Fire Fighting Course for facility management of buildings

Fire fighting course for facility management

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2. Fire Fighting Course Prepared by Eng/ Magid elithy revised by Eng / Sayed Abd el Hamied 2

3. Table of contents Overview of Firefighting Single Line Diagram Pumps & Pump Room Sprinklers Systems Sprinklers distributions Tank size calculation Hydraulic calculation Fire Hose cabinets Gas systems ( FM200 & Co2 ) 3

4. Overview of Firefighting Fire Triangle parameters :- Air ( Oxygen ) Fuel ( Flammable Material ) Heat ( sufficient heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature ) 4

5. Overview of Firefighting Fire Fighting methods :- , by creating a barrier using foam for instance and prevent oxygen getting to the fire By applying water you can lower the temperature below the ignition temperature  5

6. Overview of Firefighting 6

7. Overview of Firefighting 7

8. Single Line Diagram Single Line Digram 2.dwg Pump Room Tank Manual Systems Automatic systems Siamese connection 8 Cabinet Sprinklers First Water source Second Water source

9. Tank 9

10. 10 Tank Components Tank’s Body Lid Tank’s Inlet Alternative Tank’s Outlet Tank’s outlet at the bottom ensures better draining Drain Vent Overflow Float

11. 11 The Movement of water inside tank

12. Tank details cad drawing ..\..\..\..\..\Users\h\Desktop\Drawing3.dwg 12

13. Fire Fighting water supply 1- connection to water works systems 2- Pumps 3- pressure tanks 4- gravity tanks or elevated tanks 13

14. Pressure tanks 14 2/3 Water ( Fire & Domestics ) Pressurized Air ..Min Air pressure 5.2 Bar + 3( weight of water column from bottom of tank to the highest point in the system

15. 15 Tank calculation Fire Pump water domestic Tank sizing must consider 150% of the fire pump rated flow

16. 16 نوع المبنى معدل إستهلاك الماء اليومي لكل شخص (لتر) الوحدات السكنية 100 - 280 مكاتب (8 ساعات عمل) 45 - 75 مصنع (وردية 8 ساعات) 20 - 100 فنادق (لكل غرفة) 100 - 240 مطاعم و كفتيريات (لكل وجبة) 35 مغسل بالفنادق (لكل سرير) 130 مغسل بالمستشفيات (لكل سرير) 200 المستشفيات (لكل سرير) 1100 مدارس بدون كفتيريات 50

17. Hazard – duration HAZARD CLASSIFICATION DURATION ( MINUTES ) LIGHT 30 ORDINARY 30-60 EXTRA 90-120 17

18. EQUATION V = (QT *3.78*T)/1000 where V= capacity of tank (m3) QT = total flow rate in the system , T = duration time according to hazard 18

19. Pump Room 19

20. Pump room Delivered water from tank to firefighting systems Pump Room Tank Cabinet Sprinklers 20

21. Pump room 21

22. Pump room Horizontal Centrifugal Pump Vertical centrifugal pump 22

23. 23 Centrifugal pump Overhung Impeller between bearing

24. Centrifugal pumps 24 The main purpose is to convert energy of a mover (Electric motor ) first to velocity (kinetic energy ) and then into pressure energy ( Static energy ) Energy chance occur by two main parts 1-Impeller ( Rotating part that convert driver energy into kinetic energy ) 2-The Volute or Diffuser ( Stationary part that convert the kinetic energy to static energy (Pressure energy)) Working mechanism of centrifugal pump

25. Generation of Centrifugal Force 25 The liquid enter the suction nozzle and then into eye of impeller When the impeller rotates it spins the liquid sitting in the cavities between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal acceleration As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low –pressure area is created causing more liquid to flow towards the inlet First Step : Conversion Motor Energy Into Kinetic Energy

26. Generation of Centrifugal Force 26 Resistance to the flow : the first resistance to the flow is created by the pump casing ( Volute ) that catches the liquid and slow it down ……….. Its velocity converted to pressure according to Bernoulli's equation Second Step : Conversion Kinetic Energy Into Pressure Energy

27. Formula :- 27 This head can also be calculated from the readings on the pressure gauges attached to the suction and discharge lines

28. Fact 28 One fact that must always be remembered : A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a just an indication of the amount of resistance to flow.

29. 29 Centrifugal pump has two main component 1 -Rotating components comprised of an impeller and the shaft 2 -Stationary components comprised of a casing and bearing

30. Stationary Components Casing Volute casing Circular casing Volute casing increase the area to the discharge port , as the area of the cross section increase the volute reduce the speed of the liquid and increase the pressure Volute casing : build HIGH head , Circular casing are used for LOW head and HIGH capacity Have a stationary diffusions vanes surroundings the impeller periphery that convert velocity energy into pressure energy

31. 31 casing Spilt casing Solid Casing A design in which the entire casing including the discharge nozzle is all contained in one casting or fabricated piece Two or more parts are fastened together. When the casing parts are divided by horizontal plane, the casing is described as horizontally split or axially split casing. When the split is in a vertical plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, the casing is described as vertically split or radially split casing.

32. 32 Suction and Discharge Nozzle End suction Top Discharge Top suction Top Discharge Side suction Side Discharge The suction nozzle is located at the end of, and concentric to, the shaft while the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the case perpendicular to the shaft The suction and discharge nozzles are located at the top of the case perpendicular to the shaft always a radially split case pump The suction and discharge nozzles are located at the sides of the case perpendicular to the shaft. This pump can have either an axially or radially split case type.

33. Rotating components 33 Impeller direction of flow suction type mechanical construction Radial flow Axial flow Mixed flow Single-suction Double-suction Closed Open

34. Centrifugal pump parameters Capacity :- Definition :- Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed by the pump to the desired point in the process . It is commonly measured in either gallons per minute ( gpm ) or cubic meters per hour (m3/ hr ). The capacity usually changes with the changes in operation of the process. 34 1 ( m3/ Hr ) = 3.66 (GPM)

35. The capacity depends on a number of factors like : 1-Process liquid characteristics i.e. density, viscosity 2-Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections 3-Impeller size 4-Impeller rotational speed RPM 5-Size and shape of cavities between the vanes 6-Pump suction and discharge temperature and pressure conditions 35

36. Formula :- 36

37. Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD) HEAD:- Significance of using the “head” term instead of the “pressure” term The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a vertical column of the liquid due to its weight . The height of this column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid. 37

38. Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD) The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the pump. In other words, head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid 38

39. Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD) The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specific gravity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head will not change. Since any given centrifugal pump can move a lot of different fluids, with different specific gravities, it is simpler to discuss the pump's head and forget about the pressure. 39

40. Fact A given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the liquid. 40

41. Formula :- liquids have specific gravities typically ranging from 0.5 ( light) to 1.8 ( heavy). Water is a benchmark, having a specific gravity of 1.0 . 41

42. Definition :- 1-Static Suction Head, hS 2-Static Discharge Head, hd Total Static Head 3- Friction Head, hf 4- Vapor pressure Head , hvp 5-Velocity Head, hv 6-pressure head hp 7-Total Suction Head HS 8-Total Discharge Head Hd 9-Total Differential Head HT 10-Net Positive Suction Head Required NPSHr 42

43. Definition :- 1-Static Suction Head, hS Head resulting from elevation of the liquid relative to the pump center line. If the liquid level is above pump centerline, hS is positive. If the liquid level is below pump centerline, hS is negative . Negative hS condition is commonly denoted as a “suction lift” condition 43

44. Definition :- 2-Static Discharge Head, hd the vertical distance between the pump centerline and the surface of the liquid in the destination tank . 44

45. Definition :- What is Static Head ? In a pumping system, this head represents the energy required to raise the liquid from the pump centerline to the point in the pipe that the liquid needs to be raised 45

46. Definition :- 3-Friction Head, hf This is the loss needed to overcome that is caused by the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent on size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings, flow rate, and nature of the liquid. 46

47. 47

48. Definition :- 4-Vapor pressure Head, hvp 48

49. Definition :- 5-Velocity Head, hv It is the equivalent head in feet through which the water would have to fall to acquire the same velocity, 49

50. Definition :- 6-pressure head hp Suction Pressure Head exists because the suction tank is under a pressure other than atmospheric. It is the pressure acting on the surface of the liquid in the suction tank. This pressure can be positive (above atmospheric) or negative (vacuum). 50

51. Definition :- 7-Total Suction Head HS This is called Total System Suction Head . This is also sometimes called Total Dynamic Suction Head . The equation to calculate this head requirement .Suction static head is positive when there is a flooded suction and negative when there is a suction lift. Pressure head is zero if the tank is atmospheric . It is added when above zero gauge pressure and subtracted when under vacuum. Velocity head theoretically is part of the System Suction Head equation. In practical application, it is rarely considered as its value is minimal 51

52. Definition 8-Total Discharge Head Hd 52

53. Definition :- 9-Total Differential Head HT Total Head system Total Dynamic Head HT= Hd-Hs 53

54. Pump Performance Curve 54 Total dynamic Head Capacity Increasing capacity decreasing Head

55. 10-Net Positive Suction Head Required ( NPSHr ) As liquid enters the pump, there is a reduction of pressure and subsequent head. This head reduction is a function of the specific pump and is determined by laboratory testing to be stated by the pump manufacturer on a pump curve . Net Positive Suction Head Required ( NPSHR) is the measurement of this head reduction to determine the minimum suction head condition required to prevent the liquid from vaporizing in the pump. 55

56. 10-Net Positive Suction Head Required ( NPSHr ) Notice on the NPSHR curve below, as the pump capacity increases and head decreases, more NPSHR is required to prevent cavitation from occurring. 56

57. Definition Efficiency Efficiency is power output of a mechanical device, such as a pump, divided by power input to the device. Pump efficiency is the ratio of liquid power (also known as water power) divided by the power input to the pump shaft ,( also known as brake power 57

58. Definition 58 Best Efficiency point

59. Definition Power Requirements 59

60. 60

61. Pump operations Pumps operates by : - 61 Electric Engines Diesel Engines

62. Pump room contents 62

63. Pump room operations 63

64. Pump room specifications Any pump can be used to be Firefighting pumps as long as matching :- 1. NFPA ( National Fire Protection Association ) 2.LPC ( Loss Prevention Council ) Manufacturing of pumps should be according to 1. American specs ANSI ( American National Standards Institute ) 2. British specs BS ( British Standard ) 3. Germany specs DIN ( Diameter Nominal ) 64

65. Pump room specifications It should delivered with pumps test certification from manufacturer states about testing the pumps with its control panels If the pump according American specs it should be UL or FM certification states about testing the pump according American specs 65

66. NFPA (National Fire Protection Association ) NFPA 20 (Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection ) 1.3.1 This standard shall apply to centrifugal single-stage and multistage pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design and positive displacement pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design. 66

67. NFPA (National Fire Protection Association ) 5.1.2 Other Pumps shall be limited to capacities of less than 1892 L/min (500 gpm ). 67 The meaning of (SHALL) in nfpa code : Indicates a mandatory requirement

68. NFPA 20 The pump is required to demonstrate its ability to achieve 65% of rated pressure when flowing at 150% of rated capacity Shut-off head will range from a minimum of 101% to a maximum of 140% of head 68

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70. NFPA20 Gallon per minute according to NFPA20 70

71. Pressure Maintenance Pump (Jockey) Every system has a normal leakage rate that will result in a pressure drop Jockey Pump will maintain the pressure in the system This will prevent the main fire pump from starting for minor leaks 71

72. Pressure Maintenance Pump (Jockey) A jockey pump should be sized such that it CANNOT meet the flow demand of a single sprinkler fixture . Jockey pumps should be sized for 1% of the flow of the main fire pump 72

73. Pressure Maintenance Pump (Jockey) Jockey pumps should be sized to provide 10psi more pressure than the main fire pump 73

74. 50 90 95 100 110 Jockey start Electric Pump start System gradually looses pressure psi Stop Point Pump shutoff Fire Pump Operation Time period

75. Installation of pump 75 Pump Room Components

76. Installation of pump room 1-Pump & Engine 76

77. Installation of pump room Suction Line Discharge Line Check Line 77

78. Installation of pump room 78 Pump Room Connection

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81. Installation of pump room pump room.dwg Pump Room 2.dwg AutoCAD Drawings Pump Room (Electric ). dwg pump Room (Diesel ). dwg Pump Room 3d.dwg 81

82. Gallery Gallery 82

83. Concentric reducer 83

84. Check Valve 84

85. Diesel pump fuel tank 85

86. Air Vent on discharge line 86

87. Concentric & eccentric reducers 87

88. Sprinklers Systems 88

89. There are 4 main types of systems :- Wet Pipe Dry Pipe Pre-Action Deluge 89

90. WET pipes system Wet pipe sprinkler systems contain water in the riser and piping at all times. As soon as a sprinkler head activates due to the heat of a fire, water is immediately discharged through the open head . 90

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92. Wet Pipe System Components Main Control Valve Butterfly Valve Objective :- Shut down system for service 92

93. Wet Pipe System Components Control Valve (Alarm check valve ) 93

94. 94 When the fire protection system is initially being pressurized, water will flow into the system until the water supply and system pressure become equalized, and the torsion Spring closes the Clapper in the Alarm Check Valve. Once the pressures have stabilized

95. 95 Leakage in System Flow Inlet < Flow Outlet (1) Flow Inlet > Flow Outlet (2) Restriction Assembly INLET OUTLET 2 1

96. 96 FIRE,FIRE ALARM

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98. Check Valve Symbol Check Valve Check Valve Block Check Valve Block.dwg 98

99. Wet Pipe System Components 99 Friction Loss Chart ( Check Valve )

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105. 105

106. DRY pipes system Dry pipe sprinkler systems contain air (or sometimes nitrogen) in the riser and piping at all times. The air (or nitrogen) is under pressure and this pressure maintains a "differential dry pipe valve" in the closed position 106

107. DRY pipes system . When a sprinkler head activates, the air (or nitrogen) is exhausted through the open head, thus allowing the differential dry pipe valve to open and water to be admitted to the riser and piping . 107

108. DRY pipes system Some dry pipe systems are equipped with quick opening devices (QOD's) which assist in exhausting the air or nitrogen from the system thus allowing water to reach the open head more quickly. Dry pipe systems are installed where there is a danger of freezing. 108

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111. procedure When one or more automatic sprinklers operate in response to a fire, air pressure within the system piping is relieved through the open sprinklers. When the air pressure is sufficiently reduced , the water pressure overcomes the differential holding the Clapper Assembly closed and the Clapper Assembly swings clear of the water seat, This action permits water flow into the system piping and subsequently to be discharged from any open sprinklers. Also , with the Clapper Assembly open, the intermediate chamber is pressurized and water flows through the alarm port. 111

112. procedure After a valve actuation and upon subsequent closing of a system main control valve to stop water flow, the Clapper Assembly will latch open Latching open of the valve will permit complete draining of the system through the main drain port. During the valve resetting procedure and after the system is completely drained, the external reset knob can be easily depressed to externally unlatch the Clapper Assembly . As such, the Clapper Assembly is returned to its normal set position to facilitate setting of the dry pipe sprinkler system, without having to remove the Hand hole Cover. 112

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115. Preaction pipes system A Preaction System is a sprinkler system employing closed automatic sprinklers connected to a piping system that contains air or nitrogen that may or may not be pressurized. A supplemental detection system (release line) is installed in the same area as the sprinklers 115

116. NFPA 13 defines three basic types of preaction systems: Single Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon operation of detection devices only . Double Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon operation of both the detection devices and automatic sprinklers 116

117. preaction systems: Non-Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon either operation of detection devices or automatic sprinklers. 117

118. preaction systems: The supplemental detection system is commonly electric or pneumatic or a combination of both. Detection systems used with electric release systems are commonly actuated by manual pull stations, fixed-temperature heat detectors, rate-of-rise heat detectors, smoke detectors or other means determined 118

119. preaction systems: In accordance with NFPA 13 , the preaction sprinkler system piping and fire detection devices shall be automatically supervised where there are more than 20 sprinklers on the systems. This is accomplished with air or nitrogen gas under pressure within the sprinkler piping. If the integrity of the sprinkler piping is compromised, the pressure will be reduced activating a supervisory pressure switch that transmits the signal to the release control panel and/or fire alarm panel. 119

120. preaction systems: Single Interlocked 120

121. preaction systems: Double Interlocked 127

122. preaction systems: . The double interlock preaction system utilizes a detector system and pressurized air or nitrogen in the sprinkler system piping. This system is arranged so that the deluge valve will open only when both pressure is reduced in the sprinkler piping and the detection system operates. 128

123. preaction systems: If the detection system operates due to damage or malfunction, the valve will not open, but an alarm will sound. If the sprinkler piping is damaged or sprinkler is broken, the valve will not open but a supervisory alarm will sound. The operation of both a sprinkler and a detector (or release) is required before the valve will open, allowing water to enter the system piping. 129

124. Deluge systems : 139 A deluge system is similar to a pre-action system except the sprinkler heads are open and the pipe is not pressurized with air. Deluge systems are connected to a water supply through a deluge valve that is opened by the operation of a smoke or heat detection system. The detection system is installed in the same area as the sprinklers. When the detection system is activated water discharges through all of the sprinkler heads in the system. Deluge systems are used in places that are considered high hazard areas such as power plants, aircraft hangars and chemical storage or processing facilities. Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary to prevent fire spread

125. Deluge systems: Deluge System with Electric actuated 140

126. Deluge systems: Deluge System with wet pilot actuated 147

127. Deluge systems: Deluge System with Dry pilot actuated 154

128. Zone Control valve ( floor c v ) 161

129. Water sprinklers design steps : 1-determine the working hazard type 2-No.of sprinklers 3-Distance between sprinklers 4-amount of water required 5-Head required 6-Size of tank 7-size of pipes 162

130. Classification of hazard 163 hazard Classifications.xlsx See: NFPA 13 - CH.2) 2-1Classification of Occupancies

131. No.of sprinklers Sprinklers operation area 1-Light hazard : 139 m2 ( 1500 ft2) 2-Ordinary hazard : 139 m2 ( 1500 ft2) 3-Extra hazard : 232 m2 ( 232 ft2) 164

132. No.of sprinklers Protection area per sprinkler : 1-Light hazard : 20.9 m2 ( 225 ft2 ) 2-Ordinary hazard : 12.1 m2 ( 130 ft2 ) 3-Extra hazard : 9.3 m2 ( 100 ft2 ) 165

133. Distance between sprinklers 166

134. amount of water required 167

135. K factor of sprinklers Sprinkler Inlet K factor ½ “ 5.3– 5.8 ¾ “ 8 168 Minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler shall be 7 PSI ( 0.5 Bar )