Expository & Argumentative Essays -Essays

Expository & Argumentative Essays.ppt

1. In the Name of GodIn the Name of God
Advanced WritingAdvanced Writing
Introduction to the Expository & Argumentative EssaysIntroduction to the Expository & Argumentative Essays
By:By:
Mahmood HashemianMahmood Hashemian
Session 3Session 3

2. Expository EssaysExpository Essays
•ExpositionExposition:: to reveal, explain, or analyze to reveal, explain, or analyze
•Exposition refers to prose whose primary purpose is Exposition refers to prose whose primary purpose is
giving information. giving information.
•Encyclopedias, dictionaries, news magazines, book reports, Encyclopedias, dictionaries, news magazines, book reports,
political analyses, laboratory and business reports may be political analyses, laboratory and business reports may be
classified as exposition.classified as exposition.
•An expository essay is more than a collection of facts, An expository essay is more than a collection of facts,
figures, and details. figures, and details.
•A good expository essay must have two features:A good expository essay must have two features:

3. •First, it must contain a First, it must contain a thesis statementthesis statement clarifying clarifying
writer’s purpose and position.writer’s purpose and position.
•SecondSecond,, it should be it should be organizedorganized in such a way that in such a way that
body paragraphs explain and support the body paragraphs explain and support the thesisthesis..
•NoteNote:: The writer’s main purpose is not only to The writer’s main purpose is not only to
informinform readers but also readers but also convinceconvince them that this them that this
essay explains the subject in a essay explains the subject in a logicallogical and and clearclear
way.way.
•Strategies of Exposition:Strategies of Exposition:
There are some ways to organize an expository There are some ways to organize an expository
essay. This organization depends on your purpose:essay. This organization depends on your purpose:

4. •ExamplesExamples
•Process analysisProcess analysis
•Comparison & contrastComparison & contrast
•Definition Definition
•ClassificationClassification
•Causal analysisCausal analysis

Note:Note: An essay is rarely developed completely by a An essay is rarely developed completely by a
single strategy.single strategy.

5. Strategy # 1: Development by ExamplesStrategy # 1: Development by Examples
•Examples must be chosen carefully. Examples must be chosen carefully.
•In this way, you may use personal experiences, In this way, you may use personal experiences,
hypothetical conditions, anecdotes, research material, hypothetical conditions, anecdotes, research material,
facts, testimony, or any combination thereof to facts, testimony, or any combination thereof to illustrateillustrate
and and supportsupport your essays. your essays.
•Two Types of Examples Two Types of Examples
•Brief example (short): Brief example (short): This contains several shorter This contains several shorter
examples.examples.
•Extended example (long):Extended example (long): This contains long and detailed This contains long and detailed
examples.examples.

6. •NoteNote:: Extended examples are more useful than Extended examples are more useful than
shorter ones.shorter ones.
•NoteNote:: Good examples can explain and clarify Good examples can explain and clarify
unfamiliar abstracts or difficult concepts for the unfamiliar abstracts or difficult concepts for the
reader, e.g., explainingreader, e.g., explaining NewtonNewton’’s law of gravity s law of gravity
with the familiar example of an apple falling with the familiar example of an apple falling
from a tree.from a tree.
•Vivid examples hold the readerVivid examples hold the reader’’s attention while s attention while
you explain the points.you explain the points.

7. •Points to Be Applied in Writing ExamplesPoints to Be Applied in Writing Examples
•All examples should be All examples should be relevantrelevant..
•All examples should be chosen All examples should be chosen carefullycarefully..
•There must be enough examples to make the points clear There must be enough examples to make the points clear
and and persuasivepersuasive..
•Arrange the essay in a way that has Arrange the essay in a way that has coherencecoherence
characteristic.characteristic.
•Note:Note: This strategy is the most widely used of all the This strategy is the most widely used of all the
expository strategies.expository strategies.

8. Strategy # 2: Process AnalysisStrategy # 2: Process Analysis
•Process analysis identifies and explains what steps must be Process analysis identifies and explains what steps must be
taken to complete an operation or process. taken to complete an operation or process.
•There are two kinds of such essays:There are two kinds of such essays:
•Directional:Directional: It tells the reader how to do or make sth (it It tells the reader how to do or make sth (it
gives directions).gives directions).
•ExamplExample: e: When you tell your friends how to find your house, or When you tell your friends how to find your house, or
how to repair a car, how to become a millionaire, or a cook book how to repair a car, how to become a millionaire, or a cook book
full of recipe providing directions for preparing dishes.full of recipe providing directions for preparing dishes.
•Informative:Informative: It tells the reader how sth is made or done or It tells the reader how sth is made or done or
how something works. how something works.
•Example:Example: How scientists discovered polio vaccine. How chewing How scientists discovered polio vaccine. How chewing
gum is made.gum is made.

9. •Note: Note: What is the difference between directional and What is the difference between directional and
informative process?informative process?
•Informative processInformative process is not necessarily designed to is not necessarily designed to telltell
people how to do it. It people how to do it. It describesdescribes the steps by which the steps by which
someone other than the reader makes something. someone other than the reader makes something.
•Advice for Writing Process Essays:Advice for Writing Process Essays:
•Select an appropriate subject. Select an appropriate subject.
•Describe necessary equipment and define special terms.Describe necessary equipment and define special terms.
•State your steps in a chronological order. State your steps in a chronological order.
•Explain steps clearly and accurately. Explain steps clearly and accurately.
•Organize steps effectively.Organize steps effectively.

10. Strategy # 3: Development by Strategy # 3: Development by
Comparison & ContrastComparison & Contrast
•To write these essays, use linking words such as To write these essays, use linking words such as nextnext, ,
thenthen, , finallyfinally, , firstfirst, , secondsecond, , followingfollowing, , whenwhen, , at leastat least, etc. in , etc. in
orderorder to avoid the effect of a mechanical list. to avoid the effect of a mechanical list.
•When you write a comparison or contrast essay, the When you write a comparison or contrast essay, the
opinionopinion about the two elements in question becomes about the two elements in question becomes
your your thesis statementthesis statement..
•Point out similarities and differences between two Point out similarities and differences between two
things with enough common ground to merit things with enough common ground to merit
meaningful discussion. meaningful discussion.

11. •There are two principal patterns of organization for There are two principal patterns of organization for
these essays:these essays:
•Point by PointPoint by Point: : Body paragraphs compare or Body paragraphs compare or
contrast the two subjects first on point one, then contrast the two subjects first on point one, then
on point two, then on point three, and so on. on point two, then on point three, and so on.
•Thesis Example:Thesis Example: Azadi School is better than Resalat School Azadi School is better than Resalat School
because of its superior teachers, service, and education. because of its superior teachers, service, and education.
•Point 1: A: Azadi Point 1: A: Azadi
B: ResalatB: Resalat
Teachers Teachers
•Point 2: A: AzadiPoint 2: A: Azadi
B: ResalatB: Resalat
ServiceService
•Point 3: A: AzadiPoint 3: A: Azadi
B: ResalatB: Resalat
EducationEducation

12. •The Block: The Block: This method presents body paragraphs This method presents body paragraphs
in which the writer first discusses subject A on in which the writer first discusses subject A on
points 1, 2, and 3 and then discusses subject B on points 1, 2, and 3 and then discusses subject B on
the same points.the same points.
•Thesis Example: Thesis Example: Azadi School is a better private school than Azadi School is a better private school than
Resalat because of its superior teachers, service, and education.Resalat because of its superior teachers, service, and education.
•A: Azadi A: Azadi
Point 1: Point 1: TeachersTeachers
Point 2: Point 2: ServiceService
Point 3: Point 3: EducationEducation
•B: ResalatB: Resalat
Point 1: Point 1: TeachersTeachers
Point 2: Point 2: ServiceService
Point 3: Point 3: EducationEducation

13. Strategy # 4: Development by DefinitionStrategy # 4: Development by Definition
•Writers sometimes use a dictionary definition or one or Writers sometimes use a dictionary definition or one or
two sentence explanations or sometimes a brief, two sentence explanations or sometimes a brief,
humorous definition in this strategyhumorous definition in this strategy..
•Note:Note: Extended Definition: Extended Definition: It is a longer, more detailed It is a longer, more detailed
explanation that defines the subject. For example, explanation that defines the subject. For example,
definition of definition of ““sociolinguistic competencesociolinguistic competence”” needs extended needs extended
definition.definition.
•Why definition?Why definition?
•To clarify an abstract term or concept To clarify an abstract term or concept
•To provide a personal interpretation To provide a personal interpretation

14. •To explain a new or unusual term found in a To explain a new or unusual term found in a
popular culture, slang, dialect, etc. popular culture, slang, dialect, etc.
•To make understandable the language or technical To make understandable the language or technical
terms of a field of study or an industry terms of a field of study or an industry
•To offer information about a term or an idea to a To offer information about a term or an idea to a
particular audience particular audience
•To inform and entertain by presenting the colorful To inform and entertain by presenting the colorful
history uses, effects, etc.history uses, effects, etc.
•SuggestionsSuggestions in this respect: in this respect:
•Know your purpose. Know your purpose.
•Give your readers a reason to read. Give your readers a reason to read.
•To avoid problems of clarity, keep your audience in To avoid problems of clarity, keep your audience in
your mind. your mind.

15. •Use as many strategies as necessary to clarify your Use as many strategies as necessary to clarify your
definition. definition.
•Don’t use Don’t use circular definition:circular definition:
•Don’t just rename a word. Define it.Don’t just rename a word. Define it.
•Note:Note: If your definition is If your definition is objectiveobjective, the language , the language
should be as natural as possible.should be as natural as possible.
•Note: Note: If your definition isIf your definition is subjectivesubjective, the point of , the point of
view must be obvious to the reader.view must be obvious to the reader.

16. Strategy # 5: Development by Strategy # 5: Development by
Division & Classification Division & Classification
•To make a large or complex subject easier to To make a large or complex subject easier to
comprehend, we apply this strategy.comprehend, we apply this strategy.
•DivisionDivision:: dividing, separating, or breaking apart one dividing, separating, or breaking apart one
subjectsubject
•ClassificationClassification:: systematically grouping asystematically grouping a number of number of
things into categories to make the information easier to things into categories to make the information easier to
graspgrasp
•Without it, the body information can be a jumble of Without it, the body information can be a jumble of
facts and figures. facts and figures.
•The difference between division and classification:The difference between division and classification:
•ClassificationClassification sorts and organizes many things into sorts and organizes many things into
appropriate groups, types, or categories, but appropriate groups, types, or categories, but divisiondivision
begins with begins with one thingone thing and separates it into its parts.and separates it into its parts.

17. •SuggestionsSuggestions in this respect: in this respect:
•Select one principle of classification or Select one principle of classification or
division and stick to it. division and stick to it.
•Make purpose of your division/classification Make purpose of your division/classification
clear to your audience. clear to your audience.
•Account for all the parts in your Account for all the parts in your
division/classification.division/classification.
•Note:Note: A classification essay should have, at A classification essay should have, at
least, least, 33 categories, avoiding the either-or categories, avoiding the either-or
dichotomy.dichotomy.

18. Strategy # 6: Development by Casual Analysis Strategy # 6: Development by Casual Analysis
•This strategy explains the This strategy explains the cause-and-effect cause-and-effect
relationshiprelationship between two or more elements. between two or more elements.
•Cause:Cause: When you discuss the condition producing When you discuss the condition producing
sthsth (e.g., Asking why x happens).(e.g., Asking why x happens).
•EffectEffect:: When you discuss the result produced by sth When you discuss the result produced by sth
(e.g., Asking what does y produce?). (e.g., Asking what does y produce?).
•For For exampleexample, you may study the cause and effect of the , you may study the cause and effect of the
civil war in your class.civil war in your class.

19. •Some Some pointspoints for writing cause-and-effect for writing cause-and-effect
strategy:strategy:
•Present a reasonable thesis statement. Present a reasonable thesis statement.
•Limit your essay to a discussion of major Limit your essay to a discussion of major
causes or effects. causes or effects.
•Organize your essay clearly (depending on Organize your essay clearly (depending on
your focus on the your focus on the causecause or the or the effecteffect of of
sth).sth).

20. ArgumentationArgumentation

•The main purpose of this writing is to continue The main purpose of this writing is to continue
or or persuadepersuade the reader to agree with the point the reader to agree with the point
of view of the writer.of view of the writer.
•An An argumentargument is used when people is used when people disagreedisagree
about sth.about sth.
•One side gives a different opinion and offers One side gives a different opinion and offers
reasons in support of his or her stand.reasons in support of his or her stand.

21. •Note:Note: The kind of issue that can be argued logically is The kind of issue that can be argued logically is
one based on an opinion that can be supported by one based on an opinion that can be supported by
evidenceevidence such as facts, examples, etc. such as facts, examples, etc.
•StepsSteps in writing argumentative essays: in writing argumentative essays:
•Avoid attacking the reader with your statement. Avoid attacking the reader with your statement.
•Be aware of your reader. Be aware of your reader.
•Assume the reader disagrees with you and begin to Assume the reader disagrees with you and begin to
convince him or her.convince him or her.
•Note:Note: Try to understand your opponents’ point of view; Try to understand your opponents’ point of view;
otherwise, you aren’t likely to convince them.otherwise, you aren’t likely to convince them.

22. •OrganizingOrganizing the argumentative essays: the argumentative essays:
•Pattern # 1:Pattern # 1:
ParagraphParagraph 1: Introduction/introduce the 1: Introduction/introduce the
problem problem ParagraphParagraph 2: Background 2: Background
informationinformation
ParagraphParagraph 3: Reason 1 3: Reason 1
ParagraphParagraph 4: Reason 2 4: Reason 2
Paragraph Paragraph 5: Concede or refute your 5: Concede or refute your
opponent’s opponent’s reason. reason.
ParagraphParagraph 6: Summarizing 6: Summarizing

23. •Pattern # 2:Pattern # 2:
Paragraph Paragraph 1: The same as above1: The same as above
ParagraphParagraph 2: The same as above 2: The same as above
ParagraphParagraph 3: Opponent’s argument 1 with 3: Opponent’s argument 1 with
your refutation your refutation
ParagraphParagraph 4: Opponent’s argument 2 with 4: Opponent’s argument 2 with
your refutation your refutation
ParagraphParagraph 5: Summarizing 5: Summarizing

24.   
•Pattern # 3:Pattern # 3:
ParagraphParagraph 1: The same as above 1: The same as above
ParagraphParagraph 2: The same as above 2: The same as above
ParagraphParagraph 3:Present your first point and then 3:Present your first point and then
refute your opposition’s claim. refute your opposition’s claim.
ParagraphParagraph 4: Present your second point and 4: Present your second point and
then then refute your opposition’s claim. refute your opposition’s claim.
ParagraphParagraph 5: Summarizing 5: Summarizing

27. Part Two: (2)Part Two: (2)
DescriptionDescription: : The writer of this type of essay The writer of this type of essay
creates a word picture of people, places and creates a word picture of people, places and
emotion using a careful selection of details to emotion using a careful selection of details to
make an impression on reader.make an impression on reader.
There are two ways to write Descriptive Essays:There are two ways to write Descriptive Essays:
• Use sensory detailsUse sensory details
•Use figurative language (e.g. metaphors, Use figurative language (e.g. metaphors,
simile, personification, hyperbole).simile, personification, hyperbole).
Some suggestions in writing descriptive Some suggestions in writing descriptive
essays:essays:
•Describe clearly and with detailsDescribe clearly and with details
•Recognize your purposeRecognize your purpose
•Select only appropriate detailsSelect only appropriate details

28. DescriptionDescription: : The writer of this type of essay The writer of this type of essay
creates a word picture of people, places and creates a word picture of people, places and
emotion using a careful selection of details to emotion using a careful selection of details to
make an impression on reader.make an impression on reader.
There are two ways to write Descriptive There are two ways to write Descriptive
Essays:Essays:
• Use sensory detailsUse sensory details
•Use figurative language (e.g. metaphors, Use figurative language (e.g. metaphors,
simile, personification, hyperbole).simile, personification, hyperbole).
Some suggestions in writing descriptive Some suggestions in writing descriptive
essays:essays:
•Describe clearly and with detailsDescribe clearly and with details
•Recognize your purposeRecognize your purpose
•Select only appropriate detailsSelect only appropriate details

29. Note: Note: The most logical way for organizing The most logical way for organizing
description is arranging in spatial order description is arranging in spatial order
(space from top to bottom, left to right). (space from top to bottom, left to right).
The processes of composing a The processes of composing a
descriptive essay:descriptive essay:
1.1.Select a subjectSelect a subject
2.2.Draft a topic sentenceDraft a topic sentence
3.3.Outline in spatial orderOutline in spatial order
4.4.Draft and reviseDraft and revise
What is an essay?What is an essay?
An essay is a complex but unified piece of An essay is a complex but unified piece of
writing.writing.

30. The Elements of Essays:The Elements of Essays:
IntroductionIntroduction::
• Attracts the reader’s interest.Attracts the reader’s interest.
•States the essay ‘point in a thesis States the essay ‘point in a thesis
statement.statement.
•Helps readers predict what will follow.Helps readers predict what will follow.
BodyBody::
•Fulfills the reader’ prediction. Fulfills the reader’ prediction.
•Develop the blueprint.Develop the blueprint.

31. ConclusionConclusion::
•Summarizes essay in one paragraph.Summarizes essay in one paragraph.
Composing Essays:Composing Essays:
•ThinkingThinking
•Exploring your ideasExploring your ideas
PrewritingPrewriting
1.1.Organizing your ideaOrganizing your idea
Writing a first draftWriting a first draft
•Revising the draftRevising the draft
• producing the final copyproducing the final copy