6 Branen and Haggerty
the market for beverages has leveled out in recent years, the beverage industry continues
to be the greatest user of food additives with a market exceeding $1.4 billion annually
(Anonymous, 1995).
The greatest increase in food additive use in the next several years is likely to be
in the functional food and nutraceutical industry. Several recent publications have noted
the rapid growth of this industry both in the United States and in Europe (Hollingsworth,
1999; Sloan, 1997, 1998, 1999). Although definitions vary, Sloan (2000) defines a func-
tional food as a food or beverage that imparts a physiological benefit that enhances overall
health, helps prevent or treat a disease/condition, or improves physical or mental perfor-
mance via an added functional ingredient, processing modification, or biotechnology.
When low-calorie and fatfree foods are included, the total market for functional foods
exceeds $92 billion in the U.S. and is expected to grow annually 6–10% (Sloan, 1999,
2000). Although lower fat content continues to be a major factor that motivates food
purchase decisions, overall good health is now the major motivating factor (Sloan, 2000).
C. Lower-Priced Foods
Although there have been few recent studies to indicate that additives reduce the overall
price of foods, a study reported in 1973 (Angeline and Leonardos, 1973) indicated that,
at least for some processed foods, total removal of additives would result in higher prices.
This study was based on the premise that the consumer would still desire the same type
of foods in the absence of additives. The researchers reported that if, for example, additives
were removed from margarine, consumers would have no alternative but to purchase a
higher-priced spread such as butter, which usually contains few or no additives. They also
reported that if additives were removed from bread, franks, wieners, and processed cheese,
new processing procedures, increased refrigeration, and improved packaging would be
required, at a higher cost, to keep the same type of products available. In 1973 prices, it
was estimated that a consumer of sandwich fixings, including bread, margarine, franks or
wieners, and processed cheese, would pay an additional $9.65 per year if additives were
not available.
Although packaging or processing procedures could be developed to replace the
need for additives, in most cases processing or packaging alternatives are not as cost-
effective as the use of additives. However, it must be recognized that some of the additive-
containing foods could be replaced in the diet with foods free of additives. It is also
important to realize that the assumption that food additives lower the price of foods is
based on maintaining the same type and quality of foods that we currently have available.
Without additives, we could still have an excellent food supply at a reasonable cost. How-
ever, to provide consumers with the variety of foods along with the other benefits men-
tioned, would cost more without additives.
IV. RISKS OF ADDITIVES
Despite the benefits attributed to food additives, for several years there have also been a
number of concerns regarding the potential short- and long-term risks of consuming these
substances. Critics of additives are concerned with both indirect and direct impacts of
using additives. As for many of the benefits mentioned, there is not always adequate
scientific proof of whether or not a particular additive is safe. Little or no data are available
concerning the health risks or joint effects of the additive cocktail each of us consumes
daily.6