GENERAL-BIOLOGY-WPS-Office.pptx lesson in

general biology

1. GENERAL BIOLOGY GROUP 1 •CHERYL BALIGIA •DERICK JAY GANOY •ELMER LAURENTE •JHON MARK ABOGADIE

2. CONTENTS 01. ATP AND THE DIFFERENT COUPLED REACTION PROCESSES • explain different reaction process & role of ATP 02. ATP STRUCTURE and HYDROLfYSIS 03. ATP-ADP CYCLE ATP in Energy Coupling LESSON 1 04.

3. LESSON 1 ATP and the different coupled reaction processes

4. Energy is essential to life. All living things must be able to produce energy, store energy for future use, and use energy to carry out life processes. WHAT IS ENERGY?

5. In everyday life, energy is important because it can be used to do work such as eating, walking, running, talking, and thinking or simply turning the pages of this learning material. Some cellular activities that require energy are active transport, protein synthesis, and cell division. Energy can exist or be stored inmany forms such as light, heat, electricity, and chemical bonds in chemical compounds.

6. ATP Structure and Hydrolysis This energy in turn is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is an organic molecule used for short-term energy storage and transport in the cell. It is composed of three parts: (1) a nitrogenous base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups (triphosphate)

7. The three phosphate groups in an ATP molecule are negatively charged. Recall that molecules having the same charge will tend to repel from each other. Thus, this means that the three phosphate groups are in an unstable arrangement. The third phosphate group is so eager to get further away from the two phosphate groups. A bond between them is broken through hydrolysis (water-mediatedbreakdown) reaction releasing energy (Figure 2). The remaining free phosphate group and low-energy molecule is called adenosine diphosphate (ADP). P. stands for an inorganic phosphate group (PO) ATP is hydrolyzed i ATP + H2O ADP + P₁ + energy

8. When ADP binds with another phosphate group, energy is stored and ATP is formed When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is formed.

9. ATP in Energy Coupling The hydrolysis of ATP not only results to a release of energy but also would simply result in organisms' overheating because the dissipation of energy would excite nearby molecules, resulting in heat or thermal energy. Energy in a cell needs to be linked to other processes in order to be useful. "

10. Energy coupling is the transfer of energy from one chemical reaction to another. An energetically favorable reaction (exergonic, e.g., ATP hydrolysis) is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable reaction (endergonic, e.g., ATP regeneration). "Through energy coupling, the cell can perform nearly all of the tasks it needs to function.

11. Classification of Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions can be classified as either exergonic (energy outward) or endergonic (energy inward) Fgure 4): • Exergonic reaction - proceeds with a net release of free energy • Endergonic reaction - one that absorbs free energy surroundings

12. Example of Energy Coupling One example of energy coupling involving ATP is the formation of sucrose (table sugar) from glucose and fructose (Figure 4). In the uncoupled reaction, glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose.

13. Formation of sucrose (table sugar) from glucose and fructose (uncoupled and coupled reactions). In the coupled reaction, there are two reactions that take place: 1. A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, forming a phosphorylated glucose intermediate (glucose-P). This is an energetically favorable reaction or exergonic reaction. 2. The glucose-P intermediate reacts with fructose to form sucrose. Because glucose-P is relatively unstable, this reaction also releases energy and is spontaneous

14. Click here to add the text, the text is the refinement of your thought, and please try to explain the point of view as succinctly as possible. Thank you