Fungi classification plant pathology.pptx

The classification of fungi is a complex and ever-evolving field, but I can give you a good overview of the main categories and some of the key characteristics that define them.

**Firstly, it's important to differentiate between true fungi and fungus-like organisms:

True fungi: These are the "classic" fungi we typically think of, with cell walls made of chitin and a heterotrophic lifestyle (obtaining nutrients from other organisms). They are further divided into several phyla based on their reproductive structures and cell wall composition.
* **Fungus-like organisms:** These share some similarities with true fungi, but lack certain defining characteristics like chitin cell walls or fungal-specific metabolic pathways. Some common examples include water molds (oomycetes), slime molds (myxomycetes), and chytridiomycetes.

**Here are the main phyla of true fungi:**

1. **Chytridiomycota (Chytrids):** The most primitive lineage, known for their aquatic lifestyle and flagellated zoospores. Examples include Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid fungus responsible for amphibian declines worldwide.
2. **Zygomycota (Conjugated fungi):** Characterized by the formation of zygospores during sexual reproduction. Common examples include bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) and athlete's foot fungus (Mucor circinelloides).
3. **Ascomycota (Sac fungi):** The most diverse and species-rich phylum, including yeasts, molds, and many common mushrooms. Their defining feature is the ascus, a sac-like structure containing ascospores. Examples include brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), penicillin mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), and morels (Morchella spp.).
4. **Basidiomycota (Club fungi):** Another large and diverse phylum, known for their fruiting bodies with basidia that produce basidiospores. Examples include mushrooms like button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), and various bracket fungi.
5. **Glomeromycota:** A recently established phylum characterized by their symbiotic relationship with plant roots. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake and soil health.

**In addition to these phyla, the Deuteromycota (Fungi imperfecti) category exists:**

* **Deuteromycota:** This group used to be classified as a separate phylum, but most of its members have now been reclassified into other phyla based on genetic analysis. They lack a known sexual reproductive stage, but many are still important ecologically and commercially. Examples include bread mold (Neurospora crassa) and the antibiotic-producing Penicillium species.

Remember, this is just a brief overview, and there are many more intricacies to the classification of fungi. If you have any specific questions about a particular type of fungus or want to delve deeper into a specific phylum, I'd be happy to provide more information!

1. TOPIC : FUNGI CLASSIFICATION (PLANT PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS) V.AJAYDESOUZA M.Sc. (Agri) Plant Pathology Annamalai university [email protected]

2. THREE KINGDOM SYSTEM-HAECKEL 1866 The classification of living things is based on their multicellularity and unicellularity . Protista (Unicellular algae, Fungi & Bacteria) Plantae ( Metaphyta ) Multicellular plants Animalia ( Metazoa ) Multicellular animals

3. The Five kingdoms – R.H Whittaker Monera : it includes all the prokaryotes ( Eubacteria , Actinomycetes, Blue Green Algae, Mycoplasma And Akaryote (virus). Protista : it includes all the unicellular eukaryotes ( Protozoans , Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Slime Molds ). Mycota : it includes true fungi Plantae : it includes multicellular eukaryotic plants (Algae, Bryophyte, Pteridophyte, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm ). Animalia : it includes multicellular animals

4. Ainsworth Classification Of Fungi -1966

5. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI ( Dictionary of Fungi-10 th edition: krik et al.,2008 ) Domain : Eukarya Protozoa Chromista Fungi Plasmodiophoramycota Dictylosteliomycota Acrasiomycota Myxomycota Oomycota Hypochytridiomycota Labrinthulomycota Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Microsporidia Glomeromycota Blastocladiomycota Neoclallimastigomycota 3 kingdoms 4 phyla 3 phyla 8 phyla

6. Kingdom : Protozoa Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota ( Endoparasitc Slime mould ) Class Plasmodiophoromycetes Order Plasmodiophorales Family Plasmodiophoraceae Genus & Species Plasmodiophora brassicae (Club root of cabbage) 2. Spongospora subteranea (Powdery scab of potato)

7. Characteristics features of Plasmodiophoromycetes Obligate endoparasites attacking cabbage, potato Infection results into hypertrophy and hyperplasia in host Disruption of vascular elements of the host results into general stunting A characteristics cruciform type of nuclear division is found Two distinct plasmodial phases are seen: First phase is a zoosporangial plasmodium and the Second plasmodial phase gives rise to resting spores Walls of the resting spores contain either chitin or cellulose In some species, sexual fusion is observed before the development of the resting spore plasmodium

8. 2.Kingdom: Chromista ( Straminopila ) (False fungi) Phylum : Oomycota Class : Oomycetes O1: Pythiales F: Pythiaceae Pythium O2: Peronosporales F1: Albuginaceae Albugo F2: Peronosporaceae Peronospora Pseudoperonospora Plasmopara Phytophthora Bremia O3: Sclerosporales F1: Sclerosporaceae Sclerospora Peronosclerospora F2: Verrucalvaceae Sclerophthora

9. General characteristics of Oomycetes The majority of them are Eucarpic aquatic fungus that feed on algae, water mould , aquatic insects, animals, and plants as parasites . Mycelium is coenocytic, filamentous, and well-branched (Non-septate) Zoospores, which are biflagellate, pyriform, or reniform , and lack a cell wall , are used for asexual reproduction ( both whiplash and tinsel types) Oogamous sexual reproduction occurs through gametangial contact (Sexual spore – Oospore )

10. Chain Of Sporangium Single Sporangium Dichotomously Branched Sporangiophore Right Angled Stout And Numerous

11. 3.Kingdom : Fungi (True Fungi)

12. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Chytridiomycota Class: Chytridiomycetes O1: Chytridiales F1: Synchytriaceae G&S: Synchytrium Endobioticum O2: Spizellomycetales F1: Olpidaceae G&S: Olpidium Brassicae Class: Monoblepharidomycetes O1: Monoblepharidales F2: Monoblepharidaceae G1: Monoblepharis

13. Synchytrium Endobioticum (potato wart ) Vector for pvx Olpidium Brassicae (Root burn diseases) Vector for tobacco stunt virus

14. General characteristics of Chytridiomycota Thallus is coenocytic with oval multinucleate cell or elongated hyphae or a well developed mycelium. It may be holocarpic or eucarpic and monocentric or polycentric. Reproduce asexually with motile zoospores with a single posteriorly directed whiplash flagellam The encysted uninucleate zoospore germinate to form different thallus growth and reproductive development. Sexual reproduction is well known in certain chytrids. Plasmogamy by planogametic copulation . Sexual spores germinate to produce sporangium after a dormant period The members have alternation of generations

15. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum1: Zygomycota Class: Zygomycetes Order: Mucorales Family : Mucoraceae Genus & Species: 1.Rhizopus atrocarpi (Jack fruit rot) 2. Mucor (Sugar Fungi)

16. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum 2: Ascomycota ( Sac fungi) 1.Taphrinomycetes 6 Classes 2.Dothidiomycetes 5.Sordariomycetes 3.Eurotiomycetes 4.Leotiomycetes 6.Pezizomycetes

17. General characteristics of Ascomycota Because the sexual spores (ascospores) are generated in a sac-like body called an ascus, these fungus are referred to as “sac fungi” Well-developed, widely branching, and septate mycelium Ascocarps are either flask or cup-shaped and indehiscent, and ascospores are enveloped in a sheath of sterile hyphae. Eight ascospores are commonly found in an ascus. Conidia, which are exogenously created spores , are used in asexual reproduction. There is complete absence of motile spores

18. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum1: Ascomycota Class: Taphrinomycetes Order: Taphrinales Family : Taphrinaceae Genus & Species: 1.Taphrina deformans (Peach leaf curl) Naked asci

19. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum 2: Ascomycota ( Sac fungi) Class 2: Dothidiomycetes O1: Capnodiales F1: Capnodiaceae G1: Capnodium F2: Mycosphaerellaceae G1: Mycosphaerella G2: Septoria O2: Pleosporales F1: Venturiaceae G1: Venturia F2: Pleosporaceae G1: Cochliobolus G2: Alternaria O3: Botrysphaeriales F1: Botryosphaeriaceae G1: Botriyodiplodia G2: Macrophomina

20. Alternaria Helminthosporium oryzae

21. Teleomorph: Mycosphaerella Musicola Anamorph: Cercospore Musae Banana sigatoka leaf spot Pseudothecium Venturia inaequalis Apple scab

22. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum1: Ascomycota Class 3: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family : Trichocomaceae Genus & Species: 1.Eurotium niger (Groundnut collar rot) 2.Talaromyces digitatum (green mould rot of fruits) Conidiophore Conidia Vesicle

23. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi) Class 4: Leotiomycetes O1: Helotiales F1: Sclerotiniaceae G1: Sclerotinia O2: Erysiphales F1: Erysiphaceae G1: Erysiphe G2: Leveillula G3: Unsinula G4: Sphaerotheca G5: Phyllactinia G6: Podosphaera G7: Oidium Powdery Mildew Fungi Ascocarp: Cleistothecium 2 Order

24. Multi Asci Cleistothecium Bulbous appendages Phyllactinia corylea (Mulberry powdery mildew) Myceloid Appendages Erysiphe Polygoni (Pulses Powdery Mildew) Leveillula Taurica (Chillie Powdery Mildew)

25. Single Asci Cleistothecium Myceloid Appendages Sphaerotheca Pannosa (Rose Powdery Mildew) Podosphaera Dichotomously branched

26. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi) Class 5 : Sordariomycetes O1: Microascales F2: Ceratocystaceae G1: Ceratositis O2: Glomerales F1: Glomeraceae G&S : Glomerella cingulata (Mango Anthracnose) O3: Xylariales F1: Amphisphaeriaceae G1: Pestalosphaeria G2: Pestalotia O4: Incertae Sedis F1: Magnaporthaceae G&S : Magnaporthe grisea (Rice Blast) Ascocarp : Perithecium 5 Orders

27. Pestalotia palmarum Grey blight of coconut, plam tree Pestalotiopsis csidii - cankar guava

28. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi) Class 5 : Sordariomycetes Order 5 : Hypocreales F1: Hypocreaceae G1: Hypocrea (Trichoderma) F2: Nectriaceae G1: Nectria G2: Gibblerella indica ( Foot rot of Rice) F3: Clavicipitaceae G1: Claviceps G2: Ustilaginoidea F4: Cordycipitaceae G1: Verticillium

29. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Ascomycota ( Sac fungi) Class 6 : Pezizomycetes Order: Peziziales (Cup Fungi) F1: Pezizaceae G&S: Peziza ostracoderma , Peziza aurantia F2: Tuberaceae G: Tuber F3: Morchellaceae G: Morchella (sponge mushroom) F4: Discinaceae G: Gyromitra F5: Helvellaceae G: Helvella

30. Peziza ostracoderma (Peat mould fungi) Tuber macrosporum (True truffles)

31. Helvella crispa (saddle fungi) Saddle shaped apothecia Gyromitra esculenta False morels Brain like apothecia Morchella esculenta Cap- sponge like Cap bell shape

32. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi) 1. Agaricomycetes 4 Classes 2. Pucciniomycetes ( Rust Fungi) 3.Ustilaginomycetes (Smut Fungi) 4.Exobasidiomycetes

33. General Characteristics Of Basidiomycota The members are terrestrial and saprophytic or parasitic Basidium and basidiospores are the characteristic features of the group Unlike the endogenous production of ascospores , basidium always bears basidiospores exogenously and typical number of basidiospores is four per basidium The mycelium is well developed, branched and septate . The mycelium is of primary, secondary and tertiary types.

34. General Characteristics Of Basidiomycota In majority species, clamp connections are formed in secondary mycelium Dolipore septa is present in most of the genera except rust and smuts Reproduce asexually by conidia, arthrospores , oidia, fragmentation or by budding No specialized sex organs. Sexual reproduction takes place by somatogamy and spermatization In economic importance, Basidiomycota fungi are harmful as well as useful

35. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi) Class 1 : Agaricomycetes O1: Atheliales F1: Atheliaceae G1: Athelium (Sclerotium) O2: Cantharellales F1: Ceratobasidiaceae G&S: Thanatophorus (Rhizoctonia) 5 Orders O3: Polyporales F1: Ganodermataceae G&S: Ganoderma Lucidum (Tanjore Wilt Of Coconut) O4: Corticiales F1: Corticiaceae G1: Corticium

36. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi) Class 1 : Agaricomycetes Order 5 : Agaricales F1: Agaricaceae Agaricus bisporus F2: Amanitaceae Amanita F3: Tricholomatacae Armillaria F4: Pleurotaceae Pleurotus eous F5: Lyophyllaceae Calocybe indica F6: Pluteaceae Volvariella volvaceae

37. Milky Mushroom Calocybe indica Button mushroom Agaricus bisporus Pink Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus eous

38. Paddy straw Mushroom Volvariella volvaceae Poisonous Mushroom Amanita spp Tanjore Wilt Of Coconut Ganoderma lucidum

39. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi) Class 2 : Pucciniomycetes (Rust Fungi) Order 1 : Pucciniales F1: Pucciniaceae G1: Puccinia (Cereals Rust) G2: Uromyces (Pulses Rust ) F2: Melampsoraceae G&S: Melamspora lini (Linseed Rust) F3: Incertae Sedis G&S: Hemileia Vastatrix (Coffee Rust) F4: Phragmidiaceae G1: Phragmidium

40. TYPES OF TELIOSPORES PRODUCED BY RUST FUNGI Puccinia - Two celled Puccinia graminis tritici Rounded end

41. Puccinia recondita - Flat end

42. Puccinia striiformis - pointed end

43. Phragmidium - Multi celled-

44. Uromyces- Single celled

45. Melamspora - Crust like

46. Ravenelia emblicae ( Pucciniales ) newly found in Thailand - Parachute like teliospore

47. Hemileia vastatrix ( Wardia vastatrix )- turnip like

48. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum 3: Basidiomycota ( Club Fungi) Class 3 : Ustilaginomycetes 2 Orders O1: Urocystales (Bunt fungi ) F1: Urocystidaceae G1: Urocystis O2: Ustilaginales (Smut Fungi) F1: Ustilaginaceae G&S: Ustilago nuda G&S : Sporisorium sorghi

49. Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Urocystis agropyri Flag smut of wheat

50. 3.Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) Class 4 : Exobasidiomycetes 2 Orders O1: Exobasidiales F2: Exobasidiaceae G&S: Exobasidium vexans (Tea blister blight) O2: Tilletiales F1: Tilletiaceae G1: Tilletia

51. Exobasidium vexans (Tea blister blight) Tilletia indica (Karnal bunt)

52. DISCUSSION