Factors affecting growth and development

Factors affecting growth and development
Promoting conceptual learning
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of sind; Faculty of education; Pakistan

1. SEHRISH SHOUKAT 2K18/ 74 HDL Assigned by: Dr. Amjad Ali Arain UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JAMSHORO

2. CONTENTS Factors affecting on growth and development Social Learning Theory By Albert Bandura

3. Factors effecting on Growth and Development

4. Growth Refers to quantitative changes in size, include physical changes, in height, weight, internal organs, etc

5. Development Refers to qualitative changes taking place simultaneously with quantitative changes of growth. Such as Gross and fine motor development, capacity to speak, able to eat, draw picture, cognitive and thinking ability, understanding and problem solving capacity, social interaction with others, making new friends, having sympathy for others etc.

6. Factors affecting on Growth and Development Heredity Environment Physical Psychological Social Pre & Postnatal Genetic disorder Emotions Glands / Hormones Nutrition Sex Physical Defects Factors effecting on Growth and Development

7. Heredity Factors Heredity is a biological process through which the transmission of physical and social characteristics takes place from parents to offspring. It greatly influences the different aspects of growth and development, i.e. height, weight and structure of the body, color of hair and eye, intelligence and aptitude. It is the sum total of all the traits present in an individual at the time of birth. Hereditary Disorders Hemophilia: A condition in which blood does not clot normally. This results in severe bleeding from minor wounds. It is always associated with a defective gene.

8. Down's Syndrome : An inherited disorder resulting from an extra chromosomal material on pair number twenty one, which causes mental retardation and distinct physical features Myopia or Short-Sightedness : Myopia is an eye condition that causes distant object appearing blurred, while close objects seen clearly. Diabetes: It is a metabolic disorder in which the person has high blood glucose either because insulin production is inadequate or because the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin or both

9. Muscular Dystrophy Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of more than 30 inherited diseases. They all cause muscle weakness and muscle loss. All forms of muscular dystrophy grow worse as the person’s muscles get weaker. Most people with muscular dystrophy eventually lose the ability to walk.

10. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Physical Environment: All outer factors such as food, clothing, shelter, weather and climate et c Social Environment: Society individuals and institutions, social laws, customs by which human behavior is re gulated Psychological Environment: The individual’s reaction with an object. One’s love, affection and fellow feeling attitude strengthen human bonds.

11. Factors affects on G & D Emotional factors: Emotional disturbances, insecurity, sibling rivalry, jealousy, loss of parents, inadequate schooling etc. have a negative effect on growth and development Some of these factors coming under environmental factors are hereditary or with the nature of both hereditary and environmental..

12.   Nutrition: Growth and Development of the child mainly depend on his food habits & nutrition. The malnutrition has adverse effect on the structural and functional development of the child. This condition cannot be rectified with quality diet in later period of life .

13. Glands of Internal Secretion/ Hormones Hormones: Physiological substances having the power to raise or lower the activity level of the body or certain organs of the body.  For instance: Thyroxin produced by the thyroid gland is essential for the physical and mental development, Deficiency during the growing years results in stunted growth (cretinism).

14. Position in the family: The second, third or fourth child within a family generally develops more quickly than the first born, because of the fact that the younger children learn from imitating their elder brothers and sisters.

15. Sex: Sex acts as an important factor of growth and development. There is difference in growth and development of boys and girls. The boys in general taller, courageous than the girls but Girls show rapid physical growth in adolescence and excel boys. In general the body constitution and structural growth of girls are different from boys.

16. Physical defects: Physical defects like visual, auditory defects and orthopedic disabilities affect the normal development of children. The developmental status of a child suffering from a physical defect child is usually below that of the normal child.

17. Social Learning Theory (SLT) Monkey See Monkey Do, same concept in SLT Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura proposed one of the most influential theory of “SLT”. ( Bandura , 2007, p.69). It is often referred to as a bridge behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory and motivation.

18. KEY CONCEPTS SLT states that people learn from one another via O bservation, I mitation and M odeling “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.”  Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.

19. Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.

20. People learn through observation Research Experiment: Bobo The Clown: Bandura demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. The children in Bandura’s studies observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed.As shown in video

21. It also known as: Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) or Social Learning Theory (SLT) or Observational Learning Theory or Modeling Theory Albert Bandura SLT :

22. How Does Observational Learning Happen…?   Steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling process: Attention: For behaviors to be successfully learned, the individual/learner must pay sufficient attention . If the model is interesting or there is a novel aspect of the situation, individuals are more likely to dedicate full attention to learning.

23. Retention: Storing the information so that it may be used at a later date is important to the observational learning process . Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning. Reproduction Once a learner paid attention to the model and retained the information , it is time to actually perform the behavior which observed. Practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill skills

24. Motivation: The individual must be motivated to repeat the learned behavior.   Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, individual must be motivated to imitate the learned behavior that has been modeled .  Reinforcement and  punishment  play an important role in motivation.