From Resistance to Self-Management: A Topological Analysis of Tito's Discourse (1945–1957)

The objective of this study is to graphically illustrate the ideological evolution of socialist Yugoslavia during the regime’s establishment and consolidation, through the analysis of three key speeches delivered by its leader, Josip Broz Tito: Victory Day (1945), New Men and New Concepts of Labour are Being Forged (1946), and his address at the First Congress of Workers’ Councils (1957). These speeches, which already had significant political and symbolic impact then, are a valuable opportunity to explore the ideological differences between the three Yugoslavia’s communist first stages of its system of governance: national liberation, Soviet orthodoxy, and self-management socialism.

1. From Resistance to Self-Management: A Topological Analysis of Tito’s Discourse (1945-1957) Julio Otero Santamaría

2. From Resistance to Self-Management Juraj Dobrila University of Pulaa August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance 2 Research Outline Discourse and ideology: essential concepts for understanding systems of governance . Socialist Yugoslavia: paradigmatic case of evolution, rarely studied from a discursive perspective. 1941-1948: national liberation, Soviet orthodoxy and a self-management.

3. From Resistance to Self-Management Main Objetive G raphically illustrate the ideological evolution of socialist Yugoslavia during the regime’s establishment and consolidation, through the analysis of three key speeches delivered by Josip Broz Tito. Research Question What conceptual and ideological differences can be identified in Tito’s speeches between 1945 and 1957 in relation to the three stages of Yugoslavia’s system of governance? Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance 3

4. From Resistance to Self-Management Theoretical Framework: CDA addresses the links between language, ideology, and power (Fairclough, 1995). Method: Topology of discourse (Rodríguez de las Heras, 1987) seeks to formulate the conceptual structure of an individual, a collective or a movement through the analysis of one or more texts that are representative of his ideology. Speeches analysed : Victory Day (May 9, 1945). New Concepts of Labour are Being Forged (June 27, 1946) First Congress of Workers’ Councils (June 25, 1957). Josip Broz Tito: Selected Speeches and Articles 1941–1961 ( Stanojević , 1963). 4 Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance

5. From Resistance to Self -Management 5 Topology of discourse To formally express an ideology through a network of related concepts. - Extract the main concepts from the chosen text. - Observe how they are defined and what their meaning points to. - Determine which conceptual relations are of complementarity and which are of antagonism. - Represent the structure. Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Equality ═ Freedom Equality → Freedom

6. 6 Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance From Resistance to Self -Management Source: Otero Santamaría (2021, p. 114)

7. From Resistance to Self -Management 24 y 25 de noviembre de 2022 7 Emotional values over ideological ones. “Brotherhood and unity” and the contrast of the two Yugoslavias . Ideological concepts, ambiguous . Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Victory Day (1945) P opular Front strategy

8. 8 Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Source: Own elaboration From Resistance to Self -Management

9. From Resistance to Self -Management 9 Considerable continuity: epic concepts and “Brotherhood and unity” . New enemies: negative attitudes. First shift: centrality of labour . Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Tito, operative language New Men and New Concepts of Labour are Being Forged (1946)

10. 10 Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Source: Otero Santamaría (2022, p. 638) From Resistance to Self -Management

11. From Resistance to Self -Management 11 Significant discursive shift: 19 new concepts Related with communism and self-management. USSR as a counter-model. Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Speech at the First Congress of Workers’ Councils (1957) Correct interpretation of Marxism, justification of the split

12. From Resistance to Self -Management 12 1945 : discourse was shaped by national liberation, with an emotional tone and a limited presence of Marxist concepts. 1946 : heroic partisan narrative remained, with the new centrality of labour . 1957 : following the split with the USSR, self-management discourse took shape, marked by the innovative communist concepts. Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Conclusions

13. From Resistance to Self -Management 13 Continuous evolution, with its most decisive point after the break with Stalin in 1948. The discursive and ideological evolution of Tito and the communist elite reflects their struggle to consolidate and legitimise their power . Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance Conclusions

14. 14 References Darby, H. C., Setton-Watson, R. W., Auty, P., Laffan, D., & Clissold. S. (1972). Breve historia de Yugoslavia . Espasa-Calpe. Díaz Barrado, M. P. (1990). Estructuras ideológicas. La evolución ideológica de la masonería española. In José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli , Masonería, revolución y reacción, vol. 2 (pp. 959-975). Diputación Provincial de Alicante, Instituto Alicantino de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert. https://bit.ly/3SD4ZrA Díaz Barrado, M. P. (2000). Discurso político y relato social: conflicto, ideología y medios de comunicación. In Stéphane Patin (coord.), Política y discurso: viejas y nuevas representaciones . Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada, número 6 ( pp , 105-119). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://bit.ly/49tR5iB Djordjevich , J. (1961). Yugoslavia, democracia socialista . Fondo de Cultura Económica. Jović, D. (1999). The breakdown of elite ideological consensus: The prelude to the disintegration of Yugoslavia (1974-1990) . [Tesis Doctoral, London School of Economics and Political Science]. LES Theses Online. https://bit.ly/3E7J43k Laclau , E. (2005). La Razón populista . Fondo de Cultura Económica de España. Malešević , S. (2002). Ideology, legitimacy and the new state: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croacia . ProQuest Ebook Central. Otero Santamaría, Julio. (2021). De la liberación nacional a la construcción del socialismo. Análisis topológico del discurso de Tito durante la II Guerra Mundial (1939-1945). In Sánchez- Guey Valenzuela, N. y Paredes Otero, G. (coordinadores), De la filosofía digital a la sociedad del videojuego. Literatura, gamificación y pensamiento en la era de las redes sociales (pp. 104-129). Conocimiento Contemporáneo. Madrid: Dykinson, 2021. bit.ly/3sTfSLI Otero Santamaría, Julio. (2022) De la ortodoxia soviética al socialismo autogestionario. Análisis topológico del discurso de Tito y las élites yugoslavas tras la ruptura con la URSS (1948-1957). In Bermúdez Vázquez, M. y Sánchez Cotta , A. ( coords .), Filosofía, tecnopolítica y otras Ciencias Sociales. Nuevas formas de revisión y análisis del humanismo (pp. 624-657). Conocimiento Contemporáneo. Madrid, 2022. bit.ly/3LaZHju Otero Santamaría, J. (2023). Los discursos comunista y partisano en el Tito de la II Guerra Mundial: interdiscursividad, intertextualidad y recontextualización. In Manuel Bermúdez Vázquez (coord .), Caminos de reflexión y pensamiento: análisis desde la filosofía hasta los ODS , (pp. 233-262). Dykinson . https://bit.ly/3RgTgPM Peoples’s Publishing House. (1948). For a lasting peace, for a people’s democracy: Full and complete reports submitted to the Nine Communist Parties’ Conference held at Warsaw in September 1947 . People’s Publishing House. Rajak, S. (2010). Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in the Early Cold War: Reconciliation. comradeship, confrontation, 1953-1957 . ProQuest Ebook Central. Rodríguez de las Heras, A. (1987). Trabajos sobre Teoría y Métodos en Historia Contemporánea . Edición digital. Stanojević , T. (Ed.). (1963). Josip Broz Tito: Selected Speeches and Articles 1941-1961 . Naprijed .   Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance

15. 15 Thank you for your attention Hvala na pažnji [email protected] @jotero81 www.juliootero.com Julio Otero Santamaría Juraj Dobrila University of Pula August 27-30, 2025 11TH DOCTORAL WORKSHOP Systems of Governance From Resistance to Self -Management