Introduction to Consumer Behavior 7
Notice also that the phrase “exchange aspects” encompasses not only
product acquisition, purchase, and usage, but also product disposition, i.e.,
disposal. What we do with things we’re done using is of increasing concern
as our landfills overflow, our oceans become choked with human detritus,
and the recyclers who disassemble our electronic discards are sickened by the
toxic materials inside them.
The last thing to notice about the definition of consumer behavior is its
reference to products and services. We can claim ownership of any object,
physical or metaphorical, and we can objectify anything including other
sentient beings. In its broad sense, “products” may include goods, people,
nonhuman animals, and even ideas. And while we cannot own services, we
can and do consume them.
We see that consumer behavior encompasses many if not most of our daily
activities. Even when we sleep we are using beds and bed linens, and increas-
ing numbers of people are using sleep tracking devices. While products and
brands are usually not protagonists in our life narratives, they are part of the
context, some, like the tablet on which this book is being written, facilitat-
ing our daily work; others, like the suit you might wear to a job interview,
identifying your role to all concerned; still others, like a long-anticipated trip
abroad, lending exotic color, fun, and adventure to our stories.
Which Disciplines Inform the Study
of Consumer Behavior?
As an area of study, consumer behavior draws from several decades of research
in social sciences, including economics, psychology, sociology, and anthro-
pology. More recent advances in neuroscience knowledge and methods of
study have also attracted consumer behavior researchers seeking ever more
concrete and definitive ways of modifying marketing stimuli to elicit predict-
ably positive responses from consumers. Each of these disciplines provides a
lens through which a different aspect of consumer behavior becomes visible.
The traditional economist views consumer behavior as a reason-driven
quest to maximize utility, i.e., value for the money, with each purchase.
While that perspective has fallen out of favor from time to time, it has merit
in a world of skeptical consumers who have ready access to ever more prod-
uct and company information. It also captures the goal-oriented nature of
our cognitive processes and consequent behaviors. In the book Absolute
Value: What Really Influences Customers in the Age of (Nearly) Perfect Information
(2014), authors Itamar Simonson and Emanuel Rosen argue that consumers
can now choose brands based on their objective attributes rather than having
to rely on marketing hyperbole. We will explore these authors’ framework
later. For now, though, we return to our chronology of social science influ-
ences on consumer behavior.
In the 1950s, as Freudian psychoanalysis gained greater acceptance in the
U.S. and Europe, branding and sheer numbers of brands also rose. These two