FIRST AID APPLICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF INJURY_044821.ppt

FIRST AID APPLICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF INJURY

1. FIRST AID APPLICATION AND
MANAGEMENT OF INJURY

2. Before going into the main topic, I will first
of all like to define the term First Aid..
First Aid: is an assistance or help that is rendered in
emergency situation before the arrival of a doctor
or before the patient is evacuated to the hospital for
proper medical attention. It is also an immediate
and temporary skilled assistance given to someone
who is injured or suddenly sick before medical
attention is received.
Aims and Objectives of First Aid
To Save Lives
To prevent injuries from becoming worse
To help for a quick recovery.
The other term I will also like to stress on is who is a
first aider?

3. A First Aider – Is that person
either a medical personnel or not
medical practitioner that
renders first aid in an
Emergency case. A first aider
then should possess the
following qualities:

4. (i)He/She must be smart and fast in
everything he/she does because anytime
wasted will likely put the life of the
patient in danger. And should also know
that the patient must be taken from the
source or danger taken away from the
person.
(ii)Must have an idea on what to do at that
point in time.

5. iii.The First Aider must adopt an optimistic and
confidence manner or posture.
iv.If the first aider decided to render any Rx to the
person before taken the person to the hospital,
he/she should be able to work out the scope and
amount of treatment given, and should vary
considerably with the circumstance that prevail
at the scene of the incident.
v.Must use his/her initiative to improvise when
the need arises.
vi.Other qualities of a good first aider are
observant, gentle, sympathetic, neat,
trustworthy, tactful and must be knowledgeable

6. SCOPE OF FIRST AID
When a first aider is ready to commence first aid in
an accident scene. s/he should perform his/er
services in under the following area.
Diagnosis
This is the ability to access the situation effectively. In
diagnosis, the first aid should look for signs, symptoms,
and history.

Sign is what the first aider is able to see with
his two naked eyes such as bleeding, broken
bones that comes out of the flesh.

Symptoms is what the victim feels but the first
aider did not see.

History is the information gathered from the
bystanders.

7. SCOPE OF FIRST AID
Treatment
Management of the injury of the victim.
Disposal or Transportation
This is the act of transferring the victim to the hospital
or home
Record keeping
The first aider takes the detailed records of the victim
such as name, address, next of kin, phone number and
treatment offered.
Follow up
The first aider make a follow-up of the treatment given

8. PRINCIPLE OF FIRST AID
A first aider must observe TRIAGE i.e. 4Bs and others.
1.Breathing
2.Bleeding
3.Burns
4.Broken bones
5.Shock
6.Etc.
If the victim is thirsty and unconscious, do not give anything
by mouth.
1.Do not unclad the victim
2.Do not over do yourselves, send the victim to the hospital
3.Do not panic
4.If the victim need operation, do not give anything by mouth.

9. Principles and Practice of First Aid:
The underlying principle in first aid is to,
salvage life and prevent complications
before, adequate medical attention is
available. This can be achieved in the
following manner:
a)Arrest of bleeding and restoration of
circulation, (cardiac message) e.g. in
bleeding cases and/or circulatory
failure.

10. b) Restoration of Respiration: in
cases of respiration; in cases of
respiration failure, by artificial
respiration, for examples, (a)
mouth, (b) mouth to nose (c)
abdominal-respiration must be
maintained and sedatives
administered.
c) Reassurance – For all victims,
especially, the anxious ones.

11. d) Immobilization: For victims with
fracture, Limitation of the
movement of the area involved is
necessary. For spinal injuries and
or spinal shock, patient must be laid
flat and straight on hard platforms.

12. e) Cleaning: Removal of debris
and other foreign bodies from
injury sites and other area
involved is mandatory.
f) Cases of burns and bits are also
treated as such.
g) Relieve of Pains and Anxiety:
For instance in bites infiltration of
xylocaine, and or administration
of nuld sedatives.

13. First Aid Kit:
(A)Equipment: Plasters, Bandages,
Splints, Tourniquets, Gauze. Others
are cotton wool and Pair of Scissors,
clean or Sterile Towel, mouth gag,
spoon, spatula, water basin, needle,
nylons, gloves, fusel, crip and roler
bandages of different sizes, minimum
of twelve triangler bandage, first aid
textbook, spirit, touch and battery,
TBC/iodine, muscular cream, ice pack,
toilet soap, water, etc.

14. PHYSICAL INJURIES AND MANAGEMENT
Sprain: Sprain occurs at a joint and it is caused
by the tearing of ligament and tissues connected with
the joint.
Causes: Indirect violence in the form of wrenches or
twist which force the joints too far in one particular
direction. This tearing or stretching of the ligament
will normally limit movement. The commonest joint
affected are the ankle, wrist and knee.

15. Signs and Symptoms:
-Pain at the joint
-Swelling around the joint and bruising
-Inability to use the joint without increasing the
pain.
Treatment:
1)Rest and support the joint in the most
comfortable position.
2)Carefully expose the joint
3)Apply pressure over the joint by – surround
it with cotton wool and bandage firmly.

16. Wound: A wound is said to occur when
the continuity of the skin or mucous
members is broken.
Types of Wounds:
Incised wound: The skin is broken by a
sharp instrument e.g. knife or piece of glass,
surgery, episiotomy.

17. Punctured Wound: This type of wound is
caused by a pointed instrument e.g. needle, gun
shot, nail.
Lacerated Wound: The skin and tissues are torn
rather than a clean cut and the edge of the wound
are irregular. This type of wound occurs when a
limb is caught up in machinery or after a road
accident.
Confused Wound: Little damage to the skin but
under lying tissues may be severely damaged with
bleeding from blood-vessels under the skin “e.g.
hitting the finger with a hammer, black eye”.

18. Treatment:
1.Apply direct pressure with the
fingers to the bleeding point
over a dressing.
2.Lay victim in a suitable and
comfortable position and lower
the head if possible.
3.Raise the injured part, unless a
fracture is suspected.

19. 4.If glass or foreign bodies are
present in a wound, do not remove
but apply a “rug pad”.
5.Apply dressing.
6.Immobilize the injured part by a
suitable method.
7.Transfer to hospital.

20. Wound Dressing: Wound dressing is normally done in
the hospital because it consists of sterile techniques.
The requirements are:-
-Antiseptic lotion;
-Cotton Wool;
-Gauze;
-Dressing Forceps;
-Bandage or plaster.

21. Shock: This arises as a result of insufficient blood
supply to the vital
organs. The severity of the shock depends on the
extent of the injury.
Causes of Shock:
-Severe bleeding;
-Loss of Plasma Fluid – in burns;
-Heat Failure;
-Acute Abdominal pain e.g. Appendicitis;
-Loss of body fluid e.g. diarrhea and vomiting.

22. What might aid you know that the person is
in shock, this is referred to as
Signs and Symptoms:
1) Temperature – Lower than normal,
due to loss of blood;
2) The pulse – slow at first and later
increases more than 100;
3) Respiration – fast breathing more
than normal due to lack of oxygen;
4) Appearance – beads of sweat on the
forehead;
5) Thirst if conscious.

23. Treatment:
1)Treat according to cause;
2)Keep the head lower;
3)Loosen tight clothing around the neck,
chest and waist;
4)Keep the patient warm with a blanket;
5)Take temperature, pulse and
respiration;
6)Nothing by mouth;
7)Arrange for immediate transportation
to hospital.

24. Burns and Scales: Burns are caused by dry
sources of heat or contact with strong Alkalis or
Acids. The effect of burns or scalds are similar
and their seriousness depends upon many
factors, the most important being the area and
extent rather than the depth of the injury.
Types of Injury:
1) Superficial – where only the outer layers
of the skin are damaged.
2) Deep – the whole thickness of the skin,
including the nerve endings are destroyed.

25. Burns:
1)Dry heat – Fire, Flame, Contact with
hot object, exposure to sun;
2)Electricity – an electric current or by
lightening.
3)Friction – contact with a revolving
wheel (brush burn) or a rope wire;
4)Corrosive Chemical –
- Acids – Sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric;
- Alkalis – Caustic soda, caustic potash,
quicklime, ammonia solution

26. -Chemical such as phosphorus, phenol
5)Radiation from X-ray over dose.
Scalds: Scalds are caused by moist
heat – boiling water, steam, hot oil or tar.
Signs and Symptoms
1)Pain – more intense with superficial
burns, redness and latter swelling and
sometimes blister.
2)Shock

27. General Treatment
a)To reduce the local effects of heat
b)Relieve pain
c)Prevent infection of the affected area
d)Lesson the spread of heat – place the
affected area under a slowly running cold
water for at least 10 minutes or until pain
ceases
e)Remove rings, bangles, belts or books
before the part starts to swell
f)Cover the injured part with a dressing,
clean sheet.

28. g)Immobilize a badly burned limb
h)If conscious, give small cold drinks at
frequent intervals to a badly burned
victim
i)Reassure victim
j)Arrange for immediate transfer to a
hospital.
Caution:
1)Do not apply any lotion, ointment or oil
dressings;
2)Do not prick blisters, breathe or cough
over, or touch the burned area thereby
increasing the risk of infection.

29. N.B: In case of chemical such as
acid, a base can bee applied
immediately to prevent Further
penetration into the tissue. Milk
or raw egg can be used in such
areas.
In case of scalded mouth:-
(1)Give olive oil to drink;
(2)Paint with Gentian Violet;
(3)Seek medical advice.

30. OTHER INJURIES ARE
Strain
Dislocation
Fracture
Bites & stings
Electric shock
Head injury
Bleeding
Drowning
Choking
Etc.

31. ACTION AT EMERGENCY
Unconsciousness:
Is the inability of an individual to know where he is or
what is happening to him. It can be divided into
two:
Stupor i.e. temporary unconsciousness
Coma i.e. permanent unconsciousness
Unconsciousness but breathing
Unconsciousness and not breathing
For unconsciousness but breathing, place the causality
into recovery position
For unconsciousness and not breathing, commence CPR
ratio 30 to 2 for infants, ratio 5:30:2 using DRABC

32. Fainting:
Fainting is the state of temporary
unconsciousness due to diminished blood
supply to the brain.
Fainting may be due to the following:-
1)Exhaustion
2)Fright, Mental, Shock and Fear
3)Accidents including minor accident especially
those involving loss of blood
4)Lack of fresh air, close atmosphere and heat
5)Posture – standing for a long time or under a hot
sun (heat stroke)

33. Treatment:
1)The patient should be kept lying
on his/her back.
2)Undo all tight clothing around
the neck, chest and waist.
3)Adequate supply of fresh air by
blowing with a fan, or fanning
with a hand paper.
4)Nothing should be given orally.

34. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING