General_Structure_of_Joints_BD_Chaurasia.pptx

Structure of joints

1. General Structure of Joints & Clinical Importance Based on B.D. Chaurasia Prepared by ChatGPT

2. Definition of Joint (Articulation) • A joint or articulation is a junction between two or more bones or cartilages. • Function: allows mobility and provides mechanical support. • Studied under Arthrology.

3. Classification of Joints (Based on Structure) 1. Fibrous joints – bones united by fibrous tissue, no movement (e.g., sutures of skull). 2. Cartilaginous joints – bones united by cartilage, slight movement (e.g., intervertebral joints). 3. Synovial joints – bones joined by capsule and synovial membrane, freely movable (e.g., shoulder, knee).

4. Structural Features of a Synovial Joint • Articular cartilage – covers bone ends, smooth surface. • Joint capsule – encloses joint cavity. • Synovial membrane – lines capsule, secretes synovial fluid. • Synovial fluid – lubricates joint. • Ligaments – strengthen joint. • Articular disc / meniscus – improve congruence.

5. Types of Synovial Joints (by Shape & Movement) • Plane joint – gliding movements (intercarpal joints). • Hinge joint – flexion and extension (elbow). • Pivot joint – rotation (atlantoaxial joint). • Condyloid joint – flexion, extension, adduction, abduction (wrist). • Saddle joint – biaxial (first carpometacarpal joint). • Ball and socket – multiaxial (shoulder, hip).

6. Classification (Based on Function) • Synarthrosis – immovable joints. • Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable. • Diarthrosis – freely movable (synovial).

7. Clinical Anatomy – Common Disorders • Sprain – ligament injury without dislocation. • Dislocation – complete displacement of articular surfaces. • Subluxation – partial dislocation. • Arthritis – inflammation of a joint. • Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease. • Synovitis – inflammation of synovial membrane. • Bursitis – inflammation of bursae.

8. Clinical Correlation – Examples • Shoulder dislocation – due to loose capsule and shallow socket. • Knee injuries – meniscus tear, cruciate ligament injury. • Rheumatoid arthritis – autoimmune inflammation of synovial membrane. • Gout – uric acid crystal deposition in joints.

9. Mnemonic for Types of Synovial Joints 👉 Mnemonic: 'Please Have Some Big Cool Plates' P – Plane H – Hinge S – Saddle B – Ball & socket C – Condyloid P – Pivot

10. Summary Table Joint Type | Structural Feature | Example -----------|---------------------|----------------- Fibrous | No cavity, fibrous tissue | Sutures Cartilaginous | Cartilage between bones | Symphysis pubis Synovial | Capsule & synovial fluid | Shoulder joint

11. References • B.D. Chaurasia's Handbook of General Anatomy – Chapter on Joints • Vishram Singh: Textbook of Anatomy, General Anatomy Section • Gray’s Anatomy, 42nd Edition • Physiopedia.org