Female reproductive system.ppt Female reproductive system

Female reproductive system

1. Dr zuha sarfarazmetlo

2. To understand about structure and function of
female reproductive system.
To know about the hormones of female
reproductive system.
To know the functioning of hormones.

3. Unlike the male, the human female has a
reproductive system located entirely in the
pelvis (that's the lowest part of the abdomen). 

5. A female's internal reproductive organs are
the:
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries.

7. The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that
extends from the vaginal opening to the
uterus.
Because it has muscular walls it can expand
and contract. This ability to become wider or
narrower allows the vagina to accommodate
something as slim as a tampon and as wide as
a baby.

9. The vagina's muscular walls are lined with
mucous membranes, which keep it protected
and moist.
The vagina has several functions:
Pathway that a baby takes out of a woman's
body during childbirth
Route for the menstrual blood to leave the
body from the uterus.

10. The vagina connects with the uterus.
The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear,
with a thick lining and muscular walls.
The uterus contains some of the strongest
muscles in the female body. These muscles are
able to expand and contract to accommodate a
growing fetus and then help push the baby out
during labor.

12. At the upper corners of the uterus,
the fallopian tubes connect the uterus to
the ovaries.
There are two fallopian tubes, each attached to
a side of the uterus.
The fallopian tubes are about 4 inches (10
centimeters) long

13. Within each tube is a tiny passageway no wider
than a sewing needle.
When an egg pops out of an ovary, it enters the
fallopian tube. Once the egg is in the fallopian
tube, tiny hairs in the tube's lining help push it
down the narrow passageway toward the
uterus.

14. The ovaries are two oval-shaped organs that lie
to the upper right and left of the uterus.
They produce, store, and release eggs into the
fallopian tubes in the process called ovulation.

15. The ovaries are also part of the endocrine
system because they produce female sex
hormones such as:
Estrogen 
Progesterone 

16. Estrogens are hormones that are important for
sexual and reproductive development, mainly
in women.
They are also referred to as female sex
hormones.
In women, estrogen is produced mainly in the
ovaries, but it is also produced by fat cells and
the adrenal gland.

17. Estrogen is involved in the onset of puberty,
playing a role in development of so-called
secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts,
and pubic and armpit hair.
It also helps regulate the menstrual cycle.

18. During pregnancy, the placenta produces
estrogen.
 
Estrogen also plays a role in bone formation,
blood clotting and other body functions.
The hormone also affects the brain, and studies
also show that chronically low estrogen levels
are linked with reduced mood.

19. Progesterone is one of the hormones in our
bodies that stimulates and regulates various
functions.
Progesterone plays a role in maintaining
pregnancy.
The hormone is produced in the ovaries, the
placenta (when a woman gets pregnant) and
the adrenal glands.

20. It helps prepare body for conception and
pregnancy and regulates the monthly
menstrual cycle.
One of progesterone's most important
functions is to cause the endometrium to
secrete special proteins during the second half
of the menstrual cycle, preparing it to receive
and nourish an implanted fertilized egg.

21. If a pregnancy occurs, progesterone is
produced in the placenta, and levels remain
elevated throughout the pregnancy.
The combination of high estrogen and
progesterone levels suppress further ovulation
during pregnancy. Progesterone also
encourages the growth of milk-producing
glands in the breast during pregnancy.

22. The placenta is an organ attached to the lining
of uterus during pregnancy.
It keeps unborn baby’s blood supply separate
from mother own blood supply, as well as
providing a link between the two.
The link enables the placenta to carry out
functions that your unborn baby can’t perform
for itself.

24. The placenta is linked to the baby by
the umbilical cord.
 Baby is inside a bag of fluid called the amniotic
sac, which is made of membranes.

26. Oxygen and food pass from mother blood
supply into the placenta.
From there, the umbilical cord carries the
oxygen and food to the unborn baby.
Waste products from the baby, such as carbon
dioxide, pass back along the umbilical cord to
the placenta and then into mother
bloodstream for removal.

27. The placenta produces hormones that help
baby to grow and develop.
The placenta also gives some protection
against infection for the baby while it's in the
womb. It protects baby against most bacteria.

28. Towards the end of pregnancy, the placenta
passes antibodies from mother to baby, giving
them immunity for about three months after
birth.

29. Thank You

30. Text Book of Medical Physiology, Guyton &
Hall.