Foundations of Education.pptx

A powerpoint presentation on the lesson for Foundations of Education in Masteral Class

1. EDMGT 600: Foundations of Education

2. Foundations of Education refers to a broadly-conceived field of educational study that derives its character and methods from a number of academic disciplines, combinations of disciplines, and area studies, including: history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, religion, political science, economics, psychology, cultural studies, gender studies, comparative and international education, educational studies, and educational policy studies. 20XX Contoso business plan 2

3. As distinct from Psychological Foundations of Education, which rely on the behavioral sciences, these Standards address the Social Foundations of Education, which rely heavily on the disciplines and methodologies of the humanities, particularly history and philosophy, and the social sciences, such as sociology and political science. 20XX Contoso business plan 3

4. Foundations of Education study employs a number of different disciplinary perspectives to discern how schools equip young people to assume adult positions in American society. The aim of such study is not simply to describe accurately the connection between the internal organization of schools and their socializing mission. 20XX Contoso business plan 4

5. Foundations also refers to a tradition of academic inquiry that seeks to expose and make explicit the relationship between educational methods and values. Foundational inquiry compares words to deeds and intentions to consequences. In so doing it helps judge whether an action is warranted, that is, whether it is supported by reason and evidence. 20XX Contoso business plan 5

6. Purpose of Foundations of Education 20XX Contoso business plan 6 To bring these disciplinary resources to bear in developing interpretive, normative, and critical perspectives on education, both inside and outside of schools. The interpretive perspectives use concepts and theories developed within the humanities and the social sciences to assist students in examining, understanding, and explaining education within different contexts.

7. 20XX Contoso business plan 7 Promote analysis of the intent, meaning, and effects of educational institutions, including schools. Such studies attend particularly to the diverse contexts within which educational phenomena occur, and how interpretation can vary with different historical, philosophical, and cultural perspectives. The normative perspectives assist students in examining and explaining education in light of value orientations.

8. 20XX Contoso business plan 8 Promote understanding of normative and ethical behavior in educational development and recognition of the inevitable presence of normative influences in educational thought and practice.

9. 20XX Contoso business plan 9 Probe the nature of assumptions about education and schooling. They examine the relation of policy analysis to values and the extent to which educational policymaking reflects values.

10. 20XX Contoso business plan 10 Encourage students to develop their own value positions regarding education on the basis of critical study and their own reflections. The critical perspectives employ normative interpretations to assist students to develop inquiry skills, to question educational assumptions and arrangements, and to identify contradictions and inconsistencies among social and educational values, policies, and practices.

11. 20XX Contoso business plan 11 To sharpen students’ abilities to examine, understand, and explain educational proposals, arrangements, and practices and to develop a disciplined sense of policy-oriented educational responsibility.

12. Philosophy- Theory 20XX Contoso business plan 12 Educational theory is the application of philosophy to the classroom. Organization of Curriculum Manner of Instruction Character of school environment Grading and testing (assessment) Varies from school to school and state to state

13. Perennialism Essentialism Behaviorism Positivism 20XX Contoso business plan 13 Educational Theories Progressivism Reconstructionism Humanism Constructivism

14. 20XX Contoso business plan 14 Perennialism-Basic View Principles of knowledge are enduring -“Everlasting” Stress the time-honored ideas, the “Great Works”, and the ability to reason The intellect must be nourished by contact with ideas Truth resides in the nature of the things rather than n the sensory aspects of things.

15. 20XX Contoso business plan 15 Perennialism-Focus of Learning Focus of Learning Discipline the mind Learner assumed to be rational and spiritual person Reading, Writing, Recitation, Computation are considered important Stress “Higher-Order Thinking Skills”

16. 20XX Contoso business plan 16 Perennialism-Curriculum Early schooling best directed toward preparing children for maturity--3Rs Secondary school level directed more toward “intellectually elite” Vocational training for less gifted Strong use of Great Books Program – Hutchins and Adler – Studying the works of the leading scholars of history is the best way to a general education

17. 20XX Contoso business plan 17 Essentialism-Basic View Formulated by William C. Bagley—1938 Common Core of information and skills needed Three basic principles of Essentialism – Core of information – Hard work – Teacher-centered instruction “Back to the Basics”

18. 20XX Contoso business plan 18 Essentialism-Basic View Not so intent on transmitting underlying basic truths Advocate teaching that will help a person live a productive life today Therefore this “core” of information can and will change

19. 20XX Contoso business plan 19 Essentialism-Focus of Learning Transmit cultural heritage Develop good citizens How?-- Emphasize core of fundamental knowledge and skills Develop sound habits of mental discipline Demand respect for authority in a structured learning situation

20. 20XX Contoso business plan 20 Essentialism-Focus of Learning School is a place where children come to learn what they need to know, and the teacher is the person who can best instruct students in essential matters Role of teacher is “imparter of knowledge” Role of student is “learner”

21. 20XX Contoso business plan 21 Essentialism-Curriculum Subject matter of symbol and content (Idealism)—laws of nature and universal truths of the physical world Literature, history, foreign language, religion Lecture, required reading, memorization, recitation, examinations

22. 20XX Contoso business plan 22 Essentialism-Curriculum Truth is defined as observable fact, therefore field trips, laboratories, A/V materials and nature studies Subject matter is the core of education School is the curator of knowledge

23. 20XX Contoso business plan 23 Behaviorism-Basic View “Control the environment and you will control the individual’s behavior” B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) followed Pavlov Suggested that human behavior also could be explained as responses to external stimuli

24. 20XX Contoso business plan 24 Behaviorism-Focus of Learning Behavior is determined by environment, not heredity School environment highly structured Curriculum based on behavioral objectives Knowledge is best described as behaviors that are observable

25. 20XX Contoso business plan 25 Behaviorism-Curriculum Mastery of Facts Empirical evidence is essential—Scientific methodology Develop learning environments that lead to desired behaviors in students for which they are rewarded and will be motivated to continue

26. 20XX Contoso business plan 26 Behaviorism-Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Some believe negative reinforcement is ineffective Punishment “Extinguished” Not concerned about the cause of student’s problems Discover what is happening in the classroom environment and change it to allow student’s behavior to change

27. 20XX Contoso business plan 27 Positivism Auguste Comte ( kont ) (1798-1857) Divided thinking of humankind into three historical periods—each characterized by distinct way of thinking Theological era—people explained things by reference to spirits and gods Metaphysical era—explained by causes, essences, and inner principles Positive period—do not attempt to go beyond observable, measurable facts

28. 20XX Contoso business plan 28 Positivism-Focus of Learning Acquisition of facts based on empirical observation Schools must develop content standards that represent understandings of experts Students are encouraged to master these understandings and to develop their own skills of observation, classification, and logical analysis Objective testing—all tested with same objective set of criteria

29. 20XX Contoso business plan 29 Progressivism-Basic View Pierce (1839-1914) founded Pragmatism-1800s Need for people to be able to adjust to change Sees the learner as an experiencing, thinking, exploring individual Goal is to expose the learner to the subject matter of: -social experiences, -social studies, -projects, -problems, and -experiments that…..

30. 20XX Contoso business plan 30 Progressivism-Basic View When studied, by the scientific method, will result in functional knowledge from all subjects. Books are tools of learning—not a source of indisputable knowledge.

31. 20XX Contoso business plan 31 Progressivism-Focus of Learning Educational theory that emphasizes that ideas should be tested by experimentation Learning is rooted in questions developed by the learners Progressivists favor human experience as basis for knowledge

32. 20XX Contoso business plan 32 Reconstructionism-Focus of Learning Critically analyze world events Explore controversial issues Develop vision for new and better world Promote programs of cultural renewal

33. 20XX Contoso business plan 33 Reconstructionism-Basic Views Calls for new social order that will fulfill basic democratic ideals People should control institutions and resources This can happen if international democracy of world government

34. 20XX Contoso business plan 34 Reconstructionism-Curriculum Critical Pedagogy – Unites theory and practice – Provides students with critical thinking tools Public Education should be the direct instrument of world reformation Use moral dilemmas to direct attention toward social and world reform

35. 20XX Contoso business plan 35 Humanism-Basic Views Based on the writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) In “Émile,” Rousseau states “God makes all things good; man meddles with them and they become evil.” Humans are born free and “good” at birth Become enslaved by institutions

36. 20XX Contoso business plan 36 Humanism-Basic Views Concerned with enhancing the innate goodness of the individual Rejects group-oriented educational system Believe that most schools de-emphasize the individual and the relationship between the teacher and the student.

37. 20XX Contoso business plan 37 Humanism-Curriculum Goal--complete autonomous person Education should be without coercion or prescription Students should be active and encouraged to make their own choices Instruction based on student interests, abilities, and needs Students determine rules, books, and exercises Divergent thinking is completely honored

38. 20XX Contoso business plan 38 Constructivism Hands-on, activity-based teaching & learning Considers students as “active” learners who should be given opportunities to construct their own frames of thought. “True” learning is the active framing of personal meaning rather that the framing of someone else’s meaning

39. 20XX Contoso business plan 39 Constructivism Encourage development of critical thinking Understanding of big ideas rather than mastery of factual information Teach “how to learn” rather than facts Students learn by shaping their own understandings about their world This does not “fit” with current school structure.

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42. Thank you 20XX Contoso business plan 42