GE6075 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING Unit 1

Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management.

1. GE6075 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING Unit 1 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel Professor and Head Faculty of Information Technology R M K College of Engineering and Technology

2. UNIT I HUMAN VALUES Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management. 2 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 19-Sep-16

3. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 3 Ethics Defined Moral codes are the rules that establish the boundaries of generally accepted behavior. Morality refers to social conventions about right and wrong human conduct. Ethics are beliefs regarding right and wrong behavior. Virtues are habits that incline us to do what is acceptable. Vices are habits that incline us to do what is unacceptable. Value System is the complex scheme of moral values that we choose to live by.

4. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 4 The Importance of Integrity Integrity is used to refer to people who act in ways that are consistent with their own code of principles. You often reflect on your principles when you consider what you “ought” to do in different situations.

5. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 5 Ethics in the Business World Globalization of organizations has created a complex business world. Risk is the likelihood of a negative event times the impact of the event.

6. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 6 Why Business Ethics are Important Protect the organization and its employees from legal action. Create an organization that operates consistently. Produce good business. Avoid unfavorable publicity. Gain the goodwill of the community.

7. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 7 Code of Conduct A guide that highlights an organization’s key ethical issues and identifies the overarching values and principles that are important to the organization and that can help in decision making. The code of conduct helps ensure that employees: Abide by the law. Follow necessary regulations. Behave in an ethical manner.

8. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 8 Ethical Decision Making Get the facts. Identify the stakeholders and their positions. Consider the consequences of your decision. Weigh various guidelines and principles (Virtue, Utilitarian, Fairness, Common Good). Develop and evaluate options. Review your decision. Evaluate the results of your decision.

9. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 9 Four Common Approaches Used in Ethical Decision-Making Approach to Dealing with Moral Issues Principle Virtue Approach The ethical choice is the one that best reflects moral virtues in ourselves and our community. Utilitarian Approach The ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest excess of benefits over harm. Fairness Approach The ethical choice is the one that treats everyone the same and does not show favoritism or discrimination. Common Good Approach The ethical choice is the one that advances the common good.

10. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 10 Ethics in Information Technology The increased use of information technology has raised many ethical issues for today’s IT professional. Licensing of IT professionals Internet communication Intellectual property Employee/employer issues

11. Work ethic 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 11 Work ethic is a set of values based on hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. A work ethic may include being reliable, having initiative, or pursuing new skills. Workers exhibiting a good work ethic in theory should be selected for better positions, more responsibility and ultimately promotion. Workers who fail to exhibit a good work ethic may be regarded as failing to provide fair value for the wage the employer is paying them and should not be promoted or placed in positions of greater responsibility. Work ethic is not just hard work but also a set of accompanying virtues, whose crucial role in the development and sustaining of free markets.

12. What Is Service-Learning? 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 12 Service-Learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities.

13. Differentiating Service-Learning from Other Forms of Education 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 13 Experiential Learning : The knowledge and skills acquired through life, work experience and study which have not been formally attested through any educational or professional certification. Internship: A work-related learning experience for individuals who wish to develop hands on work experience in a certain occupational field Practicum: A college course that is designed to give students supervised practical application of a previously studied theory

14. Civic virtue 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 14 Civic virtue is the moral underpinning of how a citizen behaves and is involved in society. It is a standard of righteous behavior in relation to a citizens’ involvement in society. A individual may exhibit civic virtue by voting, volunteering and organizing other community activities. Without an understanding of civic virtue, citizens are less likely to look beyond their families, friends and economic interests. They are less likely to help others in the community, to volunteer their time, to give to nonprofit organizations or to participate in group activity that benefits society. Related ideas for civic virtue are citizenship, philanthropy, public good, voluntarism and social capital.

15. Respect for others 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 15 Respect is a feeling of admiration or deference toward a person, group, ideal, or indeed almost any entity or concept, as well as specific actions and conduct representative of that esteem. Whether between spouses, friends, coworkers, or business acquaintances, if there is a history of mutual respect and sincere gratitude, the people involved are generally happier and more successful. We live in a world where there are many differences between people, but with an open mind and an appreciation of each person’s contributions to this world, we strengthen our relationships and our community.

16. How to Show Respect 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 16 Listen it sounds easy, but listening–truly listening–can be one of the hardest skills to master. If you want a person to know you respect him or her, then tune into what that person is saying. Look them in the eye and offer feedback when necessary. Everyone appreciates the person who willing listens to them and shows genuine interest in what they have to say. Encourage If you’ve ever had a bad day, then you know the power a little encouragement can have. We’ve all had moments when we need someone to tell us, “don’t worry, things will work out.” It might not seem like much at the time, but that person will remember that you took the time and interest in their feelings and well-being. A smile and uplifting word can truly brighten someone’s day.

17. How to Show Respect 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 17 Congratulate If someone does a great job, let them know about it. In fact, let everyone know about it. Openly congratulate someone for a job well done, especially if you’re a manager. Employees will work harder and happier knowing their manager has a mutual respect for them and is willing to express praise and gratitude when it’s deserved. Be Helpful If you find a friend or coworker in a jam, be willing to help them if at possible. Not to say you should take on half their project, but offering some advice or throwing in a bit of your time will mean a lot. If that friend or coworker has helped you in the past, then returning the favor will be a nice way to show both your respect and gratitude. Say Thank You I’m sure this one seems like common sense, but many people just forget to say thank you or at least forget how to say it with sincerity. A thank you can be as small as two words or as much as buying someone a gift; nevertheless, if the action is not done with 100% sincerity then it is wasted. Make sure people know you appreciate them and their actions. Simply saying it in front of someone else can make a big impact.

18. Living Peaceful 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 18 Our principle of ‘Peaceful living’ centers on the ethical and sustainable application of technologies which would aim to provide basic needs for everyone without compromising the planet’s resources. Here are the steps which can help you to discover your journey towards living in peace. Seek to love, not control others. ... Find Your Inner Peace. ... Moderate your convictions. ... Be tolerant. ... Be Peace. ... Reflection of thought. ... Seek forgiveness, not revenge. ... Live in joy. Be the change you wish to see in the World.

19. Caring 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 19 Being caring allows you to have empathy for others and to live a life based on affection, love, and compassion for the people around you. Being caring means providing a listening ear, noticing when someone needs help, and helping your community without asking for a reward. If you want to know how to be more caring today, see Steps to get started. Be polite: You don't have to be overly formal to be polite. You just have to be considerate of other people and make them feel comfortable in your presence. Be affectionate: Actions really can speak louder than words sometimes. Though telling a person you care can make a big difference, sometimes giving that person a hug or putting your arm around him or her can have that extra impact. Listen to people: When someone is talking to you, make eye contact, put away your phone or other distractions, and don't interrupt the person

20. Caring Steps to get started 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 20 Be more generous: Being generous, whether it's with your time or your money, can go a long way in being a more caring person. Treat others like you want to be treated : If you want to be more caring, then you have to be kind and thoughtful toward others, and think of how you would feel if you were in their shoes. Be considerate of others: Being considerate is another major aspect of being caring. If you want to be considerate, then you have to respect the people around you, and to avoid making a nuisance of yourself.

21. Sharing 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 21 Sharing is the joint use of a resource or space. In its narrow sense, it refers to joint or alternating use of inherently finite goods, such as a common pasture or a shared residence. It is also the process of dividing and distributing. Apart from obvious instances, which we can observe in human activity, we can also find many examples of this happening in nature. When an organism takes in nutrition or oxygen for instance, its internal organs are designed to divide and distribute the energy taken in, to supply parts of its body that need it. Flowers divide and distribute their seeds. In a broader sense, it can also include free granting of use rights to goods that can be treated as non rival goods, such as information

22. Honesty 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 22 Honesty refers to a facet of moral character and connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, including straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc. Furthermore, honesty means being trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere. Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious cultures . "Honesty is the best policy" is a proverb of Benjamin Franklin; "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" proverb of Thomas Jefferson.

23. Courage 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 23 Courage (also called bravery, bravado or valour) is the choice and willingness to confront agony, pain, danger, uncertainty or intimidation. Physical courage is courage in the face of physical pain, hardship, death or threat of death, while moral courage is the ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, discouragement, or personal loss.

24. Valuing Time 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 24 A first step in good time management is to understand the value of your time. If you are employed by someone else, you need to understand how much your employer is paying for your time, and how much profit he or she expects to make from you. If you are working for yourself, you should have an idea of how much income you want to bring in after tax. By working these figures back to an hourly rate, this gives you an idea of the value of your time. By knowing the value of your time, you should be able to tell what tasks are worthwhile to perform, and which tasks give a poor return. This helps you cut away the low value jobs, or argue for help with them. L

25. Cooperation 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 25 Cooperation is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common or mutual benefit, as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit. Many animal and plant species cooperate both with other members of their own species and with members of other species Commitment Commitment is willingness to give your time and energy to something that you believe in, or a promise or firm decision to do something. Commitment means acceptance of the responsibilities and duties and cooperation means help and assistance. By developing team commitment and cooperation in a work team you are assisting the team to meet its goals and objectives. Work teams that are committed and cooperative are more likely to achieve the goals the business has set.

26. Empathy 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 26 Empathy is the ability to mutually experience the thoughts, emotions, and direct experience of others. The ability to understand another person’s circumstances, point of view, thoughts, and feelings is empathy. When experiencing empathy, you are able to understand someone else’s internal experiences.

27. Self Confidence 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 27 Self-confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's personal judgment, ability, power, etc., sometimes manifested excessively. Being confident in yourself is infectious if you present yourself well, others will want to follow in your foot steps towards success. Promise yourself, no matter how difficult the problem life throws at you, that you will try as hard as you can to help yourself. You acknowledge that sometimes your efforts to help yourself may not result in success, as often being properly rewarded is not in your control.

28. Character 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 28 Character traits are all the aspects of a person's behavior and attitudes that make up that person's personality. Everyone has character traits, both good and bad. Some character traits have to do with your underlying values or beliefs. Some examples of these types of character traits include: Religious, Honest, Loyal, Devoted, Loving, Kind, Sincere, Devoted, Ambitious, Satisfied, Happy, Faithful, Patient, Determined, Persistent, Adventurous, Homebody, Considerate, Cooperative, Cheerful, Optimistic, Pessimistic, Funny. Some character traits can be bad, and you may not want these traits associated with you. Some examples of these types of character traits include: Dishonest, Disloyal, Unkind, Mean, Rude, Disrespectful, Impatient, Greedy, Angry, Pessimistic, Repugnant, Cruel, Unmerciful, Wicked, Obnoxious, Malicious, Grumpy, Quarrelsome, Caustic, Selfish, Unforgiving

29. Character 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 29 A leader or person who likes to be in charge may have the following character traits: Domineering, Boorish, Persuasive, Ambitious, Bossy, Disparaging, Picky, Sly, Cold-hearted, Rude, Self-centered, Conceited Some character traits can be consciously developed, learned or acquired. For example, character traits that you may consciously choose to learn or adopt include: Educated or Informed Some character traits for children include: Playful, Zany, Active, Wild, Silly, Affectionate, Funny, Rough, Talkative, Rowdy, Smart, Fidgety, Shy, Lively, Submissive, Stubborn

30. Spirituality 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 30 Spirituality is the concept of an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality, an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the "deepest values and meanings by which people live. Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to develop an individual's inner life. S Spiritual experiences can include being connected to a larger reality, yielding a more comprehensive self; joining with other individuals or the human community; with nature or the cosmos; or with the divine realm. Spirituality is often experienced as a source of inspiration or orientation in life. It can encompass belief in immaterial realities or experiences of the immanent or transcendent nature of the world.

31. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 31 Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management

32. YOGA 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 32 Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring balance and health to the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the individual, when adopted as a way of life, yoga improves physical, mental, intellectual, and spiritual health. Yoga offers an effective method of managing and reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, and numerous studies demonstrate the efficacy of yoga on mood-related disorders. Yoga is often depicted metaphorically as a tree and comprises eight aspects, or limbs: yama (universal ethics), niyama (individual ethics), asana (physical postures), pranayama (breath control), pratyahara (control of the senses), dharana (concentration), dyana (meditation), and samadhi (bliss).

33. Tree of Yoga 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 33 When one thinks about Yoga today, the first thing that comes to mind is the physical practice of postures, or Asana. As described in Patañjali’s Yoga Sutras, Asana is only 1 of the 8 limbs of Yoga. Applying the other 7 will not only deepen our physical and spiritual practice but also help take our yoga off the mat and into our daily lives. To help better understand how the 8-step path comes all together, BKS Iyengar’s representation of the Tree of Yoga:

34. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 34 1.Roots: Foundation for living honorably and clearly Yama – a list of outward observances representing principles of ethical behavior Ahimsa – non harming, compassion for self and others Satya – truthfulness, being honest with ourselves and others Asteya – non-stealing, freeing oneself from the desire to have something that has not earned or paid for Brahmacharya – wise and balanced use of energy Aparigraha – non-attachment, living with generosity of spirit and action 2.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve the self and surrounding relations Sauca – cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings, treating our body as a temple Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in things, counting one’s blessings Tapas – heat, energy of self-tranformation to promote a healthy mind, soul and body Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being an expression of the whole universe

35. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 35 3.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve the self and surrounding relations Sauca – cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings, treating our body as a temple Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in things, counting one’s blessings Tapas – heat, energy of self-transformation to promote a healthy mind, soul and body Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being an expression of the whole universe

36. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 36 4.Branches: Strong and flexible to move with the wind of life Asana – physical practice of yogic postures 5.Leaves: Drawing in life force through the exchange of breath Pranayama – mastering the science of breath, breath control 6.Bark: Protecting the tree from outer elements and preventing its essence from flowing outward Pratyahara – turning awareness inward, sense withdrawal 7.Sap: Juice which carries the energy on this inward journey, links the whole tree as one Dharana – focused state of concentration, bringing the mind to a single point of focus 8.Fruit: The essence of the tree Samadhi – bliss, to feel unity, peace, freedom

37. The role of yoga in stress management 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 37 Hans Selye first introduced the term stress into life science. The term stress is derived from the Latin word Stringere, which means “to be drawn tight.” Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction between a person and his or her life. Stress can affect one’s health, work performance, social life, and the relationship with family members. Eminent behavioral scientist Stephen Robbins defines stress as that which arises from an opportunity, demand, constraint, threat, or challenge, when the outcomes of the event are important and uncertain. Stress can also be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker.

38. The role of yoga in stress management …. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 38 Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury. Hence we can say that stress is a silent killer, and prolonged exposure to stress may exert harmful effects on physical, psychological, and behavioral well-being of an individual. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 80% of workers experience job stress. Kulkarni, in an article “Burnout” published in Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, has said that the rapid change of the modern working life is associated with increasing demands of learning new skills, the need to adapt to new types of work, pressure of higher productivity and quality of work, time pressure, and hectic jobs. These factors are increasing stress among the workforce.

39. IMPACT OF STRESS 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 39 One of the studies quoted that stress-related disorders evolve gradually through four recognizable stages. In the first, psychological changes such as anxiety, irritability, and insomnia arise, due to over-stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. In the second stage symptoms such as high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, and increased intestinal motility surface. In the third stage, a more profound physical or biochemical imbalance sets in, In the final fourth stage, irreversible symptoms that often require surgical or long-term management appear.

40. IMPACT OF STRESS 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 40 Increased sympathetic activation and the release of stress hormones, including adrenaline, lead to increases in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, body temperature, and muscle tension. In contrast, the relaxation response has been proposed as an antidote to stress; relaxation decreases heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and muscle tension.  Similar to stress in the workplace, college students are also often impacted by stress. Academic stress can result from many different imperative stressors, such as final grades, term papers, examinations, and excessive homework. Stress has exhibited a negative correlation with cognitive performance, thus negatively impacting academic performance.

41. EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS ….. 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 41 A growing body of research evidence supports the belief that certain yoga techniques may improve physical and mental health through down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The HPA axis and SNS are triggered as a response to a physical or psychological demand (stressor), leading to a cascade of physiologic, behavioral, and psychological effects, primarily as a result of the release of cortisol and catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). This response leads to the mobilization of energy needed to combat the stressor through the classic fight-or-flight response. Over time, the constant state of hyper vigilance resulting from repeated firing of the HPA axis and SNS can lead to dysregulation of the system, and ultimately diseases such as obesity, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, depression, substance abuse, and cardiovascular disease. Studies also show that yoga decreases levels of salivary cortisol, blood glucose, as well as plasma renin levels, and 24-hour urine norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.

42. EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 42 Yoga significantly decreases heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Studies suggest that yoga reverses the negative impact of stress on the immune system by increasing levels of immunoglobulin A as well as natural killer cells. Yoga has been found to decrease markers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein as well as inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and lymphocyte-1B. These studies suggest that yoga has an immediate quieting effect on the SNS-HPA axis response to stress. While the precise mechanism of action has not been determined, it has been hypothesized that some yoga exercises cause a shift toward parasympathetic nervous system dominance, possibly via direct vagal stimulation. Shapiro et al noted significant reductions in low-frequency heart rate variability (HRV)—a sign of sympathetic nervous system activation—in depressed patients following an 8-week yoga intervention.

43. EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS 19-Sep-16 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 43 Regardless of the pathophysiologic pathway, yoga has been shown to have immediate psychological effects: decreasing anxiety and increasing feelings of emotional, social, and spiritual well-being. Several literature reviews have been conducted that examined the impact of yoga on specific health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, and anxiety. Another study has shown improvement of mental health of both the young and seniors by reducing stress through yoga. Yoga can be wisely applied in welfare programs to improve the quality of life in all age groups. Yogic science includes yogasanas (postures), pranayama (breathing practices), dhyana (meditation), and relaxation techniques which benefit human beings at every level.

44. References www.cosc.brocku.ca/~jradue/2p50/slides/chap01.ppt https://www.gwu.edu/~rpsol/service-learning/.../Service-Learning%20PowerPoint.ppt https://www.bastiansolutions.com/blog/index.php/2011/04/06/5-easy-ways-to-show-people-respect-and-gratitude/ http://srecwarangal.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/peve-unit-1.pdf http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Caring https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation http://examples.yourdictionary.com/character-trait-examples.html http://benoityoga.com/tree-of-yoga/ http://mdcurrent.in/patients/role-yoga-stress-management/ 44 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 19-Sep-16

45. Other presentations http://www.slideshare.net/drgst/presentations 45 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 19-Sep-16

46. 46 Thank You Questions and Comments? Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 19-Sep-16