GEO_L1_Geomorphology_Longi_Lat_0.1a.pptx

Geographical information

1. Geography

2. ATLAS Orient Longman Study publication – India and world Oxford publication Goh Cheng Leong Physical Geography – by Savinder singh India: comprehensive geography by D.R. Khullar Book list Study material All PowerPoint Slides available at Mrunal.org/Download

3. Schemes of the Geography Lectures

4. Geo= earth and Graphy = study, which means study of earth Geography can be divided into two parts: Physical geography and Human geography Meaning and span of G eography

5. Two Parts of Geography

6. Fundamentals of Geography Latitudes Longitudes Seasons on Earth Time-zones

7. latitudes Latitudes =angular distance of a place from the equator All latitudes are concentric circles They are called parallels as well  

8. L atitudes Largest latitude – equator Tropics – heat surplus Temperate, polar regions – heat deficit Responsible for pressure system and planetary wind system

9. Spherical Earth Tropical Zones Temperate Zones

10. Q. Who among the following was first to state that Earth was spherical? Aristotle Copernicus Ptolemy Strabo UPSC Prelims 2001 Correct Answer is A

11. Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth

12. Summer and Winter Solstice

13. Prelims 2013 Q. Variations in length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to E arth’s rotation on its axis Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner Latitudinal position of the place Revolution of earth on a tilted axis UPSC Question

14. Prelims 2013 Variations in length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to E arth’s rotation on its axis Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner Latitudinal position of the place Revolution of earth on a tilted axis UPSC Question

15. Daylight Saving in Temperate regions

16. Longitudes Angular distance of a place from prime meridian Also called meridians 0 degree = Greenwich in UK 180 degree = International date line

17. International Date Line

18. Earth rotates 360 °s in 24 hours 360/24 = 15° 15° longitude = 1 hour

19. 31 st Dec Morning Russia 30 th Dec Morning Alaska

20. International Date Line Moving West 1 DAY Lost Moving East 1 DAY Gain

21. 1) Every country selects its standard meridian. 2) Angular distance between standard meridian of a nation to Greenwich meridian time (GMT ) Standard time

22. IST – 82.5 E Meridian IST - 5.5 hours ahead of GMT, so GMT+5.5 Indian Standard Time

23. British launched Chaibagaan time (1 hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in Assam After independence – rejected 2007 DST study – rejected – admin challenges Jan 2014 CM of Assam – declare to apply Chaibagaan time Chaibagaan time zone IST

24. Russian T ime Zones

25. If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 75 °E? Difference = 75 ° 15 ° => 1 hour 75 ° => 5 hours East ( means add ) 12 +5 = 5 pm Time zones Question

26. If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 30 °W? Difference = 30 ° 15 ° => 1 hour 30 ° => 2 hours East ( means minus ) 12 - 2 = 10 am Time zones Question

27. Prelims 1999 Q. If it is 10.00 am IST, then what would be the local time at Shillong on 92 deg E Longitude? 9.38 am 10.38 am 10.22 am 9.22 am Ans. B) UPSC Exercise

28. Prelims 2006 Q. Through which one of the following groups of countries does equator pass? Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia Venezuela, Ethiopia and Indonesia UPSC Exercise

29. Prelims 2008 Q. Which of the following cities is nearest to the equator ? Colombo Jakarta Manila Singapore UPSC Exercise

30. Prelims 2008 Q. Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line? Malacca Strait Bering strait Strait of Florida Strait of Gibraltar UPSC Exercise

31. Malacca strait

32. Strait of Florida

33. Strait of Gibraltar

34. Prelims 2009 Q. Consider the following countries: Australia Namibia Brazil Chile Through which of the above does the Tropic of Capricorn pass? UPSC Exercise

35. Prelims 2009 1 only 2,3 and 4 1,2 and 3 1,2,3,4 UPSC Exercise

36. Longitude Latitude Reason for Seasons on Earth Time zones

37. NCERT Class6: Chapter 2- Longitudes, Latitudes and time-zones Map : Greenwich line passes through which famous cities and countries of the world? Map : IST line passes through which famous cities and states of India? NCERT

38. Geomorphology

39. Origin of the Earth Nebula Theory Theory of Laplace Overview Geomorphology

40. Gaseous cloud of H, He – radiation –cooling- Contracting Separation of outer ring – 9 parts => 9 planets Origin of earth – Nebular theory of Laplace

41. Heavier elements near the core and lighter at the surface Layered structure of earth’s interior Nebular Theory of Laplace

42. 1. Density study: 2. Temperature study 3. Structural study Direct evidences Indirect evidences Interior of the Earth Geomorphology

43. Outer layer (continents)– SIAL Mantle and oceanic crust – SIMA Core – Ni +Fe Edward S uess

44. Seismic waves = mechanical waves = require medium for propagation Their behaviour changes with changes of medium 2 imp waves : primary P and secondary S waves S waves can travel into only S and G medium P can travel in all 3 mediums But speed is highest in S>L>G Seismic wave studies

45. S-wave Propagation

46. P-waves propagation

47. Observations Asthenosphere –semi-molten Beyond Asthenosphere- mantle rocks are dense Outer core –liquid The inner core is solid

48. Class11 Chapter3: Interior of Earth NCERT

49. Earth as a whole Iron (Fe ) - highest Oxygen (O2) Silicon (Si) Magnesium (Mg) Sulphur (S) Nickel (Ni) Calcium (Ca) Aluminum (Al ) - lowest Oxygen (O2) - highest Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) - lowest Earth’s crust Composition of the interior of the earth

50. Igneous rocks Metamorphous rocks Sedimentary rocks Rocks in the crust G eomorpho

51. Rock cycle

52. formed due to solidification of magma (I) or lava (E) They don’t have strata or layers Because entire lava is solidified They are crystalline They don’t have fossils Igneous Rocks Rock Types

53. formed due to lithification of soil erosion of rocks => deposition of granules => compaction => lithification Always stratified They may have fossils Sedimentary rocks Rock Types

54. both igneous and sedimentary rocks changed under heat or pressure or both No fossil No stratification Metamorphosed rocks

55. Examples of metamorphosed rocks

56. Consider the following statements made about sedimentary rocks: Sedimentary rocks are formed at earth’s surface by hydrological system Formation of sedimentary rocks involves the weathering of pre-existing rocks Sedimentary rocks contains fossils Sedimentary rocks occur in layers UPSC Question Prelims 2001

57. Prelims 2001 Q. Quartzite is metamorphosed from: Limestone Obsidian Sandstone shale UPSC Question

58. Interior of the earth Different layers – structure and composition Rocks Properties of rocks

59. Geological time scale of Earth years Eon Era Importance 4.6 -3.5 billion Pre-Cambrian Proterozoic No Life 3.5 -2.5 billion Archean 1 st life form 2.5 to 545 million Hadean 1 st fish eveloved

60. Years Eon Era Period Epoch Importance 545 ml – 245 ml Phanerozoic Paleozoic Carboniferous Coal 245 ml-65 ml Mesozoic Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Reptiles => Dinosaurs => extinct 65 ml – present Cenozoic tertiary Oiligocene , Pliocene Birds and mammals 65000 years quaternary Holocene Human Geological time scale of the Earth

61. Rodinia in Pre-Cambrian

62. Rodinia break up - Palaeozoic

63. Mesozoic merger - Pangaea

64. 200 ml years ago – break up of Pangaea

65. 165 ml – break up of Gondwana

66. Movement of India

67. 3 Theories

68. Alfred Wegener 1 st to propound movement of continents His Continental Drift Theory His 4 main observations

69. 1 st Observation Matching Coastlines zig-saw fit

70. 2 nd Observation Similarity of Age of the rocks

71. 3th Observation Fossil evidences

72. 4 th observation Palaeo -climatic evidences Glacial evidenced in Tropical lands

73. Super continent - Pangaea Ocean – Panthalasa Continent – SIAL rocks Ocean – SIMA rocks Mid- Mesozoic Pangaea broke up and drifted apart Continental Drift Theory

74. Driving force? Gravitational pull of sun and moon Idea of SIAL and SIMA Limitation of Continental Drift theory

75. Limitation of Continental Drift theory

76. Mains 2013 What do you understand by theory of continental drift? Discuss the prominent evidences in its support. (5) UPSC Question

77. Prelims 2014 Q. Which of the following phenomena might have influenced the evolution of organisms? Continental drift Glacial cycles Ans. Both UPSC Question

78. Arthur Holmes Arthur Holmes: Convection current theory Convection cells – force behind drifting of continents

79. 3 Theories

80. Sea-floor mapping During 1940s and 1950s Diversity of ocean-floor Submarine hills – guoyts – MOR –Trench

81. Questions: 1) Ocean crust not older than mid-Mesozoic 2) Age increase away from MOR 3) Sea-mounts deformed at trenches Ocean floor mapping

82. 1960s Harry Hass and Dietz answered question regarding ocean mapping using convection theory revealed mystery of mid-oceanic ridge and trenches Sea floor spreading Theory

83. Mid- Oceanic Ridge

84. Mid –Oceanic ridge

85. Rising limb of current breaks the Ocean crust Basaltic eruption Accumulation of lava – ridge => MOR New Oceanic crust Divergent limb – expansion of ocean crust MOR

86. Trenches

87. At trench Ocean floor destroyed – melted in mantle Oceanic crust heavier than continental crust Ocean floor act like conveyor belt Ocean floor – cyclic process – 300 ml yrs MOR - Trench

88. Mariana trench

89. Prelims 2006 Q. In which one of the following oceans the Diamantina Trench is located? Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Ans. C) UPSC Question

90. Diamantine trench

91. Palaeo-magentism Magnetism of rocks along MOR Magnetometer -Magnetic parallel stripes– normal and reverse magnetic profile 1 st Carlsberg ridge – Indian ocean

92. Vine and mattheus Molten lava get polarity geomagnetic field of that period -Solidify Ocean floor – magnetic tape Palaeo-magentism

93. conclusion 1) Periodic reversal of magnetic field of the earth 2) Rate of sea-floor spreading decided by age + distance between two equal magnetic stripes Atlantic – 1.0 cm/ year Indian – 1.5 cm/year Pacific – 6.0 cm/year Palaeo -magnetism

94. Prelims 2011 Q. Between India and East Asia, the navigation time and distance can be greatly reduced by which of the following? Deepening Malacca strait between Indonesia and Malaysia Opening a new canal across Kra Isthmus between gulf of S iam and Andaman sea UPSC Question

95. 3 Theories