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object. It is thus only possible for us to perceive differences. Where and how much,
but not what. A statement about quality is not transmitted by our sensory cells. The
“what”, that is, reality, can thus only be a constructional achievement of our brains.
Fortunately, such a construction does not lead to solipsism, since we match con-
structed realities with our experiential values and especially with those of other
people as well as their constructions. Thus, in order to create realities, at least two
people, or better a group of people, are needed to exchange their respective experi-
ences. To recognize such aligned experience values, the so-called eigenvalues, is
extremely important in order to be able to understand and guide a group. If the
group is in a rather anxious state, for example, due to daily overload or structural
constraints, the common construction will also be rather anxious. This reduction of
valuation and the hierarchical classication associated with it is indispensable for
the development of an understanding of complex structures and the discovery of
patterns, as is necessary, for example, in map work or other forms of visualization.
In dealing with the dynamic challenges or disturbances of the system, therefore,
the wise insight of Herbert Br?n applies: ?The denition of a problem, as well as
the actions taken to solve it, depends largely on the perspective in which the indi-
viduals or groups who have discovered the problem conceive of the system with
which the problem is related” (Brün 1971. 24th “Annual Conference on World
Affairs”, University of Colorado). This statement implies two things. One is the
group’s preoccupation with its own attitude or approach to the challenge, and the
other is the implicit introduction of the “target group” as recipients or users.
The introduction, or rediscovery, of the target group as an elementary compo-
nent of communication and production processes has led to many effective solution
processes in recent years, such as design thinking. However, it seems equally im-
portant to me to take a closer look at the construction processes within groups, not
least because these processes undoubtedly pose extraordinary challenges to facili-
tation. Facilitation becomes a complex undertaking. It cannot be reduced to the
professional use of methods. For successful process facilitation, it needs a whole
range of competencies, including from systemics and neurology, in order to under-
stand the phenomena of the construction process in groups and to be able to steer
them naturally.
It is a central task of facilitation, especially in innovation processes, to nd and
name these orders and patterns in dynamic systems together with the group. Heinz
von Foerster suggested using the length of the mathematical formula needed to
describe the system as a value for the disorder or entropy within a system. The bet-
ter facilitation is at shortening this formula by setting up systems of order and tak-
ing them as given, the more information it takes out of the system. However, the
goal, and unfortunately also the imposition for the facilitation and the group, is to
Foreword