explore mentally the cause of an event It is highly a symbolic function Reason or reasoning is regarded as a more serious or complex process that needs a well organized brain. Reason is a type of thought and logic involves the attempt to describe rules by which reasoning operates to that reasoning can be taught www.indopraba.blogspot.com

58. Definition of reason Garett “Reasoning is a step-wise thinking with a purpose or goal in mind” Gates “Reasoning is the term applied to a highly purposeful controlled selective thinking” Woodworth “In reasoning facts or principles furnished by recall, present observation or both are combined and examined to see what conclusion can be drawn from the combination www.indopraba.blogspot.com

59. reason Reasoning in this way may be termed as a highly specialized thinking which helps an individual to explore mentally the cause and effect relationship of an event or solution of a problem by adopting some well organized systematic steps based on previous experiences combined with the present observation www.indopraba.blogspot.com

60. Types of reason Reasoning may be classified into inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, inductive – creative reasoning, abductive reasoning, analogical reasoning and fallacious reasoning www.indopraba.blogspot.com

61. A] Inductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning we usually follow the process of induction Induction is a way of proving a statement or generalizing a rule or principle by proving or showing that if a statement or a rule is true in one particular case Therefore, starting from particular facts or instances one can formulate generalized principles and conclusions Example Iron expands when heated water also expands when heated Air also expands when heated Therefore all types of matter, that is solid, liquid and gas expand when heated So inductive reasoning is from particular to general www.indopraba.blogspot.com

62. b] deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a just opposite to inductive reasoning. Here one starts completely agreeing with some already discovered or pre-established generalized fact or principle and tries to apply it to particular cases Example Matter expands when heated Iron is a form of matter, so it expands when heated Hence deductive reasoning is from general to particular www.indopraba.blogspot.com

63. C] Inductive-creative reasoning It includes inductive area of reasoning and the creatively element in it Example We observed a large number of white swans on all continents and hypothesize that we need to protect by law all swans that are white but also black and red Thus we conclude that this type of reasoning cannot yield an absolutely certain conclusion, similar to inductive reasoning, but it can actually increases human knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

64. D] abductive reasoning In this reasoning we favour one conclusion above others, by attempting to falsely alternative explanations Example A doctor can find some symptoms in a patient may be many causes to them, and the doctor favours one cause for it www.indopraba.blogspot.com

65. E] analogical reasoning It is viewed as a form of inductive reasoning from a single example, so that the conclusive may be wrong. Inductive reasoning uses large number of examples for its conclusion from the particular to the general Example Premise 1. Socrates is human and male Premise 2. Beyonce is human Conclusion: Therefore Beyonce is male The above conclusion is wrong www.indopraba.blogspot.com

66. F] fallacious reasoning Flawed reasoning in arguments is known fallacious reasoning Bad reasoning within arguments can be because it commits either a formal fallacy or an informal fallacy Formal fallacy occur where there is a problem with the form or structure of the argument. An argument that contains a formal fallacy will always be invalid An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs due to a problem with the content, rather than mere structure of the argument www.indopraba.blogspot.com

67. 1.7 Belief Philosophers use the term ‘belief’ to refer to the attitude we have, roughly whenever we take something to be the case or regard it as true To believe something, in this sense, need not involve actively reflecting on it Philosophers characterize belief as a ‘propositional attitude, propositions are generally taken to be whatever it is that sentences express If two sentences express the same meaning, then they express the same propositions If two sentences differ in meaning they express different propositions So, a propositional attitude is the mental state of having some attitude or opinion about a proposition in which that proposition is true www.indopraba.blogspot.com

68. Definition of belief Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the like hood of something being true www.indopraba.blogspot.com

69. Meaning of belief Epistemologically we use the term “belief” to refer to personal attitudes associated with true or false ideas or concepts Belief does not require active introspection and thinking carefully about possible risks Example In the statement, “The S un will rise”, we simply assume that the sun will rise without any deep thinking, such a type of assuming is known as “belief” www.indopraba.blogspot.com

70. Types of belief 1] P sychological Beliefs Psychologically beliefs are divided into a) core beliefs, These beliefs involve active thoughts of an individual. Here we should make an active thinking to accept a belief and b) dispositional beliefs – These beliefs are ascribed to someone who has not thought about the issue Example If someone asked us, Do you believe tigers wearing dress?, then we would say without any thinking that we do not see tigers wearing dress www.indopraba.blogspot.com

71. 2] epistemological beliefs Epistemic beliefs are student’s beliefs in relation to the nature of knowledge, that is, what is knowledge? and does it evolve and where does knowledge come from? For example, one student may believe that knowledge comes from teacher and textbook, and they cannot be wrong. The other student may believe that one has an active participatory role in constructing knowledge, and what is seemed to be right requires good justification and reasoning The above two beliefs are examples for an inexperienced belief and an experienced beliefs of students www.indopraba.blogspot.com

72. Some types of beliefs (sociologically) Sociologically there are beliefs that may be classified into A] C ore beliefs B] Peripheral beliefs C} Disputable beliefs D] Apparently indisputable beliefs www.indopraba.blogspot.com

73. Core beliefs (social) These are the very essence of how are see ourselves, other people, the world and the future. These beliefs shapes our life. Examples of Positive Core Beliefs 1. I am a good student 2. I am liked by many 3. I am effective 4. I am powerful 5. I am fine 6. I am right www.indopraba.blogspot.com

74. Examples of negative core beliefs 1 . I am not good 2. I am not liked by many 3. I feel different to others 4. I am powerless 5.I am not feeling safe 6. I am defective www.indopraba.blogspot.com

75. Beliefs 2] Peripheral Beliefs These beliefs may be mild or strong. Mild beliefs are fan from the core beliefs, but strong beliefs are close to core beliefs 3] Indisputable Beliefs Some beliefs are strong so that these beliefs cannot be disputable to the individual 4] D isputable Beliefs These are mild beliefs so that they can be disputed by the individual www.indopraba.blogspot.com

76. Nature of belief Belief is personal and subjective feeling It may be shared by others It may be verified or it is beyond verification Prelinguistic experience may be called “belief” Preparedness for delayed reaction is belief It is pre-intellectual response to a situation It may be a unverified knowledge or a pre-verified stage of knowledge It may be an unquestionable knowledge www.indopraba.blogspot.com

77. 1.8 distinction between knowledge and skill S.No Knowledge Skill 1 Knowledge is theoretical in nature Skill is practical 2 It is learned from books, media or academic institutions It is developed by practice 3 It is theory It is the application of theory to a particular field 4 Knowledge is information acquired through reading, watching, listening etc Practice is the technique to acquire a skill 5 It can be transferred from one to another Without practice it cannot be transferred 6 Knowledge about social skill does not bring that skill Interaction with the people bring social skill 7 Knowledge can be acquired through observation Mere observation may not bring skill 8 Knowledge can be learned through sensory inputs It is acquired through combination of sensory input and output 9 Knowledge can be memorized and reproduced Skill cannot be reproduced from one’s memory 10 It is internal experience that others may not be aware of it It is demonstrated so that others may be aware of it www.indopraba.blogspot.com

78. 1.9 distinction between teaching & training S.No TEACHING TRAINING 1 Teaching is a process of educating a person Training is a technique frequently used to develop person’s skills 2 It is related to theoretical concepts It is related to practical application of knowledge 3 Teaching has less specific focus It has more specific focus 4 It seeks to impart new knowledge to a person It equips the person who has knowledge with tools to develop a specific skill 5 The main objective of teaching is to enrich the minds of students The main objective of training is to mould habits or performance of the individuals 6 Teaching is within the context of the academic world Training is associated with the commercial world 7 Teachers give feedback to their students Trainers receive feedback from the trainees 8 Teachers should have a good understanding about theoretical concept Trainers should have a practical exposure 9 There are various methods of imparting knowledge while teaching Mostly performance and how to use techniques practically are the methods in training www.indopraba.blogspot.com

79. 1.10 Distinction between knowledge & information S.NO Knowledge information 1 Knowledge is the factor that connects information together Information is fragments of knowledge 2 Knowledge derives meaning from information Information is data 3 Knowledge is non-existent without information Information is existent without knowledge 4 Knowledge is the building Information is the bricks or building blocks of knowledge 5 Knowledge is building pieced together by the bricks Information is that makes knowledge 6 Teaching a child random of information together makes knowledge Information is random facts 7 Knowledge is an unique set of facts acquired by experience Information is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as message 8 Knowledge consists of facts, truths and beliefs Information consists of facts and data organized to describe a particular situation 9 Knowledge is used to determine what a specific situation means Knowledge is applied to interpret information about the situation 10 Knowledge is derived from information Information is derived from data 11 Knowledge is defined as a set of high level facts that are obtained from interpretation of basic facts Information is defined as a set of basic facts without interpretation www.indopraba.blogspot.com

80. 1.11 distinction between reason & belief S.NO REASON BELIEF 1 It is objective It is subjective 2 It is not personal It involves the personal feeling 3 It can be verified with facts It may be verified or beyond verification 4 It is shared by others It may be shared by others 5 It is the product of active mental thinking process It may be accepted without active mental process of thinking 6 It makes use of previous knowledge and experience to achieve its goal It is not a goal-directed problem solving activity 7 It is a highly symbolic function It may not be symbolic 8 It is an implicit act for problem solving It may be implicit act but not for solving a problem 9 It is questionable and involves cause and effect It is unquestionable 10 It is an intellectual response to a situation It is a pre-intellectual response to a a situation www.indopraba.blogspot.com

81. www.indopraba.blogspot.com