EVS_PPT_final.pptx

Its PPt presentation on 18CIV59 subject
2018 Scheme engineering

1. Bangalore institute of technology VV Puram, Bangalore-04 18CIV59{Environmental Studies} Guided By: Ranjana K Assistant professor. Presented By: B.I.T. Srujan S Tarun B R

2. ECOLOGY & EN V IRON M ENT

3. Concept of Ecology

4. Ecosystem : Open system & Flexible Biosphere contains both Biotic and Abiotic components Biotic components include flora and fauna Abiotic components include water, light, temperature etc The interaction between Biotic and Abiotic components, where they exchange energy and matter is called as Ecology Ecosystem is a unit of Ecology.

5. Components of Ecosystem

6. * Light : Sciophytes & Heliophytes Sciophytes are the Shade loving plant Heliophytes the just need more sunlight Abiotic Factors

7. Megatherm - High temperature through out year Mesotherm - Alternate high & low temperature Microtherm - Low temperature Hekistotherm - Very low temperature Temperature

8. Water 1. Heavy rain through out year. 2. Heavy rain during winter & low during summer. 3. Heavy rain during summer & low during winter. 4. Scanty rainfall.

9. Edaphic Factors

10. Neutral pH is ideal for Agriculture

11. Producers (Autotrophs) : Photoautotrophs & Chemoautotrophs a) Photoautotrophs Biotic Factors

12. N I T R O B ACTER NITROSOMONAS b) Chemoautotroph s

13. Herbivorous Ex: eats plants (Cow) Carnivorous Ex: eats flesh (Tiger) Omnivorous Ex:eats both plants and flesh(Dog) Detritivorous Ex:eats undecomposed dead plants and animals Consumers (Heterotrophs)

14. Decomposers

15. First Law – “Law of Conservation of Energy”. “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can be transferred as well as transformed”. Second Law – “There is always loss of energy during transformation” Two Laws of Thermodynamics

16. Flow of energy or sequence of eating or being eaten up is “ Food Chain ” It provides “ Structural Stability ” to ecosystem. Each stage is represented by separate “ Tropics ” Organisation & pattern of feeding is “ Tropic Structure ”

17. Example of Food Chain

18. 1. Gross Primary Production ( GPP )- Total energy produced. 2. R – Energy lost. 3. Net Primary Production ( NPP )- Energy transferred. 4. “ Amount of Living Material ” or “ Standing Crop ” – Energy in each Tropics. 5. Ecological Efficiency - Amount of energy transferred. ( 10% ) Important Terms

19. Community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific environment. It is functional unit of Biosphere. It is flexible. It is Open system. “An ecosystem is a functional unit composed of a biotic community integrated with its physical non-living environment through flow of energy & nutrients” 2021 – 30 : “Decade of Ecosystem Restoration” Ecosystem

20. Grazing Food Chain Detrital Food Chain Types of Food Chain

21. “ F o o d W e b ” – P ro v ides alte r nativ e a r ran g em e n t for pos s i bl e m aintenance of stability of Ecosystem.

22. Levels of Organization in Ecology

23. Functional position or role of organism in environment. It comprises of Habitat Activity pattern of organism Resource it obtains from habitat . Ecological Niche

24. Broad & Narrow Ecological Niche

25. Organisms that occupy same or similar “Ecological Niches” in different geographical regions. (Convergent Evolution) Result of “ Convergent Adaptation ”. Ecological Equivalent

26. Interactions between & among the organisms. 1. Mutualism - Both benefit each other. Ecological Relations

27. 2. Commensalism - One organism get benefits while other is neither helped nor harmed. 3. Parasitism- “Parasitism is defined as the relationship between different species in which one organism lives on or in the other organism and benefits from it by causing some harm.”

28. 4. Predation : Same as parasites here one oraganism is killed and other is benefited by that Competition Consumptive or Exploitative – For resources Interference – For territory Preemptive – For new territory by arriving first. 6. Amensalism- The presence of one species has a negative effect on another, but the first species is unaffected.

29. Bearded Dragon Arctic Ground Squirrel Torpor, Hibernation, Brumation & Estivation

30. Gr a p h ic a l r e pre s en t a t ion o f r e lationship bet w e e n differ e n t org a nisms in ecosystem. Represents Tropical structure & Functioning of Ecosystem. Ecological Pyramid

31. Pyramid of Numbers

32. Based on “ Total Biomass ” (dry matter) at each level. (Total mass of organism at each tropic level). It shows more accurate representation of amount of energy contained in each tropic level. Pyramid of Biomass

33. Gives best representation of Tropic relationship. Pyramid of Energy

34. “Benefits obtained from ecosystem to humankind ( Resources& Process )” Ecosystem Services

35. All ecosystem regulate & maintain themselves under a set of Environmental condition. Any environmental stress tries to disturb the normal ecological function, ecosystem by itself tries to resist the change & maintain itself into equilibrium. Inherent property of all living system to resist change. Ecosystem Regulation : Homeostasis

36. Ecosystem is always in state of “ Dynamic equilibrium ”. Ecosystem survives in set of maximum & minimum values of environmental stress (Ecological amplitude) referred as “ Homeostasis Plateau ”. E c ological Am plitude : Limi t s or range of environ m ent a l c o nditions , within which an organism can live & function. Negative feedback mechanism brings back ecosystem into normal condition. Positive feedback mechanism leads to further stress & collapse of ecosystem.

37. “Orderly process of change in community structure & function with time mediated through modification in physical environment & ultimately leading to stabilized ecosystem”. It may be Autogenic- By living inhabitant of that community itself. Allogeneic- By outside factor. Ecological Succession

38. Orderly progression of change- “Sere” Process of Succession

39. 1. Nudation - Creation of bare area, either by destruction of existing ecosystem or newly created area (volcanic activity, earthquake etc.) Invasion - Entry of first successful reproductive species on bare area created. It is referred as “Pioneer”. Co-operation & Competition – Initially there exist cooperation, later when species increases, competition for food, space etc. (Inter-species & Intra- species). Stabilization – It is also referred as “Climax community”. More stable community.

40. Primary Succession – “presere” Types of Ecological succession

41. Secondary Succession- “Old field Succession” – “subsere”

42. THANK YOU