Flowers: Introduction , clove

lab 1: introduction to flowers + clove, for second year pharmacy students, Al-Azhar University by Dr Mahmoud Sallam demonstrator at pharmacognosy department.

1. Lab. 1: Introduction + Clove By: Dr. Mahmoud Sallam Demonstrator at faculty of pharmacy , Al-Azhar University. Flowers ALLPPT.com

2. Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

3. The Flower ( the reproductive part of the flowering plant ) Definition : The flower is a modified shoot to be suitable for the process of reproduction. The stem to be contracted and the leaves are modified into floral parts so the sepal , petal , stamen and carpel represents modified leaves . Highly specialized for the performance of reproductive function and adopted to produce seeds and fruits → propagation of the individuals. Function : Floral characteristics are the most commonly features to identify plants ( Much more reliable than vegetative characteristics ). Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

4. Flower parts Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

5. Flower parts Sepals Formerly protected the flower bud Petals Attract insects and other pollinators Stamens (Androecium) Pollen-producing part Pistil (Carpels, Gynaecium) Ovule-producing part 1- Anther : makes pollens 2- Filament : support 1- Stigma : traps pollen 2- Style : pollen tube travels through it. 3- Ovary : contain egg cells Receptacle Pedicel Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

6. TYPICAL PARTS OF FLOWER: A typical flower is formed of FOUR SETS of floral leaves: Essential (fertile) parts: Stamens ( ♂ ) : - Male reproductive structures - (Anther + Filaments) - All stamens called androecium Carpels ( ♀ ): - Male reproductive structures - (Stigma + Style + Ovary) - All carpels called the gynaecium These parts are arranged on a shortened axis ( Flower Stalk, Rachis, Pedicel ) the expanded apex of which is called the Receptacle . Non-essential (sterile) parts: Sepals : - protect flower bud - All sepals called calyx . Petals : - pretty parts that attract pollinators - All petals called corolla Calyx and corolla make up the perianth

7. Some important terms: when the outer floral leaves (sepals & petals ) are similar (nearly indistinguishable ). - Then the individual parts are referred to as tepals . - E.g. family Liliaceae Perianth: A leafy structure from its axil arises a flower. - If it is present the flower is called as bracteate . - If it is absent then the flower is called as ebracteate . Bract: A bract-like structure present on the pedicel between the bract and the flower. These are small and thin than the bract and may be one or two in number. - If they are present the flower is called bracteolate . - if absent then the flower is called as ebracteolate . Bracteole: A group of bracts arranged in one or more whorls just below the flower. E.g. family Compositae. Involucre: Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

8. Terms Applied to Individual Flowers Have all 4 floral parts (sepals, petals, pistil & stamen). Complete flower: Missing one or more of the floral parts. Incomplete flower: = Hermaphrodite , Bisexual . When both androecium & gynaecium are present. E.g. Clove. Perfect flower: Missing stamens or carpels, but not both. Unisexual = when only one of the sexual organs is present. Staminate: male flower. Pistillate: female flower. Sterile = when both of the sexual organs are absent. Imperfect flower: Terms Applied to Plants with Imperfect Flowers Both staminate & pistillate flowers are present on the same plant. Monoecious plant: Staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate flowers on a different plant. Dioecious plant: Presence or Absence of Parts

9. Monoecious plant: Arrowhead male Arrowhead female Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

10. Dioecious plant:

11. 1- Calyx (sepals) The outer whorl of the floral leaves. One of the non-essential organs of the flower. Usually green in color. Definition: Protection of the essential organs of the flower. Function: The calyx is formed of 2 to 5 sepals, and may be: Polysepalous (free) : each sepal is separately attached to the receptacle. Gamosepalous (united) : sepals are completely united through their margins. Cohesion: Tubular, Campanulate .. Etc. Forms:

12. Polysepalous

13. Tubular calyx Campanulate calyx

14. The inner whorl of the floral leaves. One of the non-essential organs of the flower. Usually colored . Definition: Pretty parts that attract pollinators Protection of the essential organs of the flower. Function: Corolla may be: Polypetalous: with free petals. Gamopetalous: with united petals. Cohesion: Tubular , slaver-form, Funnel-form, Camanulate, Legulate, Bilabiate, cruciform, spurred, Urceolate (urn-shape). Forms: 2- Corolla (Petals) Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

15. Flattened strap-shaped extension of petal

16. Narrowed at the opening Bell-shaped Cross-shaped

17. Backward or downward extension of petal widens gradually from base to tip Two-lipped

18. One of the essential organs of the flower Formed of stamens arranged within or above the corolla Definition: The stamen consists of: Anther: Swollen pollen-producing part. It is divided into 2 anther-lobes . Each anther-lobe includes 2 elongated pollen-sacs containing pollen grains. Filament: Slender stalk which bears the anther. Structure: Staminode stamens: sterile (i.e. not producing pollen grains). Sessile stamens: Filaments are absent. 3- Androecium (Stamens)

19. Types of Androecium According to the length of filaments: Didynamous : formed of two long and two short stamens e.g. Labiatae . Tetradynamous : formed of four long and two short stamens e.g. Cruciferae According to fusion of the filaments together with free anthers are: Monodelphous : (when filaments are fused in one group). Didelphous : (when filaments are fused in two groups). Tri, Tetra- and Polydelphous : (when filaments are fused in three, four or more groups). N.B. Syngenesious anther (the filaments are free but the anthers are united e.g. Compositae). Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

20. A and B , diagram and sector of t.s. of young anther. p , pollen sac, cn , connective tissue, v.b . vascular bundle; ep , epidermis ; f, fibrous layer; ml, middle layers; t , tapetum ; pl., pollen grain C , and D , diagram and sector of t.s. of a ripe anther. The structure of the anther

21. Pollen grains: They are formed from pollen-mother cell, occurring in pollen-sac. Structure: Pollen grains consists of a wall of two membranes: Intine: a inner delicate cellulosic membrane. Exine: an outer thick cutinized wall. The exine may be: smooth (saffron), warty (Santonica), pitted (Hyoscyamus), spiny (Chamomile), triangular (clove) or hexagonal (Lavender). The exine may show: Germ pores: one, two, and commonly three or more minute thin area from which the pollen-tube produces. Germinal furrows: narrow lanceolate areas or grooves, in the center of each furrow the germ pore is situated. Exine Intine

22. 4- Gynoecium (Pistils, carpels) One of the essential organs of the flower consists of one, two or more carpels and according to their number the gynaecium is described as: Monocarpellary [one], Bicarpellary [two], Multicarpellary [More]. Definition: Apocarpous (free carpels). Syncarpous (united carpels). cohesion:

23. The ovary The ovary my be simple , formed of one carpel or compound formed of two or more carpels united together. Carpels may form one compartment (i.e. Unilocular) or two (Bilocular), three ( Trilocular ) or more (Multilocular ).

24. The placenta Usually formed of the swelling of the cohering margins of the carpels. Its number is usually indicate the number of carpels forming the gynaecium . It may be: Marginal: Ovules arranged on fused margins of the carpel. Parietal: Ovules arranged on fused margins of unilocular compound ovary. Axile or Central: Ovules are arranged on the central axis of multilocular ovary. Basal and Apical: One ovule attached at the base or apex of unilocular ovary. Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

25. Insertion of Floral Parts Hypogynous - Sepals, petals, and stamens are inserted under the ovary. Ovary is said to be superior Perigynous - Sepals, petals, and stamens are inserted on the edge of receptacle which surrounds the ovary but not fuse with it). Ovary is said to be superior Epigynous - Sepals, petals, and stamens are inserted on the receptacle which has fused with and closed over the ovary Ovary is said to be inferior

26. INFLORESCENCES

27. Umbel with very short axis from which pedicels of nearly equal lengths and radiating, thus forming an umbrella-like structure.

28. Capitulum Or flower head with very short axis which swollen into a conical structure and on which are inserted sessile flowers (the axis is wrongly known as receptacle) usually there are two types of small flowers called florets, one have tubular corolla called disc floret and the other strap- like called ray floret. Dr. Mahmoud Sallam

29. Mizzotti et al.

30. Cloves القرنفل Origin : Dried flower buds of Eugenia aromatica , Syzygium aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllus , family: Myrtaceae .

31. Description: Morphology : bright reddish-brown to dark brown show the following: Hypanthium ( Elongated part Lower part ): It is solid, cylindrical, 4-sided, showing a central zone called columella surrounded by dark lacunous layer. Calyx: 4 thick divergent, triangular sepals. Corolla ( spherical head ): 4 rounded, unexpanded, form dome-shaped petals alternated with the sepals, enclosing numerous stamens Stamens: Indefinite, Curved inwards, the filaments are united in 4 groups (i.e. Tetradelphous ). Gynaecium: Consists of a stiff slender style and two-celled bilocular inferior ovary with numerous ovules attached to axial placenta.

32. Histology : The T.S of hypanthium shows the following layers: Epidermis: Formed of small, thick-walled cells with thick cuticles and anomocytic stomata. Parenchymatous layer: Containing numerous large oval schizo- lysigenous oil gland. Collenchymatous parenchyma layer: Containing cluster crystals of ca-ox and traversed by vascular bundles (xylem, phloem and pericycle shows thick-walled pericyclic fibres. Lacunous layer: Formed of parenchyma Columella layer: Formed of parenchyma with numerous cluster of ca-ox and vascular bundles. N.B. In the ovary region there is no lacunous or columella layers, where their situation is replaced by bilocular ovary with cluster crystal of ca-ox. T.S. in ovary region T.S. below the ovary

33. Schizo- lysogenous Oil gland: Secretory cavities or sac arise by separation of the cells and subsequent formation a secretory epithelium ( schizogenously ) or by breakdown of the cells forming a cavity not bounded by a definite epithelium (lysigenously).

34. Powder: Dark brown, with strong characteristic aromatic odor and pungent spicy taste followed by slight numbness. It characterized by : Fragment of epidermis with thick straight anticlinal walls and few anomocytic stomata. Fragment of parenchyma and collenchyma with cluster crystals of ca-ox. Numerous triangular pollen grains. Fragment of fibrous layer of the anther. Fragments of filament showing oil glands, cluster crystals of ca-ox. Numerous oil glands stain red with Sudan III. Fragments of spiral vessels and lignified fibres.

35. Active Constituents: 15-20% Volatile oil, containing: Eugenol (90%), Acetyl Eugenol (3%), , ,  -Caryophyllenes (8.5%), Clovene , Isoclovene . Tannins ( Gallotannic acid, 13%). Uses: Aromatic stimulant. Antispasmodic, Carminative, Spice. Toothache, Antiseptic. Preparation of Vanillin. Adultrants: Clove Stalk. Mother Cloves. Exhausted cloves.

36. That’s it, Thank you