General characters of division chlorophyta 005

General understanding for first year botany students

1. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA

2. DISTRIBUTION Wide range of distribution Aquatic Fresh water Marine water Terrestrial

3. DISTRIBUTION Still / Stagnant water Volvox Spirogyra Chlamydomonas Fresh flowing water Oedogonium Cladophora

4. DISTRIBUTION Marine Water Species Caulerpa Bryopsis Terrestrial Species Trentepholia Pleurococcus

5. CELL STRUCTURE Eukaryotic Extremely Variable Shapes Cell wall composed of two layers Inner layer made up of Cellulose Outer layer made up of Pectic substances Protoplast surrounded by cell membrane Protoplast vacuolated Cell may be Uni -nucleated or Multi-nucleated

6. Chloroplast in Chlorophyta The most prominent feature of the cell Variety of shapes Number of Chloroplasts is also variable

7. Shapes of Chloplast Cup shaped – Chlamydomonas Stellate – Zygnema Ribbon shaped – Spirogyra Discoid – Cladophora Reticulate – Oedogonium

8. Cup shaped – Chlamydomonas

9. Stellate – Zygnema

10. Ribbon shaped – Spirogyra

11. Discoid – Cladophora

12. Reticulate – Oedogonium

13. The Pigments Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenes Lutein Lycopene Zeaxanthin Violaxantin Neoxanthin Siphoxanthin

14. Reserve Food Chloroplasts are associated with Pyrenoids Pyrenoids – Bodies for reserve food material Central core – Proteinacious Surrounded by starch plates

15. Range of thallus Unicellular and Motile Unicellular and Motile but colonial Unicellular non motile coccoid Filamentous unbranched Filamentous branched Parenchymatous thalloid Heterotrichous form Siphonaceous form

16. Unicellular and Motile Chlamydomonas

17. Unicellular and Motile but colonial Volvox

18. Unicellular non motile coccoid Scenedesmus Chlorella

19. Filamentous unbranched Ulothrix Zygnema

20. Filamentous branched Cladophora

21. Parenchymatous thalloid Ulva

22. Heterotrichous form Chaetophora

23. Siphonaceous form Caulerpa

24. Economic Importance of Algae Agriculture Chemical Industry Medicine Food

25. Economic Importance of Algae Algae As Food Rich source of Proteins, Fats and Vitamins Algae like Laminaria , Gracilaria used as food in China Porphyra used as supplimentary diet by Japnese

26. Economic Importance of Algae Algae As Food Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) Laminaria & Sargassum Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) Porphyra & Palmaria Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) Ulva , Chlorella, Spirulina & Caulerpa

27. Algae As Food Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) Laminaria & Sargassum

28. Algae As Food Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) Porphyra & Palmaria

29. Algae As Food Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) Ulva , Chlorella, Spirulina & Caulerpa

30. Economic Importance of Algae Algae As Food – Some Important Products Agar-agar – Gelidium , Gracilaria & Hypnea Glycerol Sorbitol Dulcitol Floridian Starch Spirulina – Protein Rich nutritional Supplement

31. Economic Importance of Algae Algae As Biofertilizers Algae which fix Atmospheric Nitrogen Anabaena Nostoc Tolypothrix Algae form symbiotic relation with other plants Anabaena and Azolla ( Pteridophyte )(an aquatic plant) – used in Rice fields

32. Anabaena Nostoc Tolypothrix Tolypothrix

33. Economic Importance of Algae Algae As Biofertilizers Used directly as Fertilizers as they are rich in Potassium but poor in Nitrogen Some times sea weeds are burnt and ashes are spread in the fields

34. REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE Vegetative reproduction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

35. REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE Alternation of Generation Alga ( n ) Male Gametangia ( n ) Gamets ( n) Zygote (2n ) Zygospore ( 2n ) Female Gametangia ( n ) Meiosis ( n ) ( n ) ( n ) ( n ) Gamets ( n ) Mature Spores ( n ) Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Spores ( n ) Germination of Spores ( n ) Diploid Haploid