First aid new DMRT ims and sum hospital.pptx

First aid new DMRT ims and sum hospital.pptx

1. First aid DMRT class FMMCH, Balassore

2. Definition of first aid: • First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range. • First aid is an emergency aid or treatment given to someone injured, suddenly ill, etc., before regular medical services arrive or can be reached.

3. Objectives of first aid/guiding principle: • The key guiding principles and purpose of first aid, is often given in the mnemonic "3 Ps". • Prevent further injury • Preserve life • Promote recovery

4. Goals of first aid 1. To restore and maintain vital functions. The ABC of basic life support (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation) ● Airway must be open so that air containing oxygen enters the body ● Breathing must take place so that oxygen passes through the lungs into the blood stream ● The heart must circulate the oxygen carrying blood 2. To prevent further injury or deterioration. 3. To reassure the victim and make him or her as comfortable as possible.

5. Contents of first aid Cotton wool Adhesive tape Crepe bandage Sterile Dressing Bandage Thermometer Scissors Glove Soap Pain reliever Antacid ORS Packets

6. Action plan This Action Plan is a vital aid to the first aider in assessing whether the victim has any life-threatening conditions and if any immediate first aid is necessary. They are DRABC . D - Check for DANGER To you To others To victim R - Check RESPONSE Is victim conscious? Is victim unconscious?

7. A - Check AIRWAY Is airway clear of objects? Is airway open? B - Check for BREATHING Is chest rising and falling? Can you hear victim's breathing? C - Check for CIRCULATION Can you feel a pulse? Can you see any obvious signs of life?

8. Shock: • Definition: Poor circulation to the vital organs. Shock is very serious and life threatening. • Causes: Dilated blood vessels, bleeding, severe dehydration, all leading to a drop in blood pressure, which results in poor circulation. These can be caused by severe emotional trauma, physical injury, illness, etc. • Signs/Symptoms: • Unusual behavior (e.g. Very calm or very anxious), • Lack of pain to an injury • Rapid breathing • Rapid but weak pulse • Bluish skin (cyanosis) • Unconsciousness. • Management: • Activate the ambulance right away. • Assist the person to lie on their side to improve circulation, treat any injuries

9. Fainting • Definition: This is very similar to shock except it is a temporary condition. • Causes: It usually occurs because of a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain, which can be caused by not eating properly, standing up too fast, or low blood pressure. • Signs/Symptoms: The patient feels faint, or collapses. • Management: • If they feel faint have them lie down which will help with circulation. • If they faint they will usually wake up in a few seconds. Encourage the person to stay lying down for a few minutes until they feel better. If they do not wake up within one minute, then activate the ambulance, and treat any injuries.

10. Hemorrhage/Bleeding: External bleeding: This is where the blood vessels and the skin are cut and blood is escaping the body. Causes: • Damage to the skin caused by trauma. • Can be a laceration , abrasion, or avulsion (with skin still hanging). Management: • If it’s a minor bleed allow some bleeding to take place as this will help clean the wound. • Then wash with warm water and soap , apply a dressing to keep it clean, change the dressing every few hours, and monitor for signs of infection.

11. Hemorrhage/Bleeding: Management conti —” If the bleeding is severe then apply the RED principle: • Rest: make sure the person is resting so as to decrease the heart rate and blood pressure. • Elevate: raise the injured limb above the heart to slow down the bleeding. • Direct Pressure: put pressure directly over the wound to help control bleeding, tie the dressing in place. But, do not make the dressing too tight so as to restrict blood flow • Pressure Points: Applying pressure over the pressure points pressing over the underlying bone pressure points on the arms (brachial pressure point) on the groin (femoral pressure point). • Applying a tourniquet: A standard tourniquet is a piece of web belting about 36" long with a buckle device to hold it tightly in place when applied.

12. Nose bleeds/ epistaxis : • Have the person rest, have them pinch their nose just below the bone, and lean slightly forward. • If the bleeding is severe, if it does not stop in about 10-15 minutes, or if there was an injury to the head or face, medical attention is needed. • Do not have the person lean their head back, as this will make them swallow their blood, which is not desired.

13. Drowning: • Drowning is the result of complete immersion of the nose and mouth in water (or any other liquid). Water enters the windpipe and lungs, clogging the lungs completely.

14. Management of drowning: The aim of first aid is to drain out water (or other matter) from lungs and to give artificial respiration. • Act quickly. Remove seaweeds and mud from the nose and throat. Start artificial ventilation immediately. • Turn the victim face down with head to one side. Infants or children could be help upside down for a short period. • Compress the chest to cause water to drain out of the lungs. • Remove wet clothing. • Keep the body warm, cover with blankets. • shift the patient to hospital in a stretcher.

15. Fractures A fracture is when a complete break, chip, or crack in the bone occurs. There are two different types of fractures : Open (compound) fracture:  The end of a bone tears through the skin, creating an open wound. Closed (simple) fracture:  Skin is not broken; more common than open fractures. Treatment: Call 911 or the local emergency number. Follow  RICE   (Rest, Immobilize, Cold, Elevate). Rest:  do not move or straighten the injured area. Immobilize:  stabilize the injured area in the position it was found. Splint the injured part only if the person must be moved or transported and if it does not cause more pain. Cold:  apply ice or damp cloth to the injured area for periods of 20 minutes. The cold will reduce internal bleeding, pain, and swelling. Elevate:  raise the injured part only if it does not cause more pain. The elevation may help reduce swelling.

16. Types of Fractures

17. Splinting A method of immobilizing an injured part to minimize movement. This helps prevent further injury and should only be used if you have to move or transport the person and if it does not cause more pain. The splint should be applied to the injury in the position it was found. When splinting fractures, the splint should be applied to the joints above and below the site of the injury . Materials used for splinting should be soft or padded for comfort. After the splint has been applied, check for circulation to ensure the splinting is not too tight.

18. Splinting a Collarbone or Shoulder Fracture Treatment: Call 911 or the local emergency number. Use a triangular bandage and place the forearm in a sling with the hand raised about three inches higher than the elbow. Tie the upper arm against the side of the body with a cravat bandage. Ensure that the bandage does not stop circulation in the arm.

19. Splinting a Lower-arm or Wrist Fracture Treatment: Call 911 or the local emergency number. Use splints that are long enough to hold the wrist, lower arm, and elbow motionless. Place the splint in a sling with the thumb pointing up and the hand slightly higher than the elbow. Use a cravat bandage to tie the upper arm against the body .

20. Splinting a Lower-leg Fracture Treatment: Call 911 or the local emergency number. Apply two splints that are as long as the length of of the leg beginning from the middle of the thigh to a bit past the heel. Put the splints on each side of the injured leg and bind them together with four or more binders .

21. Splinting a Thigh Fracture Treatment: Call 911 or the local emergency number. Use two splints, one for the outside of the leg extending from the heel to the armpit and one for the inside of the leg from the heel to the crotch. Bind the splints together with four binders around the splint and leg. Bind the splints together with three binders around the upper part of the outside splint and the body.

22. Splinting an Upper-arm Fracture Treatment: Call 911 or the local emergency number. Tie a splint to the outside of the upper arm. Place the arm in a sling and use a cravat bandage to tie the arm against the side of the body

23. Transportation of injured Unless the area becomes dangerously unsafe, it is best to avoid moving an injured or ill person. The reason for this is because any unnecessary movement can cause additional injury and pain to the person; resulting in complications for their recovery.

24. Walking Assist This method requires the injured or ill person to be conscious. Technique: Place the injured or ill person's arm across your shoulders and hold it in place with one hand. Use your other hand and place it around the person's waist to support them

25. One Person Carry This method can be used for both conscious and unconscious persons. Similar methods include piggyback style, fireman carry, or pack-strap carry. Technique: Kneel in front of the person with your back to them. Bring your arms around the victim's knees. Grasp their hands over your chest. Note: avoid injury to your own back by keeping straight and lifting with your legs.

26. Two-Person Seat Carry This method requires two people to assist the conscious person in need of transport. Technique: Put one arm behind the person's thighs and the other across the person's back. Interlock your arms with those of the second person assisting in the transport so that it goes behind the person's legs and across their back. Lift the injured or ill person that is sitting on the “seat” created by the arms of the first-aiders.

27. Drag Methods This method includes the blanket drag, ankle drag and the clothes drag. Technique: With the  blanket drag  method, gather half of the blanket and place it against the person's side. Roll the person towards you and reach over to place the blanket so that it is positioned under the person. Roll the person on the blanket and gather the blanket at the head and drag. With the  ankle drag  method, firmly grasp the person's ankles and move backward in a straight line. With the  clothes drag  method, grasp the person's clothing behind the neck (gather enough to secure a firm grip). Use the clothing to pull the person head first.

28. Stretcher A stretcher is device that is used to transport an ill or injured person by having the person lie on the object. This requires at least two people to help assist in the transport. When a stretcher is not available, objects can be used to create one. There are several ways to make a stretcher. The technique below is one way. Technique: Use two poles that are somewhat longer than the victim's height. With a few shirts and push the poles through the sleeves. Note: you can also use a tarp or blanket and wrap the poles in between.

29. Thank you