Fat ppt by preeti shukla rama college of nursing kanpuyr

FAT POWERPOINT FOR FIRST YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS

1. Preeti shukla Lecturer RCN, Kanpur 8/2/2021 1

2. Fat LIPIDS- Fats and oils belongs to a group called lipids. They are characterized by greasy feel, insolubility in water. T hey are mainly made up of carbon, hydrogen and little oxygen. They are more concentrated source of energy and provide 2.5 times more energy per gram than carbohydrates and protein. Fats are solid at 20 degree. they are called oils if they are liquid at that temperature. 8/2/2021 2

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4. Fatty acids- the fatty acids may be saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated. The flavor and hardness of fat depend on the kinds and amounts of fatty acids present in it. Simple fats and oils are of great importance in food presentation. One, two or three fatty acids may be esterified with glycerol to form monoglycerides or triglycerides respectively. The most common form of food fats are triglycerides. 8/2/2021 4

5. Saturates fatty acids- the saturated fatty acids, each carbon atom in the fatty acid carries all the hydrogen atoms possible. They have single bond between carbon atoms. Saturated fatty acids are found mainly in animal fats but there are exceptions as, e.g - coconut and palm oils, although vegetable oils have an extremely high percentage of saturated fatty acids and they are solid. Stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and butyric acid are some of the saturated acid. 8/2/2021 5

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7. Unsaturated fatty acid- the full complement of hydrogen atoms is not received in unsaturated fatty acids. This leads to the formation of double bond between the atoms so they have one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids are further divide in to two- 8/2/2021 7

8. 1- Monounsaturated- they have one double bond between the carbon atoms. Oleic acid is an example of monosaturated fatty acid and it is found in groundnut oil, olive oil and corn oil.they are mostly found in vegetable oils. 8/2/2021 8

9. Polyunsaturated acids- fatty acids with two or more double bonds are called polyunsaturated fatty acids. These are mostly found in vegetable oils. 8/2/2021 9

10. Essential fatty acids- essential fatty acids are those cannot synthesized by humans. They can derived from food. The most essential fatty acid is lonoleic acid which serves as the basis for the production of other essential fatty acids. Linoleic acid is abundantly found in vegetable oil. Deficiency of EFA in diet may result in growth retardation, reproductive failure and skin disorders. So at least 3% of energy requirement should be derived from EFA . 8/2/2021 10

11. Linoleic acid Alpha- linolenic acid Omega 3 fatty acids ( olive oil, fish oil, mustard oil, soyabean and black gram) Omega 6 fatty acids (sunflower, cottonseed, sesame and groundnut oil) 8/2/2021 11

12. Classification of lipids- on the basis of structure: 1- simple lipids 2-Compound lipids 3- Derived lipids 4- sterol 8/2/2021 12

13. 1- Simple lipids- the are made up of three fatty acids attached to glycerol. They are mixed triglycerides which means that more than one type of fatty acids are present in fat. E.g - cooking oil and butter. Simple lipids constitute more than 98% of food and body fats. 8/2/2021 13

14. 2- Compound lipids- they are fats in which at least one fatty acid is replaced by carbohydrate, protein or phosphorus. e.g - phospholipids, glycolipids and lipoprotein. 3-Derived lipids- they are the breakdown products of fats and include diglycerides , monoglycerides , glycerol and fatty acids. 8/2/2021 14

15. 4- Sterol- they are not made up of fatty acids and glycerol but have benzene ring structure. These fat like substance include cholesterol and fat soluble vitamin A, D, E and K 8/2/2021 15

16. Classification of lipids on the bases of fatty acids 1- S aturated 2- Unsaturated 3- Monounsaturated 4- Polyunsaturated 8/2/2021 16

17. FUNCTION OF FATS 1- ENERGY- Fats are a concentrated source of energy. All tissues except those of central nervous system and brain can utilize fat as a source of energy. Fats are deposited in the adipose tissue and this deposit serves as a reserve source of energy during starvation. 2- T hermal insulation- subcutaneous fat acts as an insulator against cold by retaining body heat . 8/2/2021 17

18. 3- Protein sparing action- an adequate intake of fat in the diet allows proteins to perform their main functions of growth and maintenance. 4- Protection of vital organs- fat provides a protective padding to vital organs such as heart, kidney and intestine from mechanical shock and keeps them in place. 8/2/2021 18

19. 5- Absorption of fat soluble vitamins- fats are essential fopr the absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. So fats serves as vehicles for fat soluble vitamins. 6- Essential fatty acids- fats contain essential fatty acids linoleic, alpha- linolenic and arachidonic acids which are essential for maintaining tissue in normal health. 8/2/2021 19

20. 7- Satiety value- fats improve the palatability of the diet and give satiety value. i.e - feeling of fullness in the stomach. 8- Synthesis of hormones- the cholesterol is necessary for the synthesis of some steroid hormones and bile acids, e.g - sex hormone . 8/2/2021 20

21. 8/2/2021 PROTECTION FROM INFECTION 21

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23. SOURCES OF FATS- 1- Animal fats- ghee, butter, cheese, egg, yolk, meat and fish. 2- Vegetable fats- groundnuts, mustard, soyabean , coconut, almond and sunflower. 3- Other- small amount of fat are found in most other food such as cereals, pulses and vegetables. 8/2/2021 23

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25. The minimum intake of visible fat for Indian adult ranges from 20-40 g/day. The pregnant and lactating mothers should contain at least 30g/day. 8/2/2021 25

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27. Digestion and absorption of fats- when a person takes his food it enters the stomach where gastric lipase produces slight hydrolysis of fat ( process of splitting into smaller molecules by uniting with water) In the duodenum, bile secretion emulsifies fats. Pancreatic lipase and intestinal lipase breakdown the fats into a mixture of monoglycerides , diglycerides and fatty acids. The products of digestion pass through the lacteals of the small intestines to the thoracic duct, then to the bloodstream and every cell of the body. 8/2/2021 27

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30. Fat metabolism  is a biological metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol after which into simpler compounds that can be used with the aid of cells of the body. These compounds ultimately gets processed and broken down to produce energy to the body cells. 8/2/2021 30

31. Fat metabolism is controlled by hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropichormone , and glucocorticoids. The rate of fat catabolism is inversely related to the rate of carbohydrate catabolism, and in some conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, the secretion of these hormones increases to counter a decrease in carbohydrate catabolism. 8/2/2021 31

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