Features of a Garden

Features of a Garden

1. Features of a Garden
DrPrativaAnand
Scientist
Division of Floriculture and Landscaping
ICAR-IARI, New Delhi

2. Features of a Garden
ØGardenwalls-Safetyorbeautypointofview.Brick,concreteorstonewall.60-90cm/
1.80-5m.Creepers-Ficusrepens
ØFencing-Utilityitem:markingtheboundaryandforprotection.Wood,bamboo,wire,wire
nettingsandchain-linkfences.Creepers-Bignoniavenusta,Veroniaeleangifolia,etc.
ØSteps-Concrete,stone,woodorgravel.Grassshouldnotbeusedinsteps.Steppings
shuldbebroadandriserslow
ØGardendrivesandpaths-provideaflat,dryandpleasantpassageforthepersonsor
vehicles
Drives-gravel,asphalt,orconcrete.Paths-(90-120cm)-gravel,paving-stones,crazy
pavings,bricks,orgrass

3. Garden walls
FencingSteps

4. ØHedge-Shrubsortreesplantedatregularintervalstoformacontinuousscreen
•Purpose-compoundwall,givesshelterfromstronggails,ensureprivacy,backgroundforfloral
display,separateonecomponentofgardenformanother,screenuglyandunwantedspots
•Criteriaforselectinghedgeplant-Motive:Protective,forornamentalpurposesorScreening
•Protectivehedge-quickgrowing,hardy,droughtresistantcharacter,thorny,dense,should
respondtofrequentpruninandclippingandcanberaisedveryquicklybyseedsorcuttings.
•Ornamentalhedge-attractivefoliageand/orflowers,denseingrowthhabitandstandregular
clipping
•Palmsashedge-Arecalutescens,Rhapisexcelsa

5. •Treesashedge-Acaciafarnesiana,Grevillearobusta,Ingadulcis,Polyalthialongifolia,
Putranjivaroxburghii,Thevetianerifolia
•Conifersashedge-Casuarinaequisetifolia,Cryptomeriajaponica,Thujaorientalis
•Shrubsforhedges-Acalyphaspp.,Bougainvilleaspp.,Carissacarandas,Clerodendron
inerme,Duranta,Eranthemum,Hameliapatens,Hibiscusrosa-sinensis,Murrayaexotica,
Punicagranatum,Tecomastans
•Cactus,succulentsandothersashedge-Agaveamericana,Cereusspp.,Opuntiaspp.,
Euphorbiaspp.,Pedilanthustithymaloides
•Onelevationof1000mandabove-Aucubajaponica,Berberisasiatica,Hibiscussyriacus,
Hydrangeaspp.

6. Hedge

7. ØEdging-Liningofbordersofflowerbeds,paths,lawnandshrubberywithbrick,concrete,
livingplants,etc.
•Formal-madeofbricks,stones,tiles,etc.
•Informal-consistingoflivingplantseg.Grassverge(stripofgrass)
Shouldgrowverylowasthepurposeisnotforscreeningbuttoprovidealiningonly,forthe
purposeofdecorationordemarcation
Foliageplantsforedging-Alternantheraspp.,Coleusspp.,Eupatoriumcannabinum,Iresine
spp.,Pileamuscosa
Floweringplantsforedging-Alyssum,Amaryllis,Brachycome,Gerbera,Torenia,
Zephyranthes,Pansy,Verbena

8. Formal edgeInformal edge

9. ØArches-Fortrainingclimbersorramblers.Constructednearthegateoroverpathsinthe
garden.Atleast2-2.5mhighand>1mbreadth.Supportcanbemadeofwoodenorstone
orbrickpillars,angleironandGIpipes.Paintedgreen
ØPergolas-Seriesofarchesjoinedtogether.Forgrowingcreepersinarow.Generally
constructedoverpathways.Supportmaterialsameasarches.Width-2-2.5m,height
same.Roofmaybeflatorintheshapeofanarch.Paintedgreen
•Usefulrestingplaceduringsummermonthsinatropicalcountry

10. Arch
Pergola

11. ØTerracesandTerracegardening
•Terraces-Inhillytractsgardensarelaidinterraces.Inplains-tobreakthemonotonyand
bringnoveltyintothegarden.CommonfeatureinEnglishorJapanesegardens
•Terracegardening-Aterraceisaraisedspaceofgroundconstructedaroundadwelling
houseoratthecornerofagardenoronthesidesofahill.Whenthisterraceisusedfor
gardeningthisisknownasterracegardening.Basicallymeantforaplaceforleisureand
pleasure
•Terracegardenisgenerallyconstructedjustinfrontofthehousefromwhereaviewofthe
wholegardencanbeobtained.Oftenreferredtoasoutdoorlivingordrawingroom

12. ØPavedgarden-Shouldbelaidinapathwhichisnotusedveryoften.Plantswhichare
dwarfinnatureandstandconsiderablewearandtearofshoes
•Plants-Achillearupestris,Alyssummontanum,Dianthusdeltoides,Portulaca,Verbena,
Vincarosea,Violacornuta,Zebrinapendula,Zinnialinearis
ØDrywall-Gardenslaidonawallorwallsplantedwithdifferentplants
•Plants-Ageratum,SweetAlyssum,Bellisperennis,Gazaniasplendens,Gypsophila
elegans,Mirabisspp.Oxalisspp.,Portulaca,Verbena,Viola,Zebrinapendulaand
Zebrinalinearis
•Ferns-Adiantumcaudatum,A.venustum,Aspleniumspp.,LycopodiumsandSelaginellas

13. ØLawn-Greencarpetforalandscape.Basicfeatureforhomegrounddevelopmentandan
essentialfeatureforanyothertypeofgarden.Addsmonetaryvaluetorealestate,
spiritualvaluetoo.75%beautyofgardendependsonaproperlymaintainedlawn
•Grass-hardiestperennialherb.Mostsuitablegrassforlawn-Cynodondactylon(doob
grass,Bermudagrass).Others-Agrostistenuis,Festucarubra(Fescues),Loliumperenne
(perennialryegrass),Poanemoralis(woodmeadowgrass),Poapratensis(Kentucky
bluegrass/Junegrass)
•Site-Southernsite.Nextbest-south-eastorsouth—westofbuilding
•SoilpH-5.5-6.0.Depth-25-30cm
•Plantingmethods-Seed(500gper200sqm),dibbling,turfing(quickestmethod),turf
plastering
•Maintenance-weeding,liming,rolling,mowingandsweeping,irrigation,scrapingand
raking,topdressing–100kgcompostper100sqmarea

14. Lawn

15. ØCarpetbedding-Coveringaarea,preferablyabedorseriesofbeds,withdenselow
growingherbaceousplantsaccordingtoasetdesign.Looksbetterwhenarrangedina
slopeorslantingposition
•Plants-Alternanthera,Cineraria,Coleus,Irisine,Portulaca,Toreniaasiatica
ØFlowerbeds-Mostessentialcriterionistodisplaytheflowersinbestpossibleway.
Plantedwithannualsorperennials.Importantfeatureofaformalgarden
ØShrubbery-Canbeeffectivelyusedforhidingoneportionofgardenfromotherbesides
addingbeauty.Shrubsareofpermanentnature.Bedsforshrubberyneednotbeformal
butshouldappearmorenatural

16. Carpet beddingShrubbery
Flower bed

17. ØBorders-Bedswhicharemoreinlengththanbreadthandcontainplantsofa
heterogeneouscharacterareknownasborders
•Herbaceousborder
üCharacteristicofEnglishgarden.Hardyherbaceousperennialplants.Commontoinclude
bulbousplantsandannualsalso.
üGooddepthofsoilandasunnysituation
üBordermaybeplacedagainstawall,afence,shrubs,ahedgeorformadoubleborder
dividedbyagrasspath
üDesirabletohavealivingbackgroundsuchasahedgeorashrub

18. üFrontage-bestisneatlykeptlawnnotlessthan2macross
üHeightandarrangement-Inwideborderplantsofallheightaccommodated.Foranarrow
widthordoublefacedborder,maxheightshouldbelimitedto3m.
üGroupingandcolour-Averagesizedborder-eachgrouphas4-5plants,largeborders-5-7
plants
üOnegroup-colourschemesshouldharmonize.Otheropinion-natureneverclashes
üPlanting-Temperateclimate-autumnorearlyspring,PlainsofIndia-September

19. Herbaceous border

20. •Plantsforherbaceousborderforplains-Amaryllis,Canna,Chrysanthemum,Crossandra,
Portulaca,Salvia,Verbena,Vinca,Zephyranthes
•Plantsforherbaceousborderinhighhills
üDwarf-Dianthischinensis,Linumnarbonense,Campanilacarpatica,Staticelatifoliaand
Violacornuta
üMedium-Achilleaeupatorium,Asteramellus,Coreopsis,Gaillardia,Gypsophilaelegans,
Lupin,Rudbeckianewmanii
üTall-Anchusaazurea,Delphinium,Helianthusannus,Hollyhocks,Peony

21. •Annualmixedborder-Aborderconsistingofmixedannualflowers
•Mixedborder-Arrangedagainstthebackgroundofwalls,ornamentaltreesorafencing.
Includes:i)herbaceousshrubs,ii)sub-shrubs,iii)herbaceousperennials,iv)bulbous
plantsandv)annualflowers
•Plantsformixedborder-
üTall(1-2mheight)-Acalyphaspp.,Brunfelsiaamericana,Caesalpiniapulcherrima,
Gardeniaflorida,Ixorasingaporensis,Lagerstroemiaindica,Neriumoleander,Poinsettia
pulcherrima,Tecomastans,Thunbergiaerecta
üMedium(0.5-1m)-Antirrhinummajus,Coreopsisgrandiflora,Gaillardia,Plumbago
capensis,Salviaspp.
üDwarf(10to50cm)-Alternanthera,Brachycome,Dianthuschinensis,Phloxdrummondii,
Salviacoccinea,Verbenahybrida,Zinnialinearis

22. Mixed border

23. ØRock garden
•Artificialinsensethatisman-made
•Arealrockoralpinegardencannotbecreatedatelevationslessthan2000-2500m
•Shouldbesituatedinopenpartofgarden
•Rocksshouldbeoflocalorigin,porousandhaveaweatheredlook.Weatheredlimestone
isideal.Plantingseason-DuringrainsinplainsofIndia,highhills-springorearly
summer.Replantingevery4-5years
•Rockplants-
üCactiandsucculents-Opuntia,Cereus,Mammillaria,Agave,Aloe,Kalanchoe,Sedum
üFerns-Nephrolepis,Polypodium

24. Rock garden

25. üShrubs-Adeniumobesum,Bryaebenus,Callistemonlanceolatus,Juniperuschinensis,
Lantanasellowiana,Russeliajuncea
üHerbaceousplants,bulbsandothers-Asteramellus,Pileamuscosa,Sansevieria
cylindrica,Vincarosea,Zephyranthesspp.
üFloweringannuals-Alyssum,Brachycomeiberidifolia,Verbenahybrida,Zinnialinearis
üRockplantsforhills-Adonisvernalis,Liliumlongiflorum,Rhododendronspp.,Selaginella
spp.,Tulipaspp.

26. ØWater garden
•Buddhist period-customary to have lotus pools in temples and stupas
•Informal pool-Made in low-lying area of garden. Shallow-pond or a natural depression ideal.
Simple and natural. Puddling is done and then pond is filled with water
•Formal pool-Situated in a prominent place of garden. Made of concrete
•Plants for water garden-
üSurface flowering plants-Euryale ferox, Nelumbolutea, N. nucifera, Nymphaea, Victoria regia
üOxygenators-Elodea, Ranunculus aquatilis, Vallisneriaspiralis
üFloating plants-Eicchorniaspeciosa,Lemma gibba, L. minor, Trapanatans
üMarginal plants-Acoruscalamus variegatus, Iris pseudacorus, Sagittariasagittifolia, Typha spp.

27. Water garden

28. ØMarshorBoggarden-
•Boggardeninlandscapegardeningisactuallyamarshwherethesoilisnotsouroracid
andashallowstreamortricklerunsthroughit
•Maincriterionistokeepitmoistandinaswampystateallthroughout
•Site-Low-lying.Depth-notexceeding60cm
•Plants-Acoruscalamus,Callapalustris,Hostaspp.,Osmundaregalis,Primulaspp.
•Treesinbackground-Acaciafarnesina,BarringtoniaacutangularandSalix

29. Marsh or Bog garden

30. ØSunkengarden
üLaidbelowgroundlevel.Idealdepth-120cm.Approachisgenerallybyastaircase
preferablymadeofstones
üPlants-Ferns,Ixora,Gardeniaetc.

31. ØRoofgarden
üShallowdepthofsoil,gooddrainageandfrequentwatering.Verticalgrowthis
encouraged.Hangingbasketscanbedisplayed
üFloweringannuals-Antirrhinum,Chrysanthemum,marigold,sweetalyssum,phlox,
verbena
üHerbaceousperennials-Pelargoniums,Mirabilisjalapa,Vincarosea,perennialverbena

32. üShrubs-dwarfandmediumtype
üClimbersandtrailers-Ficusrepens,Vernoniaelaengifolia,Thunbergiaalata
üTrees-DwarftreesasPlumeriaalba,Callistemonlanceolatus
üBulbousplants
üWaterplants-Water-lilies

33. ØGardenadornments
•Gardenseats
üShouldbecomfortable,durable,artisticlookingandshouldnotlookoutofplace.Wooden
orfabricseatsarecomfortable
üConcreteorstoneseatsinpublicparks

34. •OrnamentalTubs,UrnsandVases-
Madeoftimber,brick,concreteorcarved
outofstone.Builtpermanentlyormoved
wheneverneeded
•Birdsbath-Largebowlshaped
containersgenerallymadeofconcrete,
fixedoverapillarorcolumnwhichis
aboutonemetretall.Shouldbe
constructedataquietcornerofthe
garden

35. •Sundial
üUsedasafocalpointinagarden,canformacentre-pieceofformalflowerbed,canbe
placedinthecentreorattheendofthelawnandatthejunctionorterminationofapath
üGoodfeatureinasunkengarden
üColumnofsundialfixedfirmlyingroundandgenerallymadeofbricks,tiles,stonesora
combinationofthese.Topisgenerallysquarewherethesundialwiththecompassisfixed
Livingsundialscanbealsoseen

36. Sun dial

37. •Floralclocks
üHugeclock,generallyoperatedbyelectricity,havinghugehandsforshowingseconds,
minutesandhours
üMachineryisconcealedinanundergroundchamberwithonlyhandsshowingabovethe
groundagainstadialofcarpetbeddingplantsorflowerbeds

38. •Japaneselanterns
üHighlysoughtaftergardenornaments.Preferablybecarvedinstonesandshouldbelow
anddecorative.Placednearthehouseornearastreamorpool
•Ornamentalstones
üCanbeplacednearlilypools,alongorinthemidstofstreamsandwaterfalls
üLargeornamentalpiecescanalsobeplacedatthecornerofthedoorwayandother
suitableplaces
•Fountains
üVariousdesigns.Theremaybeastraightuprightwaterjetornumberoffinerwaterjets
convergingintheformofanumbrellaorrainbows.
üMademorecolourfulbyprovidingcolouredlightsunderwater

39. Fountain

40. •Statues
üStatuesofanimateorinanimateobjectsarealsousedingarden
üCarvedoutofstoneormadeofbronze.Concretestatuescanbeplacedinmidstofa
runningstreamorpool,attheintersectionoftworoadsorattheendofroadornearthe
doorwayofthehouse
üStatuesshouldbeofgoodtasteandartisticvalue

41. •Plantstands
üMadeofmildsteelrodsmouldedindifferentfashionswithvarious-sizedringsattachedto
holdthepotsgrowingtheplants
üCanbedisplayedinterracegarden,attheentranceofthehouse,intheroofgarden
üSomeplantstandsarespeciallymadeforfixinginthewallsofthehousewhereindoor
plantscanbedisplayed

42. Thank You