General applications of biotechnology in agriculture

history,applications,benefits,risks,

1. GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE IQRA AYUB MS BIOTECH

2. AIM To gain knowledge about the importance of biotechnology in Agricultural field.

3. CONTENTS Introduction History Applications Benefits Risks Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Is a collection of scientific techniques used to improve plants, animals and microorganisms to enhance their value

5. Scientists have developed solutions to : Increase agricultural productivity. Enhances breeders’ ability to make improvements in crops and livestock. Enables improvements that are not possible with traditional crossing of related species alone

6. HISTORY In 1990 -The first food product of biotechnology (an enzyme used in cheese production and a yeast used for baking) appeared on the market . In1995, farmers have been growing GE crops. In 2003 , 7 million farmers in 18 countries were planting biotech crops.

7. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

8. GENETIC ENGINEERING inserts fragments of DNA into chromosomes of cells uses tissue culture to regenerate the cells into a whole organism with a different genetic composition from the original cells. This is also known as rDNA technology produces transgenic organisms.

9. TISSUE CULTURE manipulates cells anthers pollen grains other tissues so they live for extended periods under laboratory conditions or become whole, living, growing organisms Examples of crops produced using tissue culture include citrus, pineapples, avocados, mangoes, bananas, coffee and papaya.

10. EMBRYO RESCUE used to facilitate “wide crossing” by producing whole plants from embryos that are the result of crossing two plants that would not normally produce offspring.

11. MOLECULAR MARKERS use molecular markers to select plants or animals that possess a desirable gene, even in the absence of a visible trait.

12. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS methods use to detect genes or gene products that are very precise and specific. Molecular diagnostics are used in agriculture to more accurately diagnose crop/livestock diseases.

13. VACCINES Biotechnology-derived vaccines are used in livestock and humans. Cheaper better safer than traditional vaccines stable at room temperature do not need refrigerated storage

14. SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION Removes the cell walls of cells from different organisms and induces the direct mixing of DNA from the treated cells, which are then regenerated into whole organisms through tissue culture.

15. FLOWERS gene identification and transfer techniques used to improve the color, smell, size and other features of flowers. used to make improvements to other common ornamental plants, in particular, shrubs and trees. Some of these changes are similar to those made to crops, such as enhancing the cold resistance of a breed of tropical plant, so it can be grown in northern gardens.

16. MICROPROPAGATION Involves taking small sections of plant tissue, or entire structures such as buds, and culturing them under artificial Conditions to regenerate complete plants.

17. Benefits Following are a few examples of benefits resulting from applying currently available genetic engineering techniques to agricultural biotechnology. Increased crop productivity Enhanced crop protection

18. Improved nutritional value Better flavor Fresher produce

19. Environmental benefits Herbicide tolerance

20. Virus resistance Delayed fruit ripening

21. RISKS Allergies Toxicity

22. Nutrient imbalance Decrease of food diversity

23. CONCLUSION Scientists working in the field of agricultural biotechnology should become aware of these risk and benefits, As well as their professional responsibility to ensure that their research is applied only for the benefit of humankind and not to cause harm.