Gen_Bio_2_Lesson_01_Week_01_Plants_Forms_&_Functions.pdf

General Biology Lesson 01: Plants Tissues and Functions

1. General Biology 2
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City
Grade Level : Grade 12
Quarter : 1
st
Quarter
Strand : STEM
(Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
School Year : 2023 -2024
Instructor : Mr. Joshua Bong A. Bual, LPT.

2. Class Rules
1.Using of Cell Phone during class is strictly not allowed.
2.Raise your hand to speak or volunteer.
3.Do not leave your seat without permission.
4.Ask for help if you do not understand something the teacher just said and be
respectful while asking for it.
5.Be on time for every assignment or test (except for medical or other
emergencies).
6.Respect each other’s ideas and opinions even if you disagree with them.

3. Pre-Class Checklist:
•Checking of Attendance
•Checking Classroom Surroundings
•Quick Recap of Previous Lesson/Discussion

4. Let’s Get Started!

5. Guide Questions:
1.Based on your observation, how can you describe the
pictures presented?
2.What do you think would be the significance of it for
humanity and other living organisms?

6. Lesson Objectives
a)Describe plant systems in terms of reproduction, development, nutrition,
and gas exchange and transport.
b)Describe examples of homeostasis and the major features of feedback
loops that produce such homeostasis.
c)Explain how organisms maintain steady internal conditions from
specialized structures and processes

7. Week 1
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City
Grade Level : Grade 12
Quarter : 2
nd
Quarter
School Year : 2022 -2023
Teacher : Mr. Joshua Bong A. Bual
Understanding Plant
Forms and Functions

8. Introduction
•One of the most significant events in the development of
human civilization occurred about 10,000 years ago
when people first domesticated plants.
•Farming soon replaced nomadic gathering as a way of
life for most of the world’s people. Domestication
allowed for the production of surplus food and the
formation of stable, year- round farming villages. This led
to the development of trade routes, the establishment of
cities, and the emergence of our modern way of life.
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1211232/view

9. Green Revolution
•As civilizations became established, simple cultivation
gave way to selective plant breeding. Breeders scoured
their fields and, in the past few centuries, searched the
world for new wild and domesticated crops with
desirable traits. The best examples were bred to each
other for many generations.
•In the 20th century, such cross- breeding resulted in the
Green Revolution, which brought stable food supplies to
much of the world
http://www.asee-prism.org/the- next-green-revolution/

10. •There are more than 350,000known species of plants and
more are to be discovered and named in the years to come.
Their fascinating morphology and their ability to regulate and
maintain homeostasis are being studied by botanists.
•In this chapter, you will learn the different plant systems that
function together to maintain the plants’ internal conditions.

11. Lesson 1.1
Plant Growth and
Development
•Plant growth, from seed germination to maturity,
involves a combination of cellular responses and
molecular interaction.
•For instance, when you break the stem of a kangkong
to prepare it for sinigang, the kangkong makes a
snapping sound due to the turgidity of the plant’s
cells from water uptake.
Figure 1.0: Osmosis in Plant Cells: Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic

12. Plant Growth Stages

14. •Water is an essential requirement for plants’ survival water uptake allows to
be metabolically obtained from the surrounding soil. The presence of root
hairs in some plants (e.g., members of the family Fabaceae) wherein nitrogen-
fixing bacteria establish a symbiosis with the plant to convert nitrogen gas to
ammonia.
•In some plant species, the shoot and root systems have developed a
specialized function to adapt to certain environmental conditions.
Figure 1.1: Root hairs (Left) and indeterminate root nodules (right) from Medicago sp. (alfalfa)

15. Some Example of
Specialized Function a Plants
Ginger Bougainvillea Prop roots
•Locally known as luya, is a
specialized stem known as
the rhizome. It serves as
storage of starch and
protein, which perennial
growth. •The small flower of
bougainvilleais located at
the center of the colorful
specialized leaves. The
specialized leaves are often
in a shade of white, pink
yellow to attract pollinators
to the small flower at the
center of these bracts. •Prop roots are also
specialized plant parts that
we see in mangroves or
bakawan. These prop roots
support function to anchor
and support the mangrove
on the regularly water-
logged-soil

16. Transport System
in Plants
The plant transport food, water, and minerals
through its system using the xylem and the phloem.
These conducting tissues, when viewed as a cross-
section under the microscope, appear to be a mass
of cells, arranged side by side.

17. Lesson 1.2:
Plant Tissue
•Main idea: Plants have specialized cells and
tissues that form organs for maintaining proper
bodily functions.
•Compared to animals, plants have fewer types
of tissues. There are two main types of tissues in
vascular plants: meristematic and permanent.
•Permanent tissues are further divided into
surface (thermal), fundamental(ground), and
vascular.
•These plant tissues are either made up of one
type of cells or two or more different cell types
with a common function.

19. Two main Types of Plant Tissue
The Meristematic Tissue The Permanent Tissues
•Meristematic tissue allows
growth a plant grows because it
has meristems.
•Meristems are made-up of
embryonic tissues called
Meristematic tissues.
•Meristems are part of the plant
where growth is fastest
•Permanent tissues are
specialized in function and do
not divide constantly.
•Differentiation of cells begins as
soon as cells have been formed
by cell division, and results in
changes in structure. There are
three groups of permanent tissue

20. The Meristematic Tissues
•Meristematic tissue allows growth a plant grows
because it has meristems. Meristemsare made up
of embryonic tissues called Meristematic tissues.
•Meristemsare part of the plant where growth is
fastest
•Apical Meristems are found in the tips of stems or
roots that allow these organs to grow longer.
•Lateral Meristems are found on the nodes of stems
and are involved in the formation of branches.
•The cambiumis a ring of meristematic tissues found
inside a mature stem, which allows growth in
diameter or increase in the thickness of stems or
roots.

22. The Meristematic Tissues
•A Vascular cambium produces new
layers of vascular tissues, whereas a
cork cambium produces new layers of
surface tissue called cork.
•The cells found in meristematic tissues
are usually small, thin-walled, and with
no central vacuole and specialized
features. Their main function is to
undergo cell division called mitosis.

23. The Permanent Tissues
•Permanent tissue is specialized in function and does not divide constantly.
Differentiation of cells begins as soon as cells have been formed by cell
division, and results in changes in structure. There are three groups of
permanent tissue:
•Epidermal
•Vascular
•Ground
•Epidermal Tissue This is the outermost layer of cells that covers the roots,
stems, and leaves. Epidermal cells are tightly packed, with no intercellular air
spaces.
•Some epidermal cells are modified to perform a specific function. Specialized
epidermal cells of the stem and leaves secrete a waxy layer, called the cuticle,
to prevent water loss. Other examples of specialized cells are guard cells and
root hair cells.

24. Table 1.0: Plant Organ Systems: Major Organs and Their Functions
Basic Tissue System Tissue Cell Types
Surface (dermal)
Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant.
epidermis (primary growth)
periderm (secondary
growth)
Parenchyma cells
guard cells
trichomes
sclerenchyma cells
parenchyma cells
Fundamental (ground)
The ground tissue serves as a site for
photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for
the vascular tissue, and helps to store water and
sugars.
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
sclerenchyma
Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Fibers
sclereids
Vascular
The vascular tissue transports water, minerals,
and sugars to different parts of the plant.
Xylem
Phloem
Tracheids
Vessel members
sclerenchyma cells
parenchyma cells
sieve tube members
Companion cells

25. The Guard Cells
Guard cells are bean-shaped epidermal cells that occur on
either side of a stoma-which is the opening that occurs on the
surface of a leaf. The guard cells function to open and close
the stoma, thus controlling the loss of water by transpiration.
The Hair Cells
The hair cells of an epidermal root hair cell are formed by
an extension of the cell wall. The hair functions to
increase the surface area of the root to maximize the
uptake of water and nutrients.
The Permanent Tissues (Specialized Cells)

26. The Stoma
Openings called stomata (singular:
stoma) allow a plant to take up
carbon dioxide and release oxygen
and water vapor.
The (a) colorized scanning-electron
micrograph shows a closed stoma
of a eudicot. Each stoma is flanked
by two guard cells that regulate its
(b) opening and closing.
The guard cells are more curved
when the stoma is open compared
to when it is closed.
The (c) guard cells sit within the
layer of epidermal cells (credit a:
modification of work by Louisa
Howard, RippelElectron
Microscope Facility, Dartmouth
College; credit b: modification of
work by June Kwak, University of
Maryland; scale- bar data from Matt
Russell)

27. The Vascular Tissues
•Vascular tissues are complex conducting tissues that extend
from the roots to the leaves of plants.
•There are two types of vascular tissues: xylemand phloem.
The Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to
leaves via the stem. on the other hand, the phloem
transports organic nutrients in both directions along the
length of the plant.
•The phloem is usually located outside the xylem.
The Picture shows the actual image of the vascular tissues under a
microscope showing the appearance and location of xylem and phloem

28. The Vascular Tissues
There are two types of conducting cells found in the xylem:
Tracheid and vessel element.
Tracheid
•Are elongated, hollow, and non-living cells with tapered ends.
•Water and minerals can pass between the tracheid through
the pits or depressions found in its end walls.
Vessel Elements
•Are also hollow and non-living but are larger and without end
walls.
•Vessel elements form a continuous pipeline of water and
minerals from the roots to the leaves.
The body plant of a flowering plant (a eudicot)

29. The Vascular Tissues
In addition. Xylem also contains
parenchyma cells that store substances.
The Phloem contains living conducting
cells called sieve tube cells, each of
which has a companion cell.
The Sieve Tube Cells are elongated cells
with few organelles and no nucleus

30. The Fundamental Tissues Fill
Fundamental or ground tissues form the main bulk of plants. They feel most of the spaces in any plant organ.
the cells that form the fundamental tissues are involved in the production and storage of food and serve as
support for the plant.

31. The Fundamental Tissues Fill
Table 1.0. Different Types of Plants Cells
Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma Cells

• Cell walls are thin
• vacuole is usually large
• cells are loosely packed
with intercellular air spaces
between the cells that allow
for the exchange of gases

• cell walls are unevenly
thickened with cellulose
• cells are packed together
tightly with few intercellular
airspaces

• matures sclerenchyma cells are
dead and hollow.
• Cell walls contain lignin, which
makes the cells strong.
• two forms: sclereids, which are
thick-walled, short and pitted.
And fibers, which are tapering,
elongated cells.
























































Fundamental tissues are made-up of three types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and
sclerenchyma.

32. The Fundamental Tissues Fill

























Function

Use for storage of water.
Sugars and starches.

Specialized parenchyma
are photosynthetic

Used for Support

Cells can undergo cell
division when mature.



Function

• Provides mechanical
strength and flexibility to
stems and leaves.

• Collenchyma tissue is
found just below the
epidermis, most commonly
in the stem.


Function

• Provides the plant with
structure and support

• Found in stems

• Sclereids are found in seed
coats, nut shells and in pears.



















Table 1.0. Different Types of Plants Cells
Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma Cells

33. Figure 1.0:
Parenchyma Cells


Figure 1.2:
Collenchyma Cells




Figure 1.3:
Sclerenchyma cells:
fiber (left) and sclereid (right)




The Fundamental Tissues Fill

34. Different Plant Tissues
Samples under Microscope

35. Lesson 1.3: Plant: Nutrition, Hormones, Responses,
and Feedback Mechanism
•When we talk about plant nutrition, we are referring to the
supply and absorption of chemical compounds for the
growth and metabolism of plants. These chemical
compounds for growth are known as plant nutrients or
essential elements.
•In order for higher plants to sustain their metabolic
processes, inorganic nutrients are obtained from the
environment via soil, air, and water.
•Classifying elements as essential for plant growth is based
on visual diagnosis, plant analysis, biochemical tests, and
soil tests.

36. How do different elements help promote and affect the
growth and development of the plant and how do they
adapt to certain conditions if these elements are limited
and not present?
Essential Question:

37. Table 1.1.
Essential
Elements
and
Physiology
In Plants
*essential element for
some but not all higher
plant species
Source: Barker et al.,
Mengelet al., 2001

38. Plant Hormones
To achieve ideal growth, plants need to have a
constant level of essential elements. However,
these nutrients are available as irregular patchy
distribution in most soils.
This led to limited access to nutrients for plants.
These responses alter the whole plant’s
morphology and metabolism.
Comparison of a hormone deficient or hormone insensitive dwarf
mutant Arabidopsis plant (right) with a wild type of plant of the
same age (left)

39. Plant
Hormones
also play an important role in
plant defense against
pathogenic microorganisms. not
only do these plant hormones
perform such functions, but they
also regulate development
networks and signal plants.
some of the known
Phytohormones are provided on
the table.
Table 1.2. Plant Hormones and Their Growth and Defense Functions
Hormones Functions
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Lateral rot inhibition; nutrient starvation stress- protecting hormone (e.g., control of reactive
oxygen species);
Auxin
Antagonistic effect on disease susceptibility and resistance; defense response against
biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens; stimulates cell elongation from wall-loosening
factors, such as elastin; induces growth of pre- existing roots.
Brassinosteroids (BR)
Structurally related to animal steroid hormones for growth, development, and physiological
responses; abiotic stress responses; seed germination; reproductive development; regulate
plant defense from pathogens.
Cytokinin (CK)
Long distance (root-to-shoot) signals for nitrogen assimilation; seed development; regulation
of stem-cell related genes; cell differentiation, and chloroplast formation.
Ethylene (ET)
Defense necrotrophic pathogens and herbivore insects; root hair proliferation and elongation
from low iron and lateral root growth from low potassium.
Gibberellins (GA) Response to nutritional limitation; partial regulation of P signaling.
Jasmonic Acid (JA)
Defense from necrotrophic pathogens and herbivore insects such as caterpillars, beetles,
leafhoppers, and spider mites; diverse plant processes such as tendril coiling, leaf
senescence, fruit ripening, tuber formation, and stomatal opening.
Salicylic Acid (SA)
Activation of defense response from biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens; establish
systematic acquired resistance; inhibit seed germination; increase seed vigor.

40. Lesson 1.4:
Reproduction and
Modern Biotechnological
Application
The application of biotechnology in agriculture has resulted in benefits to
farmers, producers, and consumers. Biotechnology has helped to make both
insect pest control and weed management safer and easier while
safeguarding crops against disease.

41. How development of Plants changes our way of living
including our perception of plant and their application in
different aspects? Explain and cite one example.
Essential Question:

42. Applying Concepts and Skills in Daily Living:
Reflect Your Thoughts
•As a Monlimarian, after understanding the form, and function including
the important concepts of Plants, In your own little way how will you be
able to apply all these concepts in promoting plant conservation and
development?
Note: No need to write this on your Journal, Just be mindful of this question
most of the time this is being asked after the lesson.

43. Evaluating Learning: Written Work No. 1: Activity A
Illustrating and Describing Plant Parts Tissues
Directions:
On a legal-sized bond paper, draw(Illustrate) and describe a plant's different
parts and tissue systems. You are required to provide their functions and other
important information.
Note:
Please be mindful of the provided format for your General Biology Plate Output.

44. Evaluating Learning: Written Work No. 1: Activity B
Trends in Plant Research and Development
Directions: Conduct a short research about the recent trends in Plant Research
and Development in the Philippines. Provide important points and your
observations about the article/research.
Challenges to Plant Research
Directions: Select an article or recent news about Plant research and discoveries
and Create a short research on the important questions/issues about plant
research today. Choose only one topic.

45. End of Lesson
Lesson 1: Plants Forms and Functions
Thank You! Be Happy!