Geology

1. PlotMaker
Geology 27
th
June 2008
VENKAT M. QA-Minex

2. GEOLOGY
GEO –Earth
LOGUS –Speech/Study
Geology –Studyofearth
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James Hutton, the Scottish geologist, naturalist, chemist
and experimental farmer, is the father of modern geology.

3. The Crust
The thin skin of Earth - 3 to 40 miles
thick.
The Mantle
This deep layer of warm rock accounts
for two-thirdsof the mass of our planet.
The
Outer
Core
Made
of
molten
iron,
nickel,
and
Earth
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The
Outer
Core
Made
of
molten
iron,
nickel,
and
other ingredients yet to be determined. Streaming
at possiblyone to severalmiles per week.
The Inner Core
a ball of iron alloy one-third the
size of the moon in the center of earth. This metal
ball is broiling hot at 11,000 degrees Fahrenheit,
comparable to the surface of the sun, but it
remains solid because of the enormous weight of
all the rest of Earth bearingdown on it.

4. Earth -Magnet
The rotational forcesofthe liquid
ironarereasonablefortheearths
magnetism.
So,
there
is
true
and
magnetic
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So,
there
is
true
and
magnetic
north due to the tilt in the axis of
rotationoftheearth.
The angle between true and
magnetic north is called
Declination.

5. •The Earth's surface is made up of a
series of large plates (like pieces of a
giantjigsaw puzzle).
•These plates are in constant motion
travelling at a few centimeters per
year
.Plate Tectonics
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.
•Convection currents beneath the
plates move the plates in different
directions.
•The source of heat driving the
convection currents is radioactive
decay which is happening deep in
the Earth.

6. Plate Tectonics
A Small Video
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7. •Thegeological time scaleis used by
geologists and other scientists to
describe the timing and relationships
between events that have occurred
during the history of Earth.
Geological
Time Scale
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•The vast expanse of geological time
has been separated into eras,
periods,and epochs.
•Younger formations are on top and
as we go down in GTS we will get the
older formations and between each
formationthere is a unconfirmity.

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9. •Naturallyoccurring •Solidcrystallinesubstance •
Generally
inorganic
Mineral
A
Founded in nature, not synthetic.
Composed of atoms arranged in
anorderly, repeating, 3-D array.
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•
Generally
inorganic
•With a specific chemical
composition.
Formed independently of
plants and animals (organic
material- carbon).
Unique combination and arrangement of
atoms: can be represented with a chemical
formula.

10. Minerals
Examples: Gold, iron, copper, salt, diamonds,
feldspar, calcium, phosphorus, etc.
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Iron
Feldspar Gold

11. MoreMorethanthanoneonekindkindofof mineral mineral
stuck stuck
together together
Rocks
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mineral mineral
stuck stuck
together together
forms formsaaROCK ROCK..

12. Rocks -Types
Igneous
Sedimentary
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Sedimentary Metamorphic

13. Rocks -IGNEOUS
•DeepinsidetheEarth,rocksandmineralsmeltundertremendous
heat.Thisformsmagma.
•When the magma cools back down, it hardens and forms new
rocks.TheserocksarecalledIGNEOUSrocks.
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14. Rocks -IGNEOUS
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EXTRUSIVE
Forms when lava cools
quickly on the Earths
surface
Forms from molten rock
cooling and solidifying
INTRUSIVE
Magma cools slowly over
millions of years deep
beneath the surface –
results in Crystalline
formations

15. Rocks -IGNEOUS
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16. Rocks -IGNEOUS
These BASALT columns near Fingal’s
Cave form the base of the Scottish
island of Staffa. The columns formed
when cooling lava flows met bedrock
and the region’s cold weather.
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17. Rocks -IGNEOUS
Mount Rushmore - Keystone, South Dakota
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18. Rocks -IGNEOUS
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BASALT – Extrusive igneous rockGRANITE – Intrusive igneous rock

19. Rocks -SEDIMENTARY
Weathering and
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
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Compaction and
Cementation
Sedimentary
Rock

20. Rocks -SEDIMENTARY
Sedimentary rocks are divided into two categories
Chemical
Mineral are dissolved in to the water…water is
evaporated off and leaves behind chemical
Clastic
Made from eroded
fragments of other rocks
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evaporated off and leaves behind chemical
sedimentary rocks
Examples -Limestone & Gypsum
fragments of other rocks
Shale
Sandstone
Conglomerate

21. Rocks -SEDIMENTARY
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Sandstone Limestone Shale Conglomerate

22. Rocks -SEDIMENTARY
Bryce Canyon, Utah.
The sea dried up, the sandstone was uplifted to form a vast pla teau.
The Paria River eroded the layers to form the spectacular sce nery.
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23. Rocks -SEDIMENTARY
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24. Rocks -SEDIMENTARY
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Hatshepsut Temple, Luxor, Egypt.
This Temple was carved directly from the limestone cliff wal ls.

25. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
•When rocks are subjected to
greater heat and pressure inside
the Earth, they are changed into
rocks which are different from the
original.
Meta – Change , Morphos - Shape , Metamorphic – Change in shape orform
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•This change occurs while the
original rocks are still in a solid
state.
•Thus the new rocks formed are
called metamorphic rocks.

26. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
Two types of
metamorphism
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Contact
Rock surrounding
a magma body get
cooked and
changes due
Regional
Tectonic forces
Metamorphism
occurs over a large
area

27. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
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28. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
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29. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
Parent Rock Metamorphic Rock Granite Gneiss Shale
Slate
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Sandstone Quartzite

30. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
Michelangelo's Pieta
•Made of marble resulted from
the metamorphism by heat of
limestoneordolomite.
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•Usually whitish but can be
found in other colours due to
impurities.

31. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
MtArapiles,Australiais
a world famous rock
climbingsite.
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Mountainisquartzite.

32. Rocks -METAMORPHIC
TAJ MAHAL
Finished in 1648 with Red sandstone base.
Marble walls inlaid with semiprecious gems. 27 August 2010 Copyright 2007, Gemcom Software International Inc.

33. Rock Cycle
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Cycle

34. Coal Coalisisformed formedbybythethedecomposition decompositionofof
organic organic (vegetable) (vegetable) matter matter under under high high
pressure pressure and and heat heat.. ItIt isis neither neither Mineral Mineral
nornorRockRockbutbutit’sit’saafossil fossilfuel fuel..
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36. Coal –Stages of
Formation
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PEAT LIGNITE BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE

37. Geological
Map of INDIA
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Map of INDIA

38. Strike -Dip
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•Strike– A horizontal line used to represent the orientation/direc tion/trend
ofthebeds.
•Dip–Itistheanglefromhorizontalinwhichthebedsarelying.

39. Fault & Fold
•Fault (def)- a break in a body of rock along
whichsomedisplacementhasoccurred.
27 August 2010 Copyright 2007, Gemcom Software International Inc. •Fold(def)-abendinabodyofrock,whichis
generallybeingsqueezed.

40. Fault & Fold -Mechanism
F
O
L
D
F
A
U
L
T

41. Fault –Normal Fault
27 August 2010 Copyright 2007, Gemcom Software International Inc. •NormalFaultsareproducedbytensionalforces.
•The upper block (Hanging wall) moves down to the lower
block(Footwall).

42. Fault –Reverse Fault
27 August 2010 Copyright 2007, Gemcom Software International Inc. •ReverseFaultsareproducedbyCompressiveforces.
•Theupperblock(Hangingwall)movesuprelativetothelower
block(Footwall).

43. Fault –Strike Fault
27 August 2010 Copyright 2007, Gemcom Software International Inc. •StrikeFaultsareproducedbyshearingforces.
•Themovementoftheblocksisalongstrikedirection.

44. Fault –
Strike Fault
SanAndreasFault,California
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45. Fold –Terminology
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46. Fold –Anticline
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Anticlines are folds where the originally horizonta l strata has been folded
upward, and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold

47. Fold –Syncline
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•Synclines are folds where the originally horizontal strata have been folded
downward,andthetwolimbsofthefolddipinwardtowardthehingeofthefold.
•Synclines and anticlines usually occur together such that t he limb of a syncline is
alsothelimbofananticline.

48. Folds
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49. Few more Geological Terms…
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Few more Geological Terms…

50. 27 August 2010 Copyright 2007, Gemcom Software International Inc. Bedrock- The general term referring to the rock
underlyingotherunconsolidatedmaterial,i.e.soil.

51. 27 August 2010 Copyright 2007, Gemcom Software International Inc.
Sills and dykes are formed when magma intrudes into rock. Sil ls form where magma
intrudes between layers, they run parallel to the layer. Dyk es form when magma intrudes
into a rock along lines of weakness such as fractures and fiss ures. Dykes cut beds and
rangein size from a few cm to severalkm.

52. Outcrop Outcrop––AnyAnyplace placewhere wherebedrock/seam bedrock/seamisisvisible visibleononthethe
surface surfaceofofthetheearth earth..
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54. Intrusion – A sudden
appearance of different
rock
in
the
middle
of
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rock
in
the
middle
of
otherrockformation.

55. Questions…
Please
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Please
Finally…

56. VENKAT M.
QA-Minex