Ethics MORAL THEORIES Lesson 1 Final.pptx

MORAL THEORIES

1. MORAL THEORIES

2. 111111111111111111

3. The End!

5. THE TROLLEY PROBLEM

» You have two options:
1. Do nothing and allow the trolley to kill the five
people on the main track.
2. Pull the lever, diverting the trolley onto the side
track where it will kill one person.

6. QUESTION:
What is the right thing to do?

7. MORAL THEORIES

8. MORAL THEORY

> Moral — of, relating to, or concerned with the
principles of right and wrong

> Theory — set of accepted beliefs or organized
principles that explain and guide analysis

9. MORAL THEORY

>It is an explanation of what makes an action right or
what makes a person or thing good.

10. Moral Theory vs Moral Code

» Moral code is simply a set of rules.

>The rules in a moral code inevitably conflict but
provide no means for resolving their inconsistencies.

11. ORD,
RSHIP THE
COD AND HIM
NLL YOU SERVE.

Ss JALL NOT T TAKE TH
F THE LORD 1908 Gop

12. Moral Theory vs Moral Code

» Moral theory identifies the essence of rightness

» A moral theory provides us with very general norms,
or standards, that can help us make sense of our
moral experiences, judgments, and principles.

13. MORAL THEORY

» There are moral theories of value and theories of
obligations.

14. Theories of Value

» There are moral theories concerned with the
goodness of persons or things.

15. Value

> Value can be either intrinsic or instrumental.

> Something has intrinsic value: if it has inherent worth
in itself

> Something has instrumental value: if something is

considered as a means towards achieving a certain
end.

16. Mahalaga Ka
kasi kailangan Ka.

17. Kailangan ka
Kast mahalaga Ka.

18. Theories of Obligation

» These are moral theories concerned with the
rightness or wrongness of actions.

>There are consequentialist, nonconsequentialist, and
alternative moral theories.

19. 2
8
(or Teleology) À

> E
EGOSM Y
WHATIS IN UMUTARIANISM

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ALL

STAKEHOLDERS
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NON-CONSERUENTIAL

or Deontology)

THEORIES

Y
KANT
WHATISMY

OTHERS
considering

^ | 册
Universal Law YW Goodwill

Means vs ends

Arrernarveé
(or Virtue theories) =
¿
TÍ IS
Ene
AMI BEING AN ETHIC OF CIRE
PERSON AMI SHOWING
SON CARE

FR OTHERS N MY

?

20. NONCONSEQUENTIALIST THEORIES

» These are also known as deontological theories.

» These theories say that the rightness of an action
does not depend entirely on its consequences.

» It depends on the nature of the action itself.

21. Divine Command Theory

» It asserts that the morally right action is the one that
God commands.

22. ORD,
RSHIP THE
COD AND HIM
NLL YOU SERVE.

Ss JALL NOT T TAKE TH
F THE LORD 1908 Gop

23. il E AA 90 | マ
we ピー

区

+8 21

24. Natural Law Theory

» A theory asserting that the morally right action is the
one that follows the dictates of nature.

25. "TH TRUTH TRUTH TRU

RUTH TRUTH TRUTH TRU

26. Natural Law Theory

» People are supposed to live according to natural
law 一 that is, they are to fulfill their rightful, natural
purpose.

» The things that we are designed to seek are called
basic goods.

27. The Basic Goods

Life

Reproduction

Educate one’s offspring
Seek God

Live in society

Avoid offense

의 의 Or a ID 2

Shun ignorance

28. Kant’s Theory

» It asserts that the morally right action is the one done
in accordance with the categorical imperative.

29. Kant’s Theory

> Hypothetical imperative: a moral command that is
conditional on personal motive or desire.

> Categorical imperative: a moral law that is
unconditional or absolute for all agents

30. Categorical Imperative

> Universalizability principle: “Act only on that maxim
through which you can at the same time will that it
should become a universal law.”

» Formula of Humanity: “Act so that you treat
humanity, whether in your own person or in that of
another, always as an end, and never as a means.”

33. CONSEQUENTIALIST THEORIES

» These are also known as teleological theories.

» These theories say that what makes an action right is
its consequences.

> Specifically, the rightness of an action depends on
the amount of good it produces.

34. Ethical Egoism

» It asserts that the morally right action is the one that
produces the most favorable balance of good over
evil for oneself.

» That is, in every situation the right action is the one
that advances one’s own best interests.

36. Utilitarianism

» It asserts that the morally right action is the one that
produces the most favorable balance of good over
evil, everyone considered.

38. Utilitarianism

»Principle of utility: “We should act always so as to
produce the greatest good for the greatest number.”

>It treats intentions as irrelevant.

39. Types of Utilitarianism

> Act-utilitarianism: right actions are those that
directly produce the greatest overall good, everyone
considered.

> Rule-utilitarianism: the morally right action is the
one covered by a rule that if generally followed would
produce the most favorable balance of good over
evil, everyone considered.

40. It's more important to do the
right thing than to do things right.

41. The End!