Ethical and Unethical standards of writing RRL

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1. Ethical and unethical standards of writing rrl PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

2. ETHICAL STANDARDS OF WTING RRL Always acknowledge the source of information whether it is a primary source or secondary source . >> use the proper citation 2. Recognize the ideas, theories, and original conceptualizations of others. >>People who have contributed to your topic or helped you shape your topic should be properly acknowledge. 3. Be critical in the studies you will include in the literature review. >>major and minor studies that have significant contributions to your topic

3. UNETHICAL STANDARDS OF WTING RRL 1. Fabrication You as researcher are fabricating/ making up data or results and recording written in your literature. 2. Falsifying Documents You as researcher is editing research equipment, materials/ changing ideas or removing a result inaccuracy 3. Plagiarism You as researcher is claiming someone else idea, concepts, processes, results, phrases or words. An act of quoting/copying the exact word (original text) of the writer and passing it as your own words.

4. HOW CAN WE AVOID PLAGIARISM? Answer : PROPER USED OF CITATION CITATION >>>>A process of acknowledging resource materials in the research paper/ any academic paper

5. PURPOSES OF CITATION To give importance & respect to a person’s knowledge about a field. To give authority, validity and credibility to a person’s claim, conclusion and arguments. To prove your broad & extensive reading of authentic & relevant materials about your topic. To help readers find/ contact the sources of ideas easily. To permit the readers to check the accuracy of your work. To save yourself from plagiarism

6. STYLES OF CITATION 1.APA (American Psychological Association) Also called as Author-Date Style Used for natural and social sciences 2. MLA ( Modern Language Association) Sometimes called as Humanities Often used for literature, history and arts

7. 2 TYPES OF CITATION 1.IN-TEXT CITATION >> Acknowledging the resource material within the main body of the text like in the RRL EXAMPLE USING APA One study by Manalo (2015) reveals that…… The latest work by ( Lee, 2015) asserts that….. According to Abad et al. (2015) context/topic is…. ( Author’s surname-comma-year published) one or more authors EXAMPLE USING MLA One study by (Manalo 70) reveals that…… The latest work by (Lee 123) asserts that….. According to (Abad et al.: 54) states that………. ( Author’s surname-space-page) one author (Author’s surname-space-colon-page) two+ authors

8. 2 TYPES OF CITATION 2 .REFERENCING >> Acknowledging the resource material within the reference part of the book/paper. EXAMPLE USING APA BOOKS ::: Rizal, J. (1927) Noli Me Tangeri . 4 th Edition, Milan, USA: Phoenix Publishing House 2. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE : Bremmer , I. (2015, June 1) What Does America Stand For? Time Magazine, 16-21 3.ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER Calica , A. (2015, June 7) Noy willing to study Cha-cha proposal. The Philippine Star, pp. A-1. A-10 4. ONLINE MATERIALS 4.1) Signed article in a Magazine Duterte , R. July 16. “ Social-media networks.” Personality growth. http://www.inter.com/lol/labor.htm/ .

9. 2 TYPES OF CITATION 2 .REFERENCING >> Acknowledging the resource material within the reference part of the book/paper. 4.2) Unsigned Article in a Magazine “ Unstructured interview. August 2016.”Business Trends Magazine. http://www.BusTrendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ ctshoot.htmlz . 4.3) ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL: “ Linguistic competence.18 May 2016.” English Forum . http://www.jhu.edu/ English Studies Journal /vol. 83 /83.1strethson.html 4.4) ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER Lepanto, J.”globalization vs. climate change.” 21 December 2016. New Daily Life Star. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26world/28 MIDE.com

10. 2 TYPES OF CITATION 2 .REFERENCING >> Acknowledging the resource material within the reference part of the book/paper. 4.5) AN EDITORIAL “ Political Dynasty in the Philippines. 7 July 2016.” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer. http :// www.a-ping.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html 4.6) ONLINE BOOKS Litchen , F. D. 2016. American pragmatics. http: AMPRA 2 stex2014/14w0310txtz 4.7) CD-RM/ DISKETTE “ Domestic helper.” 2016. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2 nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford UP

11. 5 PATTERNS OF CITATION Paraphrasing Summarizing Direct Quotation Block Quotation/ Extract Tense of Verbs for Reporting

12. 5 PATTERNS OF CITATION 1. PARAPHRASING Stating someone else’s ideas, theories, or processes in your own words. I s taking the idea of a sentence or passage, and putting it into your own words . I s NOT copying the sentence and replacing or changing a few words to be different from the original/ “ patch writing” These results suggest that morning people, or early chronotypes —as measured on the morningness – eveningness continuum are more proactive than are evening types. Additionally, the misalignment of social and biological time, as assessed by the difference between rise times on weekdays and on free days, correlated with proactivity, suggesting that people with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay. Their biological schedules seem not to fit neatly into social demands (e.g., school, university, work schedules) as do those of less misaligned people. Randler , C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 39 (12), 2787-2797. Original Text Paraphrase Randler (2009) states that people who are naturally morning people often also display traits that are considered proactive. He also suggests that late risers may not show as many proactive traits because they naturally operate on a different sleep schedule (p. 2793). People who are naturally morning people have been shown to also display traits that are considered proactive, and late risers display fewer of these traits because they don’t get enough sleep on days when they have to go to work or school. ( Randler , 2009, p. 2793).

13. 5 PATTERNS OF CITATION 2. SUMMARIZING Providing the gist/ short version of the original literature. Consider the WH’s questions in capturing the key concepts These results suggest that morning people, or early chronotypes —as measured on the morningness – eveningness continuum are more proactive than are evening types. Additionally, the misalignment of social and biological time, as assessed by the difference between rise times on weekdays and on free days, correlated with proactivity, suggesting that people with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay. Their biological schedules seem not to fit neatly into social demands (e.g., school, university, work schedules) as do those of less misaligned people. Randler , C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 39 (12), 2787-2797. Original Text Summary Recent research shows that people who are not naturally early risers often have persistent issues adjusting themselves to the morning-oriented schedule of most schools and workplaces, and because of this may be less proactive in their behaviors ( Randler , 2009). The natural alignment of sleep schedules to work and school schedules allows early risers to have more energy and display proactive traits, while people who are natural late risers, and thus often combating sleep delay in adhering to regular schedules, display fewer of these traits ( Randler , 2009).

14. 5 PATTERNS OF CITATION 3 . DIRECT QUOTATION adopting necessary text. Use ellipsis points (…) to shorten a quote. Use it for the impact in your literature Using the words or ideas of the source independently and adding the author’s name in the in-text citation . These results suggest that morning people, or early chronotypes —as measured on the morningness – eveningness continuum are more proactive than are evening types. Additionally, the misalignment of social and biological time, as assessed by the difference between rise times on weekdays and on free days, correlated with proactivity, suggesting that people with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay. Their biological schedules seem not to fit neatly into social demands (e.g., school, university, work schedules) as do those of less misaligned people. Randler , C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 39 (12), 2787-2797. Original Text Direct Quotation “People with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay” ( Randler , 2009, p. 2793). Randler (2009) states that late risers have “a high misalignment of social and biological time” which results in a mismatch between their natural schedules and the normal workday (p. 2793). Sig nal phrase – using the author’s name in your own narrative, and then incorporating their idea or words into a sentence,

15. 5 PATTERNS OF CITATION 4 . EXTRAXT or BLOCK QUOTATION Copying the author’s exact words from 40-100 words. Using APA style, limit it with 8 lines Place at the center of the page with no indention It looks like a stanza in a poem This is usable in presenting proof in a result of qualitative research specifically in the statement of the participants The latest study by ( Hizon , 2015) reveals that the social nature of language. Stressing this nature of language, he says: Language features result from the way people use language to meet their social needs. In their inter- action, they use language to describe, compare, ag- ree , explain, disagree and so on. Each language func - tion requires a certain set of language features like noun for naming, adjective for comparing, verbs for agreeing, preposition for directing and conjunction for connecting ideas (p. 38)

16. 5 PATTERNS OF CITATION 5 . TENSE OF VERBS FOR REPORTING Active verb is the most effective word used in reporting author’s ideas. Present tense >>>>>>>>> Marcos explains ……………….. b) Past tense >>>>>>>>> Marcos explained ……………… c) Present perfect tense >>>>>>>>> Marcos has explained ……………