F. SBARDELLA 48
1. Th e Voice of Si l e nce
Silence is usually analyzed from a number of different perspectives, i.e.
technical, speculative, mystic or literary ones. Technically speaking, silence
is a necessary condition for speech to materialize in its sound form and
meaning. In this sense, silence surrounds and regulates the speech process,
and it is an integral part of any communicative interaction. The pace of
speech, or speech rate, is based on words and pauses. This perspective thus
includes linguistic or ethnolinguistic analyses, mostly focused on questions
concerning language in terms of grammar or interdependence between
languages.
8
The second perspective mentioned above frames silence as that
which cannot be expressed by theoretical research, i.e. beyond what can
be said and described, thus marking the boundary of human knowledge
and understanding, which are considered to be incomplete and relative.
9
Thirdly, the mystic perspective tends to interpret silence on the basis of
ecclesiastical, normative or doctrinal texts.
10
Finally, further contributions
pertain to studies in literature,
11
and in the history of philosophical-reli-
gious thoughts.
12
All the research areas mentioned so far seem to have only a theoret-
ical-interpretative scope, offering analyses that do not hinge on real
situations and practices. On the other hand, some contributions from
sociolinguistics,
13
or more specifically from anthropology,
14
together with
recent works on sound in urban contexts
15
and on music/sound in monas-
tic contexts
16
have paved the way to investigations based on field work,
8. G. R. Cardona, Introduzione all’etnolinguistica (Bologna, 1976).
9. L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: Tagebucher 1914-1916,
Suhrkamp, Frankfurt Am Main [English Translation, Tractatus Logico-Philosoph -
icus (London, Routledge & Kegan 1955)].
10. J.-C. Petit, “Garder Le Silence”, Théologiques 7 (1999), 3-10; F. Blée, “Au x
frontières du silence”, Théologiques 7 (1999), 79-94.
11. P. Valesio, Ascoltare il silenzio. La retorica come teoria (Bologna, 1986);
G. Steiner, Language and Silence. Essays on Language, Literature and Inhuman
(London, 1967).
12. J.-L. Chr étien, L’arche de la Parole (Paris, 1998); A. Nesti, Il silenzio come
altrove. Paradigmi di un fenomeno religioso (Roma, 1989); I. Illich, “The Elo-
quence Of Silence”, in Id., Celebration Of Awareness, Harmondsworth (Penguin,
1984), 39-46.
13. D. Tanner-S. T. M uriel, eds, Perspectives on Silence (Norwood, 1985).
14. W. J. Samarin, “Language Of Silence”, Practical Anthropology 12 (1965),
115-119; J. Jamin, Les lois du silence. Essai sur la fonction sociale du secret (Paris,
1977); D. Le Br eton, Du silence (Paris, 1997); D. Le Br eton, “Anthropologie du
silence”, Théologiques 7 (1999), 11-28.
15. R. Atkinson, “Ears Have Walls. Thoughts on the Listening Body in Urban
Space”, Journal of Media Geography 7 (2011), 20-28; 24.
16. A. J. Haste, “Prayerful Silence And Creative Response In Twenty-First-
Century Monasticism”, Journal Of Culture And Religion 13 (2013) 268-288.