First-Aid-Made-Easy-Training-Presentation (1).pptx

first Aid

1. First Aid Training Welcome

2. The role of the first aider 2 Assessing the situation What happened Number of casualties History, signs, symptoms Protecting from dangers Assess for further danger Protect yourself first Getting help Ask bystanders Which emergency services? Recognise your limitations Prioritising treatment Most urgent thing first Most urgent person first Offer support and comfort Minimising infection risks Wash hands before and after giving help Wear disposable gloves Wear protective clothing if needed Cover your own cuts with a plaster Dispose of contaminated waste carefully Use sterile, undamaged, in-date dressings

3. Preserve Life Prevent Worsening Promote Recovery The aims of first aid 2 P P P

4. What things should you consider before treating anyone? What happened? Further danger? Can you cope? Number of casualties? Emergency services? Who needs help first? Scene survey 3

5. The primary survey 4-5 Treat life-threatening conditions as soon as you find them, before moving on You might not get as far as C “Catastrophic Bleeding” can be prioritised before “Airway”

6. Life-threatening conditions 4-5 The tongue Vomit Choking Burns Strangulation Hanging Anaphylaxis Asthma Crushing of chest Chest injury Collapsed lung Poisoning Anaphylaxis Cardiac arrest Heart attack Heart failure Severe bleeding Poisoning Anaphylaxis Cardiac arrest

7. Hypoxia - recognition 5 Pale clammy skin (for dark skin look at the colour of the skin inside the lips) Blue tinges to the skin and lips (cyanosis) Increase in pulse rate Nausea or vomiting Increased breathing rate (if the brain detects low oxygen) Lowered breathing rate (indicates a brain problem) Distressed breathing or gasping Confusion or dizziness

8. Secondary survey 6 What happened Casualty ’ s medical history Allergies Medication Last eaten Forces involved: Worst injuries this could have caused (treat for the worst!) History Pale skin Cyanosis Flushed skin Fast, slow, weak or irregular pulse Abnormal breathing Smell (such as alcohol) Swelling Deformity Signs How do they feel? Do they have pain? Where is it? Can they describe it? Does anything make it worse or better? When did it start? How severe is it? Other feelings: Sickness Dizziness Feeling hot or cold Hunger or thirst Symptoms

9. Secondary survey 6 Allergies Medication Past medical history Last meal Event history A M P L E Signs and symptoms S

10. Pupils 6 Normal Unequal Dilated

11. Secondary survey 10

12. Chain of survival 8

13. Resuscitation (CPR) 8

14. Danger Response Airway Resuscitation (CPR) 8 Breathing Normally? Circulation D R A B C

15. WARNING: In the first few minutes after cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely breathing, or taking infrequent, noisy gasps. These are known as agonal gasps and should not be confused with normal breathing. If you are in doubt, start CPR. Resuscitation (CPR) 8

16. : Old guidelines, slow CPR, but there isn’t a better video to show agonal gasps! Agonal Gasps – Bondi Beach

17. Sometimes a casualty can have a seizure-like episode when the heart stops. Carefully consider if the casualty is breathing normally. Resuscitation (CPR) 8

18. CHRIS SOLOMENS YOUTUBE LINK: ‘ Seizure like episode’ at 2:37. Please ignore the speed and depth of the chest compressions ! Resuscitation (CPR)

19. Automated External Defibrillation (AED) 10

20. Vomit during resuscitation 8 Gurgling noises when giving rescue breaths? (minimise the interruption to CPR)

21. First aiders can use the adult sequence of resuscitation on a child or baby who is unresponsive and not breathing normally. Child and baby CPR 11

22. Child and baby CPR 11 The following minor modifications to the adult sequence will, however, make it even more suitable for use in children: If you are on your own, perform resuscitation for about 1 minute before going for help Give five initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions For a baby under 1 year, use two fingers (4cm) For a child over 1 year, use one or two hands to achieve an adequate depth (5cm) Compress the chest by at least one-third of its depth:

23. CPR with child modifications 11 1/3 depth of chest

24. The respiratory system 16

25. The respiratory system 16

26. The respiratory system 16

27. Choking recognition 12 Often happens whilst eating / drinking Ask “ are you choking? ” Can cough and answer your question Mild choking: Weakening cough Unable to speak – may ‘ nod ’ in response to your question. Struggling or unable to breathe. Distressed look on the face. Will become unconscious if untreated. Severe choking:

28. Choking adult or child 12 Cough ! 5 Back Blows 5 Abdominal Thrusts

29. Choking baby 12 5 Back Blows 5 Chest Thrusts

30. Unconscious = Start CPR! Choking – unconscious casualty 13

31. Choking – seeking medical advice 13 After successful choking treatment, seek immediate medical attention if the casualty: Has received abdominal thrusts; Has difficulty swallowing; Has a persistent cough; OR Feels like ‘ an object is still stuck in the throat ’ .

32. Unconscious casualty 14 Airway blocked by the tongue. Airway blocked by vomit.

33. Fainting Causes of unconsciousness 9 F I S H Imbalance of heat Shock Head injury Stroke S H A P Heart attack Asphyxia Poisoning E Epilepsy D Diabetes

34. Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive Levels of response – AVPU 9 A V P U

35. Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive Confused Inappropriate words Utters sounds No verbal response Localises pain Responds only Levels of response – AVPU in more detail 9 A V P U

36. Recovery position 15 1 2 3 4

37. Recovery position - baby 15

38. DO: Turn the casualty on to the opposite side every 30 minutes if they are in the recovery position for a prolonged period. Place a heavily pregnant casualty on her left side to help circulation. Unconscious casualty 15 DO NOT: Place a pillow under the head whilst the casualty is on their back. Place anything in an unconscious casualty ’ s mouth.

39. What is Anaphylaxis?

40. Anaphylaxis 17

41. Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign. Anaphylaxis 17

42. Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Anaphylaxis has three main characteristics: A rapid onset – the casualty usually becomes very ill, very quickly. A life-threatening Airway , Breathing or Circulation problem (or a combination of them) . A skin rash, flushing and/or swelling (but not all casualties have this) .

43. Spotting and treating anaphylaxis reaction

44. Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Airway recognition: Swelling of the tongue, lips or throat. A feeling of the throat ‘ closing up ’ . A hoarse voice or loud pitched, noisy breathing. Breathing recognition: Difficult, wheezy breathing or a ‘ tight chest ’ . Circulation recognition: Dizziness, feeling faint or passing out, particularly if sat upright. Pale, cold, clammy skin and fast pulse. The rash may disappear. Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhoea.

45. Anaphylaxis 17

46. Asthma 18

47. Asthma - recognition 18 Difficulty breathing Wheezy breath sounds originating from the lungs. Difficulty speaking (will need to take a breath in the middle of a sentence) . Pale, clammy skin Grey or blue lips and skin Use of muscles in the neck and upper chest Exhaustion in a severe attack May become unconscious and stop breathing in a prolonged attack

48. Asthma - recognition 18 Silence in asthma is not good. It i s deadly .

49. DO: Keep the casualty upright Use a spacer device if possible Asthma 15 DO NOT: Lay the casualty down Take them outside in cold air

50. Hyperventilation 19 Hyperventilation – large volumes of air Asthma – tight wheeze

51. Chest trauma 20 The pleural layers should be together with just a thin layer of fluid between.

52. Chest trauma – collapsed lung 20

53. Chest trauma – collapsed lung 20

54. Chest trauma – tension pneumothorax 20

55. Flail chest 21

56. Circulatory system 22

57. Circulatory system 22

58. Circulatory system 22

59. From the body From the body To the lungs To the lungs The heart 23 From the lungs To the body

60. Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle The heart 23 Left Atrium

61. Aorta Coronary Artery The heart 23

62. Cholesterol Plaque Coronary Artery Wall Reduced blood flow Angina Angina 24

63. Heart Attack Heart attack 24 Blood Clot

64. Heart attack 24 Blood clot

65. Area of dying heart muscle Heart attack 24 Blood clot

66. Factors giving relief Other signs and symptoms Pulse Skin Duration Location of Pain Pain Onset Sudden, usually during exertion, stress or extreme weather. Sudden, can occur at rest. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘ Dull ’ , ‘ tightness ’ or ‘ pressure ’ . Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘ Dull ’ , ‘ tightness ’ or ‘ pressure ’ . Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. 3 – 8 Minutes, rarely longer. Usually longer than 30 minutes. Pale, may be sweaty. Pale, grey colour. May sweat profusely. Variable. Often becomes irregular, missing beats. Variable. Often becomes irregular, missing beats. Shortness of breath, weakness, anxiety. Shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sense of ‘ impending doom ’ . Resting, reducing stress, taking ‘ GTN ’ medication. GTN medication may give partial or no relief. Angina Heart Attack Angina and heart attack 24

67. Stroke 42 Stroke: “Brain Attack”

68. Facial weakness Arm weakness Speech problems Time to call 999! Stroke 13 F A S T

69. Shock – normal circulation 26 The heart is pumping fine, there is enough blood and the blood vessels have good tone.

70. Hypovolaemic shock 26 Blood or fluids are lost

71. Shock – normal circulation 26

72. Cardiogenic shock 27 The heart doesn’ t pump properly

73. Shock – normal circulation 26

74. Anaphylactic shock 27 The heart becomes weak, blood vessels dilate and fluid is lost

75. Shock – normal circulation 26

76. Fainting 27 The heart slows and blood vessels dilate

77. Blood loss 28 About one third

78. Blood loss 28

79. Types of wound 28 spurts oozes trickles

80. Rapidly assess: Type of bleed Exact point of bleeding Foreign objects Sit or Lay Examine Pressure 10 minutes Dress Treatment of bleeding 29

81. Catastrophic bleeding – prioritising treatment 30

82. Haemostatic dressings 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit If possible – apply pressure to exact point of pulsating bleeding and mop out pooled blood TIGHTLY pack the whole wound Compress for 5 minutes (repeat if needed) Send packaging to hospital with casualty Do not block the air flow in a sucking chest wound

83. Haemostatic dressings 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit Celox gauze training video: https://youtu.be/0iNhCaNKQkE

84. Tourniquets 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Arms or legs – multiple trauma – multiple casualties

85. Tourniquets 30 Life-threatening bleeds only – try direct pressure first if possible Apply at least 5cm ( 2 inches ) above the wound (blood vessels can contract) Apply over single bone (upper arm or thigh) Tighten enough to stop the pulsating blood Not tight enough = death sentence Very painful – this does subside Still bleeding? Consider: direct pressure, haemostatic dressing or second tourniquet Record the time ! Urgent transfer to hospital Manufactured tourniquet quicker and easier than improvised Improvised tourniquet better than death!

86. Tourniquets 30 Improvised tourniquet in your first aid kit: Triangular bandage Scissors

87. Tourniquets 30 "Ripped clothes were used as tourniquets, which were tightened with the help of cutlery. Anything and everything was used.” Dr. L. Buckman , British Medical Association

88. Tourniquets 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Arms or legs – multiple trauma – multiple casualties CAT Tourniquet training videos: https://youtu.be/tzXNsfesUb0 https://youtu.be/LDN03FgUhxU

89. Types of wound Contusion

90. Bruise Minor injuries – contusion (bruise) 32 Contusion

91. Types of wound Contusion Abrasion

92. Graze Minor injuries – abrasion (graze) 32 Contusion Abrasion

93. Types of wound Contusion Abrasion Laceration

94. Types of wound – laceration 29 Contusion Abrasion Laceration

95. Types of wound Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision

96. Types of wound – incision 29 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision

97. Types of wound Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

98. Types of wound – penetrating 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

99. Types of wound – penetrating 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

100. Types of wound – penetrating / laceration 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating

101. Types of wound Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation

102. Types of wound – amputation 33 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation

103. Amputation 33 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation

104. Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation De-gloved Types of wound

105. Types of wound – de-gloved 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation De-gloved

106. Embedded glass Minor injuries – embedded object 32

107. Tetanus? Minor injuries – splinter 32 4

108. Nosebleed Minor injuries – nosebleed 33

109. Minor injuries – insect sting 33

110. Animal (or human) bite 33

111. Crush injury 33

112. Eye irrigation Eye injury - chemicals 33

113. Poisons 35 Ingested Inhaled Absorbed Injected Corrosive Non-corrosive

114. Corrosive Substance: Danger Wash away / dilute (if can swallow) 999/112 Monitor Airway & Breathing Unconscious – recovery position Non-corrosive Substance: 999/112 Follow instructions Monitor Airway & Breathing Unconscious – recovery position Poisons – treatment 35

115. Poisons 35

116. Size Cause Age Location Depth Severity of burns 36 S C A L D

117. 1% Burns – size 36

118. Superficial Partial Thickness Full Thickness Burns – depth 36

119. >1% Full Thickness Burns that need hospital treatment 36

120. Burns 36

121. Burns treatment 35 1 2 3 Cool Remove Dress

122. The skeleton 38

123. Types of fracture 38 Open Closed Complicated Green Stick

124. Types of fracture – closed 38

125. Types of fracture – open 38

126. Note the poor aseptic technique! Types of fracture – open fracture 38

127. Types of fracture – open fracture 38

128. dislocated kneecap Dislocation 38 Dislocated Normal

129. Pain Loss of power Unnatural movement Swelling or bruising Deformity Irregularity Crepitus Tenderness Fractures – signs and symptoms 38

130. Elevated Sling Slings 38

131. Support Sling Slings 38

132. Rest Ice Compression Elevation Sprains and strains 40 R I C E

133. The spine 40 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Fused Sacral

134. Spinal injury – recognition 40 Blow to head, neck or back (especially resulting in unconsciousness) Fall from height (e.g. horse) Dive into shallow water Accident involving speed (e.g. knocked down or a car accident) Cave in accident (e.g. crushing, or collapsed rugby scrum). Multiple injuries Pain or tenderness in neck or back after accident (pain killers or other injuries can mask pain – beware). If you are in any doubt

135. Spinal injury 41

136. Spinal injury 41

137. Serious head injuries – Concussion 42

138. Serious head injuries – Compression 42

139. Serious head injuries – Compression 42

140. Concussion Compression Unconsciousness for a short period, followed by an increase in levels of response and recovery. Could have a history of recent head injury with apparent recovery, but then deteriorates. Short term memory loss (particularly of the incident). Confusion, irritability. Levels of response become worse as condition develops. Mild, general headache. Intense headache. Pale, clammy skin. Flushed, dry skin. Shallow / normal breathing. Deep, noisy, slow breathing. (Pressure on the respiratory control area of the brain) Rapid, weak pulse. (Blood diverts away from the extremities) Slow, strong pulse. (Caused by raised blood pressure) Normal pupils, reacting to light. One or both pupils dilate as pressure increases on the brain. Possible nausea or vomiting on recovery. Condition becomes worse. Fits may occur. No recovery. Head injuries 12

141. Body temperature 42 Shivering Fatigue, slurred speech Confusion, forgetfulness Shivering stops, muscle rigidity Noticeable drowsiness – 32˚C Very slow, very weak pulse – 33˚C Severe reduction in response levels Unconsciousness – 30˚C Dilated pupils Pulse undetectable – 29˚C Appearance of death – 28˚C Death – 26˚C Heat Exhaustion 38–40 ˚C Normal Body Temperature 36–37 ˚C Mild Hypothermia 31.5–35 ˚C Severe Hypothermia Below 31.5 ˚C Heat Stroke Over 40˚C Unconsciousness / fitting Confused / restless Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable Strong bounding pulse Flushed dry skin, hot to touch (or febrile convulsions) Cramps in stomach / arms / legs Pale sweaty skin Nausea / loss of appetite (or febrile convulsions)

142. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke - recognition 40 Heat exhaustion Pale, sweaty skin Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting Fast, weak pulse and breathing Cramps in arms, legs, abdomen “I feel cold”, but hot to touch. Heat stroke Dizziness, fainting, confusion, restlessness Throbbing headache Lowered levels of response leading to unconsciousness Possibility of seizures Nausea, vomiting Flushed, hot, dry skin (no sweating) Brain overheating

143. Heat exhaustion 40 Heat exhaustion

144. Heat stroke 40 Heat stroke

145. Diabetes 46 insulin Fixed amount injected: Burns up sugar! To balance the insulin taken. Eaten: sugar

146. Diabetes – untreated 46 insulin sugar

147. Diabetes – low blood sugar 46 sugar insulin Overdosed on insulin Or not eaten enough food; Or over exercised .

148. Oxygen + Food = Energy = LIFE Why is low blood sugar so dangerous? Brain cells can only use glucose (sugar) for energy Diabetes – low blood sugar 46

149. High Blood Sugar Low Blood Sugar Onset Slow Fast Levels of response Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly Skin Dry and warm Pale, cold, sweaty Breathing Deep sighing breaths Shallow and rapid Pulse Rapid Rapid Other symptoms Excessive urination Very thirsty Hunger Fruity smell on breath May be confused for drunkenness Diabetes 47

150. 20g of Glucose : 150ml Lucozade Original 200ml lemonade 200ml orange juice 4 jelly babies 4 teaspoons of sugar 20 skittles Glucose tablets vary x4 Diabetes – low blood sugar treatment 46

151. Focal seizure 48

152. Focal leading to generalised seizure 48

153. Seizures 49

154. Red Flag early warning signs! Cold hands and feet Pain in the limbs or joints Abnormal skin colour (pallor or mottling) Other signs, which can occur later: Fever and vomiting Rash that doesn ’ t fade with tumbler test Drowsiness or lowered levels of consciousness Severe headache Stiff neck (rare) Dislike of bright lights (rare) Meningitis 50

155. Meningitis 50

156. Meningitis 50

157. Meningitis 50

158. Sickle Cell 51

159. Sickle Cell 51

160. First aid kits 54

161. Gloves Face shield Plasters Wound dressings Eye pad Finger dressing Burns dressing Triangular bandage Conforming bandage Wipes Safety pins Adhesive tape Foil blanket Eye wash Scissors First aid kits 54

162. First aid kits 54

163. First aid kits 54

164. HSE first aid courses 54

165. HSE first aid courses – sequence of training 54

166. Name Address Occupation Name Address Occupation When Where How / Cause Injuries www.RIDDOR.gov.uk The Casualty You The Accident Accident book 57

167. Successful Resuscitation? and finally…

168. Black pen if possible! How to complete your answer paper

169. First Aid Training Thank you!

170. The airway 8

171. Make your own slides / mnemonics X Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta Echo A B C D E

172. Alpha Make your own slides / mnemonics X 1 2 3 4 Bravo Charlie Delta Echo E F G H Golf Hotel Foxtrot Indigo I J K L Kilo Lima Juliette Mike M N O P November Oscar Papa Quebec Q R S T Sierra Tango Romeo Uniform U V W X Whiskey X-ray Victor Y Z Yankee Zulu