Global trend @A+-1.pdf FRESHMAN STUDENTS

GLODAL TRENDS pdf

1. #GlobalAffairs/Trends
ChapterOne-UnderstandingInternationalrelations.
ሰላምውዶቼእንዴትናችሁ ይህየስኬቶአጋርA+Tutorialነው።
ሳብጀክቱደሞGlobalTrendsነው።
ትምህርቱፍሬሽማንላይየቀረበበትወሳኝአላማተማሪዎችንአለማቀፋዊ
ዜጋማድረግነውማለትምስለሀገራትአለማቀፋዊግንጁነቶች
(Internationalrelations)ስለ፤Globalization፤ስለDiplomacy፤
ኢኮኖሚሲስተም፤nationalinterest(ብሄራዊጥቅም)፤foreignpolicy
(የውጪጉዳይፓሊሲ)፤balanceofpower(ሀይለስልጣን)፤Coldwar
(ቀዝቃዛጦርነት)፤internationallaw(አለምአቀፋዊህጓች)andother
relevantconceptዎችይደሳሳሉበዚህምተማሪዎችከአለምነባራዊ
እውነታዎችጋርእንዲተዋወቁያስችላል...ስሙምእኮስለኮርሱሹክየሚለን
አለው።
የሳብጀክቱይዘት11ኛእና12ተኛክፍልየምታውቁትCivicትምህርትትንሽ
ታሪክቀመስነገርጣልጣልተደርጎበትነው....ትምህርቱበጣምቀላልነው
ባይባልምከእኛጋርA+ይቻላል...ብዙተማሪዎችኮርሱንA/A+ግን
አያመጡም !ወሳኙምክንያትየኮርሱሞጁልለመረዳትአመቺአለመሆን
(ግልፅነትመጉደልነው)...ሞጁሉየሚዳስሳቸውሀሳቦችበጣምኤለመንተሪ
ቢሆንምየተራቀቀበት/የተሰናሰነበትመንገድሀሳቡንለመረዳትአመቺአይደለም
....ተራውንነገርያወሳስበዋል....ብሎምሊልየፈለገውንበማያሻማመንገድ
አይልምዛዲያይሄኮርሱንአንብቦመረዳትእንዲቸግርያደርጋልሌላው
ለተማሪዎችየሚቸግረውበመጠኑHistoryportionስላለውነው።

2. እናምበደንብመረዳትካሻችሁ እኛአዘጋጅተንከምንለቀውኖት
በተጨማሪመምህሩንተከታተሉክላስባትቀጡአሪፍነው።ምንድነውቆይ
ሰግጪየምመክራችሁአሁንዳይወደትምህርቱ(የA+ሰውይበለን....አሜን)
WhatDoesitMeanInternationalrelations
አስባችሁታልእንዴትየራሺያእናየዮክሬንጦርነትበኛህይወትላይተፅህኖ
ሊያመጣቻለበጦርነቱማግስትለምንነዳጅበኢትዮጵያዋጋውናረ...እንዴት
ባልተሳተፍንበትጦርነት2%የኑሮውድነትበሀገራችንተከሰተ....መልሱግልፅ
ነውInternationalrelation!
የአለምሀገራትከሌሎችሀገራትጋርግንኙነትየሚያረጉበትመርህ
(principle)ነው internationalrelation(IR)ነገርግንስለIR
ከማውራታችንበፊትመረዳትያሉብን3ተርሞች(ቃሎች)አሉ!
Nationalism,NationsandStates.
ConceptualizingNationalism,NationsandStates(በደንብ
አንብቡውዶቼ....ይሄንካልተረዳችሁሙሉunitወፍ!)
Nationalismisthemostinfluentialforceininternational
affairs.Ithascausedtheoutbreakofrevolutionsandwars
acrosstheglobe.Itisnotedasafactorforthecollapseofage
oldempires,markerfornewborders,apowerfulcomponentfor
theemergenceofnewstatesanditisusedtoreshapeand
reinforceregimesinhistory.

3. Nationalism(ብሄርተኝነት)በአለምታሪክትልቅተፅህኖፈጣሪየፓለቲካ
በትርነው...አለምላይየተካሄዱብዙEventመሰረታቸውብሄርተኝነትነው
(ዘረኝነትአይደለም...ብሄርተኝነት)...ሰዎችለብሄራቸውወይምለ(National
interest)ለብሄራዊጥቅማቸውብለውይሞታሉ፤ጦርነትውስጥይገባሉ
...አዲስሀገርወይምአዲስክልልይመሰርታሉ....ሀገራትንይወራሉ፤
መንግስታትንይጠይቃሉ/ይቃወማሉ፤ሰላማዊሰልፍይወጣሉ...ብዙነገሮችን
ያደርጋሉ።ለዚህምነውብሄርተኝነትየዘመናዊፖለቲካማዕከል(Center)
ተብሎየሚነሳው።
So,Whatisnationalism ብሄርተኝነትትርጉሙምንድነው
Nationalism istheideaofpromotingtheinterestsofa
particularnation.Mostlyitincludesinterestsofmassesforthe
sovereigntyoftheirowncountryorhomeland.
ብሄርተኝነት(Nationalism)ማለትየአንድብሄር(Nation)ፍላጎትእና
ጥቅምለማስከበርመተጋል/ወይምየራስንብሄርከሌሎችሁሉየተሻለአድርጎ
ማሰብእናለብሄርህማህበረሰብጥቅምመቆርቆሮነው።
Asamovementorideology,nationalismtendstopromote
theinterestsofparticular nation (group
ofpeople),especiallywiththeaimofgainingandmaintaining
thenation's sovereignty(self-governace)overits homeland.To
createa nation-state.Nationalismholdsthateachnation
shouldgovernitself,freefromoutsideinterference.

4. ብሄርተኝነትእንደideology(የፓለቲካሀሳብ)አባልየሆነበትንብሄረሰብ
ጥቅምከማስጠበቅአልፎልዕላዊነትን(sovereignty)መዳረሻውነው
...ማለትምልዕላዊነትማለትከተፅህኖየነፃየራስንመብትበራስመወሰንንም
ይጨምራል(እንደኢትዮጵያራስበራስማስተዳደርእስከመገንጠልአንቀፅ
39)ብሄርተኝነትየራስንዕድልበራስመወሰንንምያካትታል።
በአጭሩየአለምዘመናዊፓለቲካወሳኝማዕቀፍብሄርተኝነትነው
...ብሄርተኝነትማለትደግሞለብሄርህመወገን/ለብሄራዊጥቅምህመታገል
ማለትነው።
እዚጋከዘረኝነትጋርእንዳይምታታባችሁዘረኝነትየብሄርተኝነትንዑስክፍል
ነውእንጂራሱብሄርተኝነትዘረኝነትአይወክልም።
Nationalismdividedinto2basedonitFocusedareas:Those
areEthnicNationalismandcivilNationalismእስቲሁለቱንምበየተራ
እንመልከት።
EthnicNationalism(ዘረኝነት)..ይህከብሄርተኝነትአይነትሆኖየዘር
ብሄርተኝነትነው....መቼስለዚህአልነግራችሁምኢትዮጵያዊሆናችሁ በቃ
በብሄርመነሻነትብቻለብሄርወግነህሌሎችንማንቆሸሽመስደብመጥላት
ሲያልፍምመግደልኢትዮጵያበዚብሄርተኝነትተውጣለችበርካታተከታዮች
ያሏቸውየዚህብሄርተኝነትአራማጆችአሉ(ኦሮሞ
,አማራ,ትግሬ,ጉራጌ...ወዘተ)...ማብራራትአይጠበቅብኝምይሄግልፅነው።
#Global

5. Civilnationalism፦ይሄምብሄርተኝነትሆኖግንለአንድብሄርየወገነ
ሳይሆንለሰውልጆችበሙሉየወገነ/በብሄርላይላልተወሰነየተወሰነበምድር
ላይለሚኖሩህዝቦችየሚደረግወገኝተኝነትነው.....አለምላይስለGlobal
warmingየሚያስጠነቅቁብዙactivistአሉአይደልእነሱየሚወግኑትለሰው
ልጆች(AllHumans)ነው...ወይምደግሞማህተመጋንዲሲታገሉየነበሩት
ለ400ዎቹምየህንድብሄሮች/ዘሮችእንጂለአንድብሄርአይደለምስለዚህይሄ
ብሄርተኝነትሰውማዕከልያደረገእንጂብሄርላይየተመሰረተአይደለም።
ጎበዝእሺብሄርተኝነትይሄከሆነብሄረሰብስ
Whatdoesitmeannations
Thetermnationreferstoagroupofpeoplewhoshare
commonculturalcharacteristics,includinglanguage,heritage,
ethnicity,and religion.
ብሄረሰብማለትአንድከሆነOrgin(ፍጥረት)የተጠነሰሰየጋራባህል፤
ዕሴት፤ቋንቋ፤ሀይማኖት፤አፈታሪክ፤የዘርሀረግያለውማህበረሰብማለት
ነው።
ያማለትለምሳሌጉራጌየሚባልማህበረሰብአለየጋራቋንቋ(ጉራጌኛ)፤
ታታሪየስራባህልያለው፤አስደናቂባህላዊየአዲስአመትእናመስቀልአከባበር
ያለው፤ኩሽከሚባልየዘርሀረግየሚመዘዝምናምን....ስለዚህብሄረሰብ
ነው(ኧረክልልነውሚልአይጠፋምኮእዚጋ)
so,What'sstateመንግስትማለትስ

6. Stateisthebodyofgovernment–thisincludesallthelaws,
governmentofficials,andphysicalboundaries.ButOntheother
hand,thenationreferstopeople.
state(መንግስት):ይሄቃልየሚወክለውደሞየመንግስትአካልንነው
ማለትምየራሱየሆነመተዳደሪያህግያለው፤የተወሰነድንበርያለው፤
አስተዳዳሪአካሉየሚመራውንሀሳባዊግዛትይወክላል...ማለትምእንደውድ
ሀገራችንኢትዮጵያየራሷባንዲራ፤የራሷብሄራዊመዝሙር፤ተፈተቃቅደው
የመሰረቷት84ብሄረሰብ፤የተወሰነድንበር...የራሷየአመጋገብ፤የአለባበስ፤
የአነጋገርዕሴትያላትውድሀገር....!
አስተውሉ፦itisalsopossiblefortwoormorenationstoexist
withinasinglestate.Furthermore,noteverynationhasastate.
አንድሀገረመንግስትብዙብህረሰቦችንበውስጡአካቶሊመሰረትይችላል
(እንደኢትዮጽያ,ጉራጌ,ከምባታ,ወላይታ...ተዋህደውሀገርሊሰጡንይችላሉ
...ስለዚህአንድማህበረሰብብሄረሰብስለሆነብቻሀገርአይሆንምነገርግን
አንድሀገርየግዴታሀገርለመሆንቢያንስአንድእናከዛበላይ
ማህበረሰብ/ብሄረሰብሊኖረውይገባል።ፈተናላይከመጣች...ውጋት!
Noteverynationhasastate,butintheconceptofnation
state,eachstatehasonenation.
የመጨረሻአንድቃልወስደንይሄንፓርትእንጨርስNation-stateይህ

7. ቃልከሁለትቃሎችየተቀናጀነውNationእናStateሁለቱንትርጉማቸውን
አይተናልስለዚህየጋራትርጉማቸውንመገመትአይከብድም....ገምቱእስቲ
nationisalargebodyofpeopleunitedbyacommonorigin,
history, culture,ethnicity,orlanguage.
Astate,ontheotherhand,isanindependentpoliticalentity
withfixedgeographicboundaries.
ስለዚህየሁለቱትርጉምእንደዚህከሆነ
የNations-stateትርጉምስ
Whenthesetwoconceptscoincide,anation-stateisformed,
i.e., agroupofpeoplewhosharecommoncultural
characteristicslivinginanindependentpoliticalentitywith
fixedgeographicboundaries.
anation-state:ስለዚህanation-stateማለትበአንድበተከለለክልል
/ድንበርውስጥየሚኖሩየጋራመንግስትያላቸውተመሳሳይየሆነባህል
የማያራምዱተመሳሳይማንነት(identity)ያላቸውህዝቦችስብስብማለትነው
።
ካዲያከብሄረሰብጋርanation-stateበምንይለያያል

8. The maindifference betweennationandnationstateis
that anationisalargebodyofpeopleunitedbyacommon
origin,history, culture,ethnicity,orlanguage.whilenation-state
isastatewherepeoplewithacommonidentityliveinsidea
countrywithfirmbordersandasinglegovernment.
ማለትምብሄረሰብ(nations)የጋራባህልዕሴትእናአለባበስአመጋገብ
ቋንቋሀይማኖትየዘርሀረግያላቸውህዝቦችሲሆኑ.....ብሄረሰብለመባል
የሚያስተዳድራቸውየወከሉትመንግስትምሆነየተከለለድንበር
አያስፈልጋቸውምነገርግንNation'sstateማለትአንድየጋራባህልእና
ማንነትያላቸውህዝቦችየተሰመረድንበርእናፈቅደውየሚያስተዳድራቸው
መንግስትሲኖራቸውነው።ማለትምኦሮሚያሀገርብትሆንእንደማለትወይም
አውራምባማህበረሰብሀገርቢሆንማለትነው።(መንግስቱዲሞክራቲክ
ዲክታተርንጉሳዊምሊሆንይችላልችግርየለውምብቻመንግስትይሁንእና
ያስተዳድር...)
Lastconcept:
Inanidealnationstate,theentirepopulationofthestate
pledgesallegiancetothenationalculture.Therefore,wecan
saythatthispopulationishomogenous.Moreover,every
memberofthenationisapermanentresidentofthenation
state.Therearenopurenationstates.JapanandIcelandare
examplesofcountriesthatcomeclosetotheconceptofapure
nationstate.
አለምላይNations-stateየሚለውንኮንሰፕትየሚያማሉማህበረሰቦች
Almostየሉምምክንያቱምሀገርምብሄረሰብምሆኖመገኘትትንሽስለሚቸግር

9. ሙሉበሙሉምባይሆንለዚህጥሩምሳሌIcelandእናጃፓንናቸው።ስለዚህ
አንድሀገርተመሳይየሆኑማንነትያላቸውህዝቦችንካቀፈችhomogenous
ትባላለች.....!የተለያየከሆነደሞhexogenousይባላል......!
ስለዚህጠቅለልስናረገው4ወሳኝቃላቶችንትርጉምተማርንማለትነው።
#Global
Nationalism(ብሄርተኝነት)
nation(ብሄር)
state(መንግስት)
nation-state(ብሄረመንግስት)
እንዳትረሱለማስታወሰሞክሩ!ቆይየሆነነገርልጨምርላችሁCountry
እናstateምንድነውልዮነታቸውብዙምልዮነትየላቸውሁለቱምአንድናቸው
ነገርግንCountryየሚለውንብዙግዜከተማንምለመግለፅስለምንጠቀምበት
Likeአዲስአበባcountry...በዛምክንያትሀገረመንግስትንስንጠቀምstate
ብንጠቀምየበለጠተመራጭነው።ሁለቱንምእያቀያየርንብንጠቀምግንNo
ጣጣman!
ሞጁላችሁላይምንይላል:Forinstance,thewordthe'United
Nations‘isamisnomer(የተሳሳተ)sinceinrealityitisan
associationorasocietyofstates-insteadofnations.
UnitedNations‘=የተባበሩትመንግስታት...ይሄNationመባል

10. የለበትምምክንያቱምከላይባየነውመሰረትመንግስትNationsሳይሆን
statenewስለዚህUnitedstateመባልአለበትይላል....!ሀሳቡ
ከተረዳችሁትአሪፍትርጉሙንማሳያነው።
በተረፈሞጁላችሁንአንብቡትNationalismእንዴትወደself
determinationእንዳደገከ18ተኛክፍለዘመንበኃላStateእናnationወደ
Nation-stateያደረጉትጉዞ....የብሪቴንእናFranceአብዮትእንዴትወደ
Nationalismእንዴትአደገ....የሚልወሬይሁንታሪክበቅጡያልተገለፀ
ቅንጭብጫቢፁሁፍአለአንብቡት......ፈተናሊያመጡትይችላሉስለዚህ
አንብቡት...ደሞHeywoodየተባለሰውዬምNationእናNationalismን
የገለፀበትንመንገድበደንብአንብቡት።
በቀጣይስለinternationalrelationsእናያለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends
InternationalRelations
[አለም-አቀፍግኑኝነቶች]
እንደምታውቁትአሁንላይበአለምላይካሉሰዎችጋርለመለየትእስከሚከብድ
ድረስተጣምረናል።ለምሳሌ፦እዚህሀገርውስጥቁጭብላችሁየውጪዎችን
ፊልምስታዩየእነሱንባህል(Culture)እያወቃችሁነው፥በውጪያሉሰዎችም
የኢትዮጵያንቡናወደሀገራቸውሲያስመጡለሀገሪቱእድገትየሆነሚና
እየተጫወቱእንደሆነእንረዳለን።

11. TheWorldisinterconnected-Geographically[መልከዓምድራዊ-
ማለትምአብዛኛውየአለምአገራትበድምበርምተያያዥናቸው።],
Intellectually[ለምሳሌከሀገራችንወደዉጪሄደውየሚሰሩባለምጡቅ
አይምሮብዙአሉ(Eg.NASAውስጥ)ልክእንደዛውከውጪምመጥተው
አገራችንየሚሰሩባለሞያዎችአሉ(Eg.China-TransportRoads,
Buildings)andSocially(ማህበራዊበሆነመንገድምየአለምአገራት
የተያያዙናቸው-የተለያዩሀገራትንፊልምስናይ፣መፅሐፍስናነብየእነሱባህል
እየተማርንነው-እነሱምእንደዛው።).
"InternationalRelations"የሚለውንቃልለመጀመሪያጊዜየተጠቀመው
'JeremyBentham'የሚባልሰውበ1798ነው።እናምይታይየነበረውም"As
abranchofthestudyoflaw,philosophyorhistory."ነበር።
ThefirstUniversityChairofInternationalRelations[ለመጀመሪያ
ጊዜእንደየትኛውምየትምህርትዘርፍዩኒቨርስቲውስጥጥናትእናምርምር
እንዲካሄድበት(እንደAcademicdiscipline)wasfoundedatthe
UniversityofWales(U.K)in1919(አሁን'AberystwythUniversity'
ነውየሚባለው)].
ስለዚህInternationalRelations(IR)ንጠቅለልአድርገንእንዴት
እንግለፀው
"Itisarange(ለተለያየአላማየሆነ-ለትምህርትወይደግሞፖለቲካዊ
ችግሮችንለመፍታት)ofinteractionsbetweenpeople,groups,firms
(ካምፓኒዎች),parties(የተለያዩየፖለተካፓርቲዎች),nations(በተለያዩ
ብሔሮች),States(በተለያዩግዛቶች)orbetweentheseand(non)
GovernmentalInternationalOrganizations.

12. ለምሳሌBuyingorSellinggoodsabroad(የተለያዩእቃዎችንከውጪ
መግዛትእናመሸጥ)
ChoosinganOlympicshost(አለመ-አቀፍበሆኑስፖርታዊ
ውድድሮች)
InternationalConferences[ለምሳሌUnitedNations
"GlobalWarming"ስለመቀነስየሚያካሂደውኮንፈረንስ]
እናሌሎችየተለያዩምሳሌዎችንብንወስድከአለምአቀፍግኑኝነትውጪሆኖ
መኖርእንደሀገርም፣እንደግልምከባድነው።
ከሌሎች(Foreignstates)ጋርህብረትሳላረግየሀገርንእድገትማረጋገጥ
እችላለሁየሚልመንግስትወይምህዝብ#Anarchicነው።
Anarchymeansthereisanabsenceofcommonsoveriegn
overthepeopleornations.[ምንምአይነትየበላይ፣የሚቆጣጠርአካል
ከሌለማለትነው-ይህደግሞህግለማስከበርእንዲሁምለሀገሪቱእድገትክፉ
ነው።]
ስለዚህበኢኮኖሚትልቅምሆነትንሽየሚባልሀገርወይምግዛትከሌሎች
ሀገራትጋርግንኙነትማድረግአለበት።
ThereareLegal,PoliticalandSocialDifferencesbetween
domesticandInternationalLaws.

13. Domestic[የሀገረውስጥ]Law
Isgenerallyobeyed,ifnorthepoliceandcourtsenforce.
የህገርውስጥህግንማክበርግድነው፥እምቢካልክአስገድደውያስከብሯል።
ለምሳሌከሌሊትሁለትሰዓትበኃላማንምከቤቱውጪመገኘትየለበትም
ቢባል፥እስኪምንያመጣሉብለህወጣብትልያሳዩሃል
Agovernmenthasamonopolyonthelegitimateuseof
force.መንግስትያለየትኛውምሀገርጣልቃገብነት(monopoly)በሚመራው
ሀገራወንጀለኛነውያለውንየመቅጣትስልጣንአለው።
International(አለም-አቀፍ)Law
RestsonCompetinglegalsystemsandthereisno
commonenforcement.
ሁሉምየራሱንየሀገሩንፍትህለማሻሻል፣ህግለማስከበርይተጋልእንጂ
አጠቃላይበሁሉሀገርያሉትንሰዎችየሚያስገድድየአለምአቀፍህግየለም።
አንተየሆነየሚያስቀጣሰህተትብትፈፅምበሀገሪቱህግአንጂበአለምአቀፍ
የሚቀጣህየለም።
Noonehasamonopolyofforce.
(ማንምየበላይአካልወይምየበላይሀገርየሚባልየለም።አንዷሀገር
በሌላውላይየመሰልጠን፣ሌላውንሀገርየመግዛትመብትየላትም-ምንም
እንኳሀገራትባላቸውየጦርሃይልእንዲሁምኢኮኖሚትንሽወይምትልቅ
የሚባልነገርቢኖርምሌላውንግንለመግዛት(MonopolyPower)ያለው
የለም።

14. Dividedpeoplesdonotsharethesameloyalties-people
disagreeaboutwhatseemsjustandlegitimate;orderand
justice.(በተለያዩሀገራትያሉትሰዎችየተለያዩስለሆኑየተለያየአመለካከት
ያላቸው፣በተለያዩጉዳዮችላይ(ለምሳሌስለፍትህ፣ስለህግ)የተለያየአቋም
ያላቸውናቸው።ነገርግንበአንድሀገር(Domestic)የሚኖሩሰዎች
(ማህበረሰብ)ተቀራራቢየሆነአቋምያላቸውናቸው(ለምሳሌየሀገሪቱህግ
ተመሳሳይስለሆነ-በህጉላይሊከራከሩወይምየተለያየአቋምሊይዙ
አይችሉም።)
DomesticIncidentscanbecomeinternationalandcanleadto
foreignpolicychangesandcommitments
.
Eg.SARSandAvianFlu
አንዳንድጊዜየሀገርውስጥክስተቶችበአለምአቀፍሀገራትያላቸውንየግኑኝነት
ህግሊቀይርይችላል።ለምሳሌከላይከጠቀሱትወረርሽኞችSARSየተባለው
እንደኮሮናቫይረስያለበንክኪየሚተላለፍሲሆን(በ2002GCChinaውስጥ
የተገኘበሽታነበር።)እናምልክእንደኮሮናቫይረሱሀገራትከሌሎችሀገርጋር
ያላቸውግንኙነት(Foreignpolicy)ላይለውጥአድርገውነበር፦ለምሳሌ
ከቻይናየሚመጣማንምወደሀገርውስጥእንዳይገባ፣እነዚህበሽታ
በተገኘባቸውሀገራትጋርምንምአይነትግብይትእንዳይካሄድምናምን፥አያችሁ
አደልየአንድሀገርድንገተኛክስተት(DomesticIncident)ባላቸውአለም
አቀፍግንኙነትወይምForeignPolicyላይምንያክልተፅዕኖእንዳሳደረ!
Therearephilosophicaldisputesaboutthefundamentalnature
ofinternationalrelations.
ስለአለም-አቀፍግንኙነቶች(ወይምስለሰዎችየተፈጥሮሁኔታ-ሰዎችእርስ
በእርስስላላቸውግንኙነት)ያሉትንአለመስማማቶችወይምየሀሳብግጭቶች

15. እንመልከት!
HobbesianVsLockean
1Hobbes:"LifeinthestateofnatureisSolitary,Poor,Nasty,
BrutishandShort."
በመጀመሪያ"StateofNature"ምንማለትነው
'Stateofnature'ማለት'ማህበረሰብ'የሚባለውነገርከመፈጠሩበፊት
ሰዎችህይወታቸውንእናየራሳቸውንነገርለማስጠበቅየሚኖራቸውህይወት
ነው።ከስሙራሱእንደምንረዳው"የተፈጥሮሁኔታ"ነው፥ስለዚህሰዎች
ከመንግስት (Government) ወይም ከማህበረሰቡ
(Society‍‍‍)ውጪሲሆኑየሚኖራቸውነፃነትማለትነው።
በሌላመንገድ"Thestateofhumanbeings"ልንለውእንችላለን።
ስለዚህHobbes(ሆብስ)ስለዚህምንይላል
ለምሳሌ:-የመከራወይየረሃብጊዜቢመጣሁለትወንድሞች(ሰዎች)በሌላው
ሰውመጋዘንገብተውእህልሊወስዱ(ሊሰርቁይችላሉ)ያምሳያንስደግሞ"ብዙ
እህል"ለመውሰድእራሳቸውምእርስበእርስሊጣሉ፣ሊገዳደሉምሁላይችላሉ።
አያችሁአ!ሆብስእንደሚለውየሰዎችየተፈጥሮሁኔታ(stateofnature)
መጥፎነው፥ሁሉምየራሱንህይወትለማስቀጠልሲል(ForSelf-Survival)
የሌላውንይበዘብዛል፥ይሰርቃል፣ይጣላልይላል።
ጠቅለልስናደርገውበተፈጥሮሁኔታውስጥ(ማለትምሰውከመንግስትእና
ከማህበረሰብውጪ)ያለውህይወትSolitary(እኔብቻየሚል-ብቻውንበልቶ

16. ብቻውንየሚሞትአይነት),Poor(ድህንነትየሞላበት-የተወሰነውሲበለፅግ
ሌላውድሃይሆናል),nasty(መጥፎነው-ከላይበምሳሌእንዳየነው),
Brutish(ክፉ-ለምሳሌሲናደድወይከሰውየሆነነገርሲፈልግሰው
ከመግደልወደኃላየማይል)andShort(የሰውህይወቱምአጭርነው-አንዱ
እራሱንለማኖርሲልየሌላውንሰውህይወትስለሚያጠፋ)።
2Lockean:"tookmoreoptimisticviewandsuggestedthat
sociabilitywasthestrongestbondbetweenmen-menwere
equal,sociableandfree;buttheywerenotlicentious(immoral)
becausetheyweregovernedbythelawsofnature."
Lock(ሎክ)የተባለውሰውዬደግሞ"Stateofnature"ንበመልካሙጎኑነው
የሚመለከተው።መንግስትእናማህበረሰብየሚባልነገርባይኖርሰው
በመተሳሰብአብሮይኖራል፣ክፉጊዜቢመጣያለውንእየተከፋፈልይበላል፣
ከላይሆብስእንዳለውእርስበእርስክፉ(Licentious-አንዱየሌላውን
የሚበዘብዝአይነት)አይሆኑምምክንያቱየሚገዙለትወይምየሚመራቸው
#የተፈጥሮ_ህግአለ።
ይሄምየሚያስኬድይመስላልአ?እናንተየቱንነውየምትቀበሉት፥እስኪበደንብ
አስቡበት።እነዚህ'theory'ድሮየቀሩሳይሆንአሁንምያሉ፣የተለያዩየዘርፉ
ባለሞያዎችየሚከራከሩበትነው።
በቀጣይ"TheNatureandEvolutionofInternationalRelations"
እንማራለን።
መልካምጊዜ

17. ስኬትዎከA+ጋርየተረጋገጠነው!
©A+TutorialClass
#GlobalTrends.
ChapterOne-UnderstandingInternationalRelationships.
ActorsinInternationalRelations.
በባለፈውትምህርታችንስለinternationalrelationምንነት፤መገለጫዎች
ተምረናል።Natureandevolutionofinternationalrelationየሚለውን
ርዕስዘልየዋለሁ፣ታሪክነውየሚያወራውፈተናምየሚወጣበትአይመስለኝም።
ዛሬግንየምንማረውፈተናይወጣበታልስለዚህእሱንእንማራለን።ዛሬ
የምንማረው"በአለምአቀፍግንኙነትውስጥስላሉትተዋናዮች(actors)"
እንማራለን።አለምአቀፋዊ፣ድንበርተሻጋሪግንኙነትሲደረግእነማንናቸው
ግንኙነትየሚያደርጉትግንኙነታቸውስበምንመልኩ የሚለውን
እንማራለን።
InternationalRelations(IR)traditionallyfocusedon
interactionsbetweenstates.
ያኔድሮድሮዓለምአቀፍግንኙነት(IR)በተለምዶበሀገራትመካከልባለው
መስተጋብርላይያተኮረብቻነበር፤ማለትምእንግሊዝከጋና፣አሜሪካከ
ጀርመን፣ሱዳንከብራዚልወዘተሀገራትከሀገራትብቻነውግንኙነቱ።አሁንላይ
ያለውአለምአቀፍግንኙነትስምንይመስላል?ማንከማንጋርነውግንኙነቱ
ወይምተዋናዮችእናማንናቸው?ሀገራት(states)ብቻ?እስኪእንማረው።

18. However,thisconventionalviewhasbeenbroadenedover
theyearstoincluderelationshipsbetweenallsortsofpolitical
entities('polities‘),includinginternationalorganizations,
multinationalcorporations,societiesandcitizens.
ድሮድሮበሀገራት(states)መካከልብቻየነበረውአለምአቀፍድንበር
ተሻጋሪግንኙነት ዛሬዛሬላይግንበሁሉምዓይነትየፖለቲካአካላት
("ፖሊቲካዎች")መካከልያለውንግንኙነትለማካተትባለፉትዓመታትእየሰፋ
ሄዷል፤ለምሳሌግንኙነቱአለምአቀፍተቋማትንአኳቷልምሳሌUnited
nation,AfricaUnion,IGADወዘተ፤ግንኙነቱየንግድ
ልወውጥን(multinationalcorporation)አኳቷልዱባይሔደሽልብስ
የምታመጪሁላ፤ግንኙነቱከሀገርመሪዎችበዘለለየሀገራትዜጎችንና
ማህበረሰቦችንአኳቷልምሳሌነጮችየመስቀልበዓልንለመታደምይመጣሉኣ።
ስለዚህየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትተዋናዮችየሀገርመሪዎችባለስልጣኖችወይም
ሀገራትብቻአይደሉምማለትነው።
IRcapturesavastarrayofthemesrangingfromthegrowing
interconnectednessofpeopletooldandnewformsofsecurity,
dialogueandconflictbetweenvisions,beliefsandideologies,
theenvironment,space,theglobaleconomy,povertyand
climate
change.Thesheernumberofactorsandissuesthatare
relevanttoIRcanbeoverwhelming.Thiscanmakeitseemlike
adauntingtasktonotjuststudyvariousaspectsofIRbuttotry
tograspthebiggerpicture.
አለምአቀፍግንኘነት(IR)የሰዎችትስስርእያደገከመጣውአሮጌእናአዲስ

19. የደህንነትዓይነቶች፤በአስተሳሰቦች፣በእምነቶችመካከልየሚደረጉውይይቶች
እናግጭቶች፤አካባቢ፤ህዋ(space)፣የአለምኢኮኖሚ፣ድህነትእናየአየር
ንብረትለውጥየሚሉየተለያዩመሪሃሳቦችንይዟል።ከአለምአቀፍግንኙነትጋር
ተዛማጅነትያላቸውየተዋንያን(actors)ብዛትእናጉዳዮችበጣምብዙእየሆኑ
መጥተዋልበሀገራትመሪዎችግንኙነትብቻሊወሰንአልቻለም።ይህየተለያዩየ
አለምአቀፍግንኙነትገጽታዎችንማጥናትብቻሳይሆንስለአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትትልቁንምስልለመረዳትመሞከርከባድስራ(dautingtask)መስሎ
እንዲታይሊያደርግይችላል።ነገርግንዋናዋናየአለምአቀፍግንኙነት
ተዋናዮች(actors)እነማንናቸውግንኙነታቸውስምንአይነትነው
የሚለውንእናያለን።ተዋናዮችማለትበአለምአቀፍደረጃግንኙነትየሚያደርጉት
አካላትማለትነውእንጂየፊልምተዋናዮችእንዳይመስሏችሁ።
የአለምአቀፍግንኙነትተዋናዮችበዋናነትሁለትናቸው።ThereareTwo
internationalrelationactors.እነርሱም
1ኛ)StateActors.
2ኛ)Non-StateActors.
እያንዳንዳቸውንእንመልከት።
1)StateActors.
stateactorsማለትአለምአቀፍግንኙነቱየሚካሔደውበሀገራት(states)
መካከልነውማለትነው፤ምሳሌኢትዮጵያከቻይናጋበኢኮኖሚበፖለቲካ
በትምህርትወዘተግንኙነትስምነነትቢያደርጉ፣ኢትዮጵያናቻይናstateactor
ይባላሉማለትነው።

20. Therearealotofstatesintheworld–infact,accordingto
thelatestcounttherearenofewerthan195ofthem.ከ195
ያላነሱለገራትአሉ።ስለዚህእነዚህሀገራትተፈላልገውግንኙነትሲያደርጉ
Internationalrelationይባላል፤ግንኙነቱንየሚያደርጉትሀገራትደግሞ
actorsofinternationalrelationorstateactorsይባላሉ።አንዱሀገር
ከሌላውሀገርይለያያልኣመቼምተመሳሳይሀገርየለም።ግንሀገራትንሀገር
የሚያሰኛቸውሀገርየሚያስብላቸውበርካታየጋራመገለጫዎችአሏቸው፤
እንግሊዝንሀገርያስባላት፣ኢትዮጵያንሀገርያስባላት፤ኮሪያንወዘተሀገርን
ያስባላትየጋራመገለጫባህሪአለ።ሀገርንሀገርየሚያስብሉትመገለጫዎች
ምንድንናቸውእስኪእንማረው።
Statesareobviouslyverydifferentfromeachother,butthey
arealsosimilartoeachotherinimportantrespects.
Allstatesarelocatedsomewhere,theyhaveaterritorial
extension;theyaresurroundedbyborderswhichtelluswhere
onestateendsandanotherbegins.
ሁሉምሀገራትየራሳቸውመገኛቦታአላቸው፤የግዛትወሰንአላቸውበድንበር
የተከበቡናቸው፣ድንበሩደግሞየአንዱሀገርግዛቱየትእንደሚያልቅየሌላው
ሀገርደግሞግዛቱየትእንደሚጀመርይነግራል።ስለዚህድንበርግዛት
ወሰን(boundaryandterritory)የሀገራችየጋራመገለጫባህሪወይም
ሀገራትንየሚያመሳስላቸውነው።የሚገርመውነገርግንሀገራትበድንበር
ይጋጫሉጦርይሰብቃሉ፤አንታርቲካብቻነውጦርየሌለበትሌላውየምድሪቱ
ክፍልግዛትበሙሉጦርነትንቀምሷልእየቀመሰምነው።ከድንበርናግዛት
በተጨማሪሀገራትንየጋራየሚያደርጋቸውመገለጫምንድንነው
#GlobalTrends

21. allstateshavetheirowncapitals,armies,foreignministries,
flagsandnationalanthems.
ሁሉምሀገራትየራሳቸውየሆነዋናመቀመጫከተማ፣ብሔራዊመዝሙር፣
አርማባንዲራ፣የጦርሀይል፣የውጭጉዳይሚኒስቴርወዘተአላቸው።ስለዚህ
እነዚህየጋራመገለጫዎቻቸውናቸውወይምየሚያመሳስሏቸውናቸው።
Allstatescallthemselves'sovereign‘,meaningthatthey
claimtheexclusiverighttogoverntheirrespectiveterritoriesin
theirownfashion.
ሁሉምግዛቶችእራሳቸውን'ሉዓላዊ(soverign)'ብለውይጠሩታል፣ይህም
ማለትግዛቶቻቸውንበራሳቸውፋሽን(እሳቤ)የማስተዳደርብቸኛመብት
ይገባቸዋልማለትነው።ነገርግንሉአላዊነትራስንበራስእሳቤናፍላጎትብቻ
ማስተዳደርአይደለም።ሉአላዊነትየራስንግዛትከማስተዳደርምበተጨማሪ
statesarealsosovereigninrelationtoeachother:theyactin
relationtootherstates,declaringwar,concludingapeace,
negotiatingatreaty,andmanyotherthings.
ሀገራትአንዳቸውከሌላውጋርበሚያደርጉትግንኙነቶችናጉዳዮችላይ
ሉዓላዊናቸውማለትምለምሳሌሁለትሀገራትግንኙነቱሲያደርጉየሁለቱንም
ሀገርጥቅምባስከበረመልኩነው፣ጦርነትንበማወጅ፣ሰላምንእርቅን
በማውረድ፣ስምምነትውልድርድርበማድረግወዘተሀገራትሉአላዊናቸው።
ስለዚህሉአላዊነት(sovereignty)የሚባለውአንዲትሀገርየራሷንግዛትበራስ
እሳቤማስተዳደሯብቻከሌሎችሀገራትጋርምግንኙነትስታደርግሉአላዊናት

22. መብቷፍላጎቷተከብሮነው።ሉአላዊነትየሀገራትየጋራመገለጫነውወይም
ሀገራትንየሚያመሳስላቸውአንዱባህሪነው።ግንእውነትድሀሀገራት
ሉአላዊናቸውን
Statesovereigntycomestobethedefiningelementinthe
studyofinternationalrelations,even
whereotherperspectiveschallengetheprimacyofthe
state.(በደንብያዟት)
Primacyofthestateማለትምንመሰላችሁ፤አለምአቀፍግንኙነችላይ
ዋናተዋናዮቹወይምቀዳሚውንስፍራየሚይዙትState(ሀገራትመንግስታት)
ናቸውብሎማመንነው።ይህንእምነትአመለካከትየማይቀበሉየሚፈታተኑ
አካላቶችአሉ።ነገርግንሌሎችአመለካከቶችየPrimacyofstateንሀሳብ
የሚፈታተኑበትቢሆንም፣የዓለምአቀፍግንኙነትጥናት(StudyofIR)ውስጥ
የግዛትሉዓላዊነት(statesovereignty)ወሳኝአካል(definingelement)
ነው። በሌላአባባልበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትውስጥstate
sovereignty(የግዛትሉአላዊነት)ወሳኝአካልነውከተበለ፣የግዛትሉአላዊነት
የሚንፀባረቀውደግሞበሀገራትስለሆነስለዚህሀገራት(states)የአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትዋናተዋናዮችናቸውማለትነው።ስለዚህሀገራት(states)የአለም
አቀፍግንኙነትዋናተዋናዮችከሆኑደግሞአለምአቀፍግንኙነት(IR)በዚህ
መልኩdefineይደረጋል
Consideredinrelationtotheprimacyofthestate,
internationalpoliticscometobedefinedintermsof
interactionsbetweenstatesinaninternationalsystemofstates
wheretheseare'sovereign‘entities,territoriallybound,and
independentultimatelyofanyexternalauthority.

23. አለምአቀፍግንኙነትከመንግስት(state)ዋናተዋናይነትአንፃርሲታይ፣
አለማቀፋዊግንኙነትማለት'ሉዓላዊ'፣በግዛትየተሳሰሩእናከማንኛውም
የውጭጣልቃገብነትነጻየሆኑሀገራትየሚያደርጉትግንኙነትማለትነው።
ስለዚህሀገረመንግስት(state)የአለምአቀፍግንኙነትአንዱናዋነኛተዋናይ
ሲሆንግንኙነቱበዋናነትየሚመሰረተውምየሀገራትሉአላዊነት(sovereignty)
ንመሰረትበማድረግነው።
Non-StateActors.
የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲ፣አለምአቀፍግንኙነትሲባልብዙዎቻችን
በአዕምሮኣችንየሚመጣውሀሳብየሀገራትአምባሳደሮች፣ዲፕሎማቶች፣
ፕሬዝዳንቶች፣ሚኒስተሮችወዘተየሚያደርጉትግንኙነትይመስለናልኣ።
አሁንበተለይበ21ኛውክፍለዘመን"Globalization"በተንሰራፋበትዘመን
አለምአቀፍግንኙነቱመልኩንቀይሯልበመንግስታትመካከልየሚደረገው
ግንኙነትተበልጧልማለትይቻላል።
Wecouldsaythattheincreasedfocusonnon-stateactors
andcross-borderissueshasmarkeda
close-to-revolutionaryturninIR;somethingthatcouldbe
interpretedasashiftawayfromthe
inter-national("between-states‘)tothe"trans-national"
("across/beyond-states"andtheirborders).
Inter-nationaltoTrans-national.
አያችሁኣበመንግስታትበሀገራትበድንበር(international)የሚደረገው

24. አለምአቀፍግንኙነቱከመንግስታትከድንበርአልፏል።
RobertKeohane,oneoftheleadingscholarsinthefield,
recentlystatedthat"InternationalRelations"isnolongera
suitablelabelandthatweshouldinsteadrefertothediscipline
as"GlobalStudies"or"WorldPolitics"(Keohane2016).
በዘርፉከዋነኞቹምሁራንአንዱየሆነውRobertKeohone
“internationalrelation”መባልየለበትምተስማሚመለያአይደለምእና
በምትኩ"አለምአቀፍጥናቶች(GlobalStudies)”ወይም“የዓለም
ፖለቲካ(WorldPolitics)”ብለንመጥራትእንዳለብንተናግሯል።
ምክንያቱም
Individualsandgroupsinteractacrossbordersandthus
relativizethemeaningofspaceandterritoryasconventionalIR
knewit.Internationalcommercialaviationandtherapidspread
ofinformationtechnologieshasfurtherincreasedpeople‘s
mobilityandtherateatwhichinteractionsoccuracrossand
beyondstateborders.
ግለሰቦችእናቡድኖችድንበርተሻግረውይገናኛሉ፣ዓለምአቀፍየንግድ
አቪዬሽንእናየኢንፎርሜሽንቴክኖሎጂዎችበፍጥነትመስፋፋትየሰዎችን
ተንቀሳቃሽነትእናከሀገርድንበሮችባሻገርያለውመስተጋብርፍጥነት
እንዲጨምርአድርጓል።
#GlobalTrends
ስለዚህinternationalrelationበሀገረመንግስታትበአምባሳደሮችና

25. በዲፕሎማቶችተወስኖመቅረትአልቻለም።ሰዎችንበአካልም
በአዕምሮም(ቴክኖሎጂ)ድንበርአቋርጠውይገናኛሉ።
ፌስቡክእከሌንአገደ፣Twitterhatespeechነውብሎፅሁፉንአጠፋ
ወዘተሲባልእንሰማለን።ሰዎችበቴክኖሎጂበማህበራዊሚዲያአማካኝነትያለ
ምንምጣልቃገብነትግንኙነትይፈጥራሉ።ሶሻልሚዲያዎችአሁንላይበጣም
አደገኛእየሆኑመጥተዋልየመንግስታትንፖሊስየማደናቀፍየመንግስትን
ስልጣነወንበርየመነቅነቅሀይልአላቸው።ብቻበጥቅሉአሁንላይአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትከመንግስታትይልቅበግለሰቦችደረጃከፍእያለመጥቷል።
አለምአቀፍግንኙነትንከሀገራትወይምከመንግስታትውጭግንኙነት
የሚያደርጉአካላትበሙሉNon-Stateactorsይባላሉ።እነማን
ይሆኑይኸው
InternationalOrganizations-Unitednation,Africaunion,IGAD,
ECOWAS,EuropeanUnionetc.
NongovernmentalOrganizations(NGO)-RedCross,World
Foodprogrametc
MultinationalOrganization.LikeAddisAbbabaUniversity.
SocialMedias
TerrioristGroups,EthincGroups,militarygroups,social
movementsetc

26. አንድጥያቄልጠይቃችሁ፥አለምአቀፍግንኙነትባይኖርአለምምንትመስል
ነበር
የዛሬውክላስበዚህይብቃ።በቀጣይLevelsofAnalysisof
Internationalrelationየሚለውንእንማራለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends.
ChapterOne-UnderstandingInternationalRelations.
LevelsofAnalysisofInternationalRelations.
በባለፈውትምህርታችንስለActorsofinternationalrelations
ተምረናል።ዛሬደግሞስለLevelsofanalysisofinternational
relationsእንማራለን።ምንማለትነው
Levelsofanalysisofinternationalrelationበአማርኛ"የአለም
አቀፍግንኙነትትንታኔደረጃዎች"ማለትነው።
Levelsofanalysisofinternationalrelationisa
generalization(abstraction)tohelpunderstandhighlycomplex
inworldpolitics.

27. ‍FirstusedbyKennethWaltz.
LevelsofAnalysisofInternationalRelations"በአለምፖለቲካ
ውስጥበጣምውስብስብየሆነውንነገርለመረዳትየሚያግዝአጠቃላይትንታኔ
ጥናትነው።ይህንትንታኔጥናትደግሞKennethWaltzነውየመሰረተው።
ATheoreticalAnalysis(1959)whichintroducedananalytical
frameworkforthestudyof
IRthatdistinguishedbetweenwhathereferredtoasdifferent
"images"ofanissue:theindividual,thestateandthe
internationalsystem.
ታዲያWaltzውስብስብየሆነውንበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትስም
የተመሰረተውንየአለምፖለቲካለመረዳትአለምአቀፍግንኙነትንበሶስት
የትንታኔደረጃዎች(levelsofanalysis)ከፍሏቸዋል።ስለዚህአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትየሚጠናውየሚተነተነውየሚገለፀውበሶስትደረጃዎች(Levels)ነው
ማለትነው።እነርሱም
IndividualLevelsofAnalysis.(በግለሰብደረጃ)
State(Domestic)LevelsofAnalysis.(በሀገርደረጃ)
InternationalLevelsofAnalysis.(በአለምአቀፍደረጃ)
ሶስቱንምእያንዳንዳቸውንእንመለከታለን።

28. IndividualLevelsofAnalysis.
Internationalrelationscanbeanalyzedfromtheperspective
ofindividuals.Herewewouldlook
atthebehaviors,motivations,beliefsandorientationofthe
individualinaffectingaparticular
internationalphenomenon.
ዓለምአቀፍግንኙነቶች(IR)ከግለሰቦችእይታአንጻርሊተነተኑይችላሉ።
ግለሰብሲባልተራውንሰው(ግለሰብ)አይደለም፤እኔናእናንተንማለት
ሳይሆንየሀገርመሪየሆኑግለሰቦችንማለትነውለምሳሌአብይአህመድ፤
ቭላዲሚርፑቲን፤ጆባይደንወዘተ።
ታዲያIndividualLevelsofAnalysisበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትላይ
ክስተትሊያሳድርየሚችሉትንየግለሰቡን(የመሪውን)ባህሪ፣ተነሳሽነት፣እምነት
እናአቅጣጫያጠናል።ለምሳሌአዶልፍሒትለርአይሁዳውያኖችንማጥፋት
ለምንፈለገ ተነሳሽነቱእምነቱምንነበርየሚሉትንነገሮችያጠናልማለት
ነው።
Iflookingattheactionsofindividuals,wewouldlikelyalso
needtoengagewiththeimplicationsofhumannature.Thiscan
beseeninthepsychologyandemotionsbehindpeople‘s
actionsanddecisions,theirfearsandtheirvisionsaswellas
theiraccesstoinformationandcapacitytomakeadifference.
የግለሰቦችን(መሪዎችን)ድርጊትከተመለከትን፣ከሰውልጅተፈጥሯዊ

29. አንድምታጋርማያያዝአለብን።ይህምበሰዎችድርጊትእናውሳኔጀርባባለው
ስነልቦናእናስሜት፣ፍርሃታቸውእናራዕያቸውእንዲሁምመረጃየማግኘትእና
ለውጥለማምጣትባላቸውአቅምላይይታያል።
ሰዎችበተፈጥሯቸውስሜታዊይሆናሉ፤በተፈጥሯቸውስነልቦናዊጫና
ሊያጋጥማቸውይችላልወዘተ።ለምሳሌየሩሲያናዩክሬንንጦርነትብንመለከት
አለምአቀፋዊክስተትነውአይደል።ይህንንአለምአቀፋዊክስተትበ
IndividuallevelofAnalysisተንትኑትብትባሉእንዴትትተነትኑታላችሁ
IndividuallevelofAnalysisትኩረቱጥናቱትንታኔውግለሰብላይነው
ብለናል።ግለሰብስንልበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትላይምንምተፅዕኖየሌላቸውን
እንደእኔአይነቱግለሰብንሳይሆንየሀገርመሪዎችንበግለሰብደረጃ
ማለታችንነው።ስለዚህበIndividualLevelAnalysisመሰረትየሩሲያና
ዩክሬንንጦርነትሲጠና፤የሩሲያውናየዩክሬኑመሪከጀርባቸውስላለው
ግለሰባዊስነልቦና፤ግለሰባዊስሜት፤ግለሰባዊፍርሀት፤ግለሰባዊራዕይ፤
ግለሰባዊየበታችነት/የበበላይነትስሜነት፤ግለሰባዊእምነትወዘተይጠናል
ይተነተናልማለትነው።ስለዚህሩሲያበዩክሬንላይጦርነቱንየጀመረችው
ምናልባትምየሩሲያውመሪየስልቦናችግርሊሆን፣ምናልባትምየሩሲያመሪ
በተፈጥሮውክፉናየማይራራሁኖሊሆንይችላልወዘተተብሎነው
የሚተነተነውበindividuallevelanalysisመሰረት።statelevelና
internationalLevelሲሆንደግሞሌላትንታኔአለውቡሗላእናየዋለን።
ስለዚህስናጠቃለውIndividualLevelofAnalysis
IndividualLevelofAnalysisconcernsaboutpersonality,
perceptions,choices,oractivitiesofindividualleaders.
IndividualLevelofAnalysisበዋናነትየሚያጠናውስለግለሰብ
መሪዎችስብዕና፣አመለካከቶች፣ምርጫዎችወይምየግለሰብመሪዎች

30. እንቅስቃሴዎችንወዘተነው።ግለሰብመሪዎችደግሞአለምንሊያቃውስ
የሚችልወይምሊያድንየሚችልአለምአቀፍግንኙነቶችንያደርጋሉጦርነቶችን
ያደርጋሉወዘተ።እነዚህግንኙነቶችጦርነቶችበግለሰብመሪዎችእምነት
አመለካከትስነልቦናፍርሀትየበታችነት/የበላይነትስሜትወዘተሊሆንይችላል።
እነዚህንየሚያጠናውናየሚተነትነውindividuallevelofanalysisይባላል።
በአንድወቅትየአሜሪካመሪየነበሩትDonaldJ.Trumphግብፅየአባይ
ግድብንበቦንብታፈነዳዋለችብሎተናገረ።ከindividuallevelአንፃርእስኪ
ትንታኔስጡት።በሌላአባባልየTrumphንየስነልቦናመዋቅር፣ስለኢትዮጵያ
ናግብፅያለውግለሰባዊአመለካከትናስሜትወዘተማጥናትማለትነው።
#GlobalTrends
State(Domestic)LevelofAnalysis.
Althoughthisideaoftheglobalorsystemlevelasacontext
ofanarchyfeaturesinmany
contributionstotheIRliterature,themainfocusremainsonthe
stateasthedominantunitof
analysis.
ምንምእንኳንየGlobal(system)levelofanalysisአጥኚዎች
ባለሙያዎችባይስማሙበትም፥የlevelsofanalysisofIRዋናትኩረቱ፤
የጥናቱእምብርትstates(ሀገራት)ናቸው።
Thisenduringfocusonthestate,andtherefore,onthestate
levelofanalysis,isreferredtoastherelative"state-centrism"of

31. thediscipline.ThismeansthatIRscholarswouldgenerallynot
onlyregardstatesasthecentralunitofanalysisassuch,they
alsoconceiveofthestateasapointofreferenceforother
typesofactor.
የstatelevelofanalysisዋናየጥናቱማዕከልstate(ሀገራት
መንግስታት)ስለሆኑ"state-centrism(መንግስታዊማዕከላዊነት)"ተብሎ
ይጠራልstatelevelofanalysis።
የLevelsofAnalysisofIR(የአለምአቀፍግንኙነትትንታኔደረጃዎች)
የጥናቱዋናእምብርትመሰረቱ(centralunitofanalysis)ሀገራት(state)
ናቸውብለናል።ዋናየጥናቱማዕከልብቻሳይሆንለindividualናglobal
levelofanalysisምእንደመነሻዋቢ(pointofreference)ተደርገው
ይቆጠራሉ።
States(ሀገረመንግስታት)ለምንየInternationalrelationanalysis
ዋናየጥናትማዕከልሆኑ
1)thestateactsasthearenain
whichstateofficials,politiciansanddecision-makers
operate.(ሀገርወይምstateባለስልጣናት፣ፖለቲከኞችእናውሳኔሰጪዎች
የሚንቀሳቀሱበትመድረክስለሆነ።)
2)Thestateisseenastheframeworkthatencapsulates
societyandasthemainpointofreferencefortheindividual.
(ሀገርወይምstateማህበረሰብንየሚያቅፍእናለግለሰቦችምዋናመገለጫ
ስለሆነ)

32. 3)mainlocationofpowerwithintheinternationalsphere.(ሀገር
ወይምstateበዓለምአቀፍሉልውስጥየኃይልዋናቦታምንጭስለሆነ)
ቭላድሚርፑቲንበዩክሬንላይጦርነትያወጁትሩሲያየምትባልአቅም
ሀይል(power)ያላትሀገርስላለችውነው።
ስለstateይህንካልንአሁንደግሞስለstatelevelofanalysisእንማር።
Statelevelofanalysisበዋናነትሁለትነገሮችንይመለከታልይተነትናል
ያጠናል።እነርሱም
Astatelevelanalysismightbeinterestedtolookatanyone
ofthefollowing:
1)Statelevelofanalysiscanconsiderstatesasactorsintheir
ownrightasiftheywereclearlydefinedentitiesthathave
certainpreferences,andaccordingly,lookattheiractionsand
decisionstofindananswertoouranalyticalquestions.
ሀገራትየራሳቸውንፍላጎትመብትየማድረግየመከወንየመተወንስልጣን
አላቸው፣በማያሻማመልኩየተለዩየተወሰኑምርጫዎችእንዳሏቸውበግልፅ
የተገለጹአካላትናቸው(definedናቸው)፣ይህንንመሰረትበማድረግstate
levelofanalysisሀገራትበአለምአቀፍደረጃየሚኖራቸውንተግባራትና
ውሳኔዎችያጠናልይተነትናልማለትነው።
2)itmaylookathowstatesinteractwitheachothertodeal

33. withthecrisis–inotherwords,theirforeignpolicy;howthey
buildoffeachother‘ssuggestionsandreacttointernational
developmentsandtrends;howtheycooperate,say,inthe
frameworkofinternationalorganizations;orhowwelookat
themascompetitorsandantagonists,eachofthempushingfor
astrongerpositioninwhatmakesuptheworldeconomy.
ቀውስንችግርንለመቋቋምሀገራትእንዴትእርስበርስእንደሚገናኙstate
levelofanalysisሊመለከትሊያጠናይችላል-በሌላአነጋገርየውጭ
ግንኙነትፖሊሲያቸውን;አንዳቸውየሌላውንአስተያየትእንዴትእንደሚገነቡእና
ለአለምአቀፍእድገቶችእናአዝማሚያዎችምላሽእንዴትእንደሚሰጡ፣በዓለም
አቀፍድርጅቶችማዕቀፍውስጥእንዴትእንደሚተባበሩ፣እያንዳንዳቸው
የዓለምንኢኮኖሚበሚሸፍነውውስጥየበለጠጠንካራቦታእንዲኖራቸውግፊት
ያደርጋሉ።ስለዚህበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትላይሀገራትየሚኖራቸውንሚናና
ተፅዕኖለማወቅstatelevelofanalysisከላይየተዘረዘሩትንበሙሉያጠናል
ይተነትናልማለትነው።
StateLevelofAnalysisስለሀገራትአለምአቀፋዊሚናሲያጠናበዋዛ
በፈዛዛአይደለም።ስለሀገራቱምንነት፤ታሪክበጥንቃቄማጥናትአለበት
state-levelstudywouldalsorequirecarefulconsiderationof
whatkindsofstateswearelookingat(howtheyareordered
politically),theirgeographicalposition,theirhistoricaltiesand
experiencesandtheireconomicstanding.Itwouldlikelyalso
lookattheforeignpolicyofstates,meaningtheirapproachto
andpracticeofinteractingwithotherstates.
ስለዚህstatelevelanalysisስለሀገራቱሲያጠና(የፖለቲካምህዳራቸው

34. ስርአታቸውንያጠናል)፣መልክዓምድራዊአቀማመጣቸው፣ታሪካዊ
ትስስራቸውንናልምዳቸውንእናኢኮኖሚያዊአቋማቸውንበጥንቃቄመመርመርን
ይጠይቃል።ምናልባትምየሀገራትንየውጭፖሊሲማለትምከሌሎችሀገራት
ጋርየሚያደርጉትንግንኙነትእናአቀራረባቸውንያጠናልይተነትናል።
እሺየሩሲያናዩክሬንንጦርነትአለምአቀፋዊክስተትነውአይደል።ይህንን
አለምአቀፋዊክስተትከStateLevelAnalysisአንፃርተንትኑትብትባሉ
እንዴትትተነትኑታላችሁ።
#GlobalTrends
Statelevelanalysisትኩረቱጥናቱትንታኔውሀገራትላይነውብለናል
ማለትምሀገራቱየሚያራምዱትፖለቲካዊአቋማቸው፣ኢኮኖሚያዊአቅማቸው
፣የፖለቲካርዕዮትፍልስፍናቸው፣የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲያቸው፣ታሪካዊ
ትስስራቸውወዘተነው።ስለዚህበstatelevelanalysisየሩሲያናዩክሬን
ጦርነትሲጠናሲተነተንእነዚህናየመሳሰሉትንበማጥናትነው።ስለዚህለሩሲያ
ናጦርነትምክንያቱየሩሲያሀገርየፖለቲካርዕዮትCommunismመሆኑና
የዩክሬንደግሞCapitalismመሆኑ፤ሩሱያከዩክሬንበተሻለየፈረጠመ
የኢኮኖሚናወታደራዊሀይልስላላት፣ሩሲያአምባገነናዊ(authoritarian)
ስርአትንስለምትከተል፣የዩክሬንየውጭግንኚነትፖሊሲከሩሲያጠላት
ተቀናቃኝከሆኑሀገራትጋስለሆነለሩሲያስጋት(insecure)ስለሆነ፣ሩሲያ
OneworldOrderስለማትከተልበአንፃሩዩክሬንስለምትከተልወዘተእየተባለ
ይተነተናል።
ስለዚህindividuallevelየሀገርመሪየሆኑግለሰቦችስብዕና፣ስነልቦና፣
እምነትፍራቻ፣የበታችነት/የበላይነትስሜትወዘተነውየሚያጠናው።እነቢላ
ደንሳዳምሁሴንወዘተንመመልከትይቻላል።
Statelevelደግሞየሀገራትንየፖለቲካርዕዮት፣ኢኮኖሚዊ፣ውጫዊ

35. ፖሊስ፣የሀይልሚዛንወዘተነውየሚያጠናው።አሜሪካ፣ቻይናሩሲያኬንያ
ታንዛኒያፈረንሳይወዘተመመልከትይቻላል።
Global/Internationallevelorsystemlevelanslysis.
Globalorinternationallevelofanalaysisከindividuallevelof
analysisናከstatelevelofanalysisበመቀጠልበሶስተኛደረጃላይ
የሚመደብሲሆንበሌላስሙSystemlevelofAnalysisተብሎይጠራል፤
ያዙትፈተናላይእንዳይሸውዳችሁ።
ድሮልጅእያላችሁየእንትናሰፈርልጆችየእንትናሰፈርልጆችእያላችሁ
በቡድንተከፋፍላችሁኳስስትጫወቱስትጣሉሆያሆዬስትጨፍሩምናምን
አስታወሳችሁ።አለምንአስቧት፤ሀገራትበቡድንየተከፋፈሉናቸውኣ።ምሳሌ
አሜሪካ፣እንግሊዝ፣ፈንሳይ፣ጀርመን፣ፖላንድ፣ካናድወዘተአንድቡድን
ናቸውወይምCaptalismየሚልመጠሪያስምአላቸው።በአንፃሩሩሲያ፣ቻይና
፣ህንድ፣ሰሜንኮሪያ፣ብራዚል፣ቱርክወዘተአንድቡድንናቸውወይም
Communismየሚልመጠሪያስምአላቸው።በአንፃሩደግሞሳኡዲአረቢያ፣
UAE፣ኳታር፣ዱባይ፣ኢራንወዘተአንድቡድንናቸውወይምIslamicstate
የሚልመጠሪያስምአላቸውወዘተሌሎችቡድኖችምአሉ።አያችሁሀገራት
ቡድንቡድንመስርተውበወታደራዊሀይልበኢኮኖሚዊወዘተአንዱቡድን
ከሌላኛውቡድንይፎካከራል።SystemLevelofAnalysisየሚያጠናው
ስለነዚህቡድኖችነው።በርግጠኝነትየአለምጦርነትቢጀምርምበእነዚህ
ቡድኖችምክንያትነው።
አያችሁኣindividuallevelአለምአቀፋዊክስተትንበግለሰብመሪዎች
ደረጃነውየሚያጠናው።Statelevelደግሞአቀፋዊክስተትንበሀገርምንነት
ደረጃነውየሚያጠናው።System(Global)levelደግሞአቀፋዊክስተትን
ከግለሰብናከሀገርከፍባለመልኩበአለምአቀፍደረጃነውየሚያጠናው።

36. Thesystemlevelperspectivewouldliketoconceivethe
globalsystemasthestructureorcontextwithinwhichstates
cooperate,competeandconfronteachotheroverissuesof
nationalinterest.
Systemlevelዓለማችንወይምየአለምፖለቲካንእንዲህይገልፀዋል
"በብሔራዊጥቅምጉዳዮችዙሪያየሚተባበሩበት፣የሚፎካከሩበትእናእርስ
በርስየሚፋለሙበትመዋቅርወይምአውድአድርጎ"ይገልፀዋል።እነሩሲያና
ቻይናበአንድለምንመተባቀርፈለጉ?እነእንግሊዝናአሜሪካፈረንሳይበአንድ
መተባበርለምንፈለጉ?እነዚህቡድኖችበሀሳብስለማይስማሙ፣የኢኮኖሚ
የበላይነትእንዲኖራቸውስለሚፈልጉነው።
ነገርግንአንዲትሀገርከሌላሀገርጋቡድንላትመሰርትትችላለች።ብቻዋን
ፈርጣማሀገርከሆነች(unipolar)ትባላላች።ሁለትሀገርተባብረውቡድን
ለይልሲመሰርቱደግሞBipolarይባላሉምሳሌሩሲያናቻይና።ከሁለትበላይ
ሀገርተባብረውቡድንሀይልሲመሰርቱደግሞMultipolarይባላሉምሳሌ
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)።NATOንየመሰረቱት
አሜሪካ፣እንግሊዝ፣ጀርመን፣ፈረንሳይወዘተናቸው።NATOጠንካራየሆነ
ወታደራዊተቋምነው።አያችሁእነዚህሀገራትNATOንየመሰረቱትለክፉቀን
መከታእንዲሆናቸውደህንነታቸውንለማስጠበቅነውደ
Youmightvisualizeitasalevelabovethestate.Particularly
importantinthatcontextisthedistributionofpoweramongst
states,meaning,whetherthereisonemainconcentrationof
power
(unipolarity),two(bipolarity)orseveral(multipolarity).

37. Theviewofstatesbeingembeddedinaglobalcontext
traditionallycomeswiththeassumptionthatourinternational
systemis"anarchic".
Ananarchicsystemisonethatlacksacentralgovernment
(orinternationalsovereign)thatregulatesandcontrolswhat
happenstostatesintheirdealingswitheachother.
Systemlevelanalysisያስፈለገበትዋናውምክንያትየአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትናየአለምየፖለቲካአካሔድ"ስርአትአልበኛ(anarchic)መሆኑነው።
Anarchicማለትሀገራትእርስበርስበሚኖራቸውግንኙነትላይየሚደርሰውን
ቀውስየሚቆጣጠርማዕከላዊመንግሥትወይምዓለምአቀፍሉዓላዊዳኛ
የሌለውሥርዓትማለትነው።ለምሳሌአሜሪካተነስታኢራንንስትወርተይ
የሚላትየሚቆጣጠርየሚዳኝየበላይአካልየለም፤ሩሲያተነስታዩክሬንን
ስትወርተይየሚላትየሚቆጣጠርየበላይአካልየለምወዘተ
እስኪየሩሲያናየዩክሬንንጦርነትምክንያቱንበsystemlevelofanalysis
ተንትኑትብትባሉእንዴትትተነትኑታላችሁ?አጭርመልስNATOስጋት
ይሆንብኛልብላስላሰበችሩሲያ።
ለአሁንከዚህላይይበቃናል።ነገይቀጥላል።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends

38. StructureoftheInternationalSystem.
እስኪ፥ያደጋችሁበትንየምትኖሩበትንሰፈርበህሊናችሁአስቡት።አሁንስለ
ሰፈራችሁአወቃቀር(structure)ሶስትcasesልነግራችሁነው።
Case1
ሰፈራችሁንአንቀጥቅጦየሚገዛበሀይሉበጉልበቱበብሩሌሎችየሰፈራችሁ
ሰዎችላይተፅዕኖመፍጠርየሚችልበሰፈሩተሰሚነትያለውየሁሉምየበላይ
አንድ"ጃጓር"የሚባልሰውቢኖር።
Case2
ሰፈራችሁንአንቀጥቅጠውየሚገዙበሀይላቸውበጉልበታቸውበብራቸው
ሌሎችየሰፈራችሁሰዎችላይተፅዕኖመፍጠርየሚችሉበሰፈሩተሰሚነት
ያላቸውየሁሉምየበላይየሆኑ፣የሀይልየበላይነትለማግኘችእርስበርሳቸው
የሚፍካከሩየሚወዳደሩተመጣጣኝአቅምያላቸውሁለት"ጃጓር"ና"ዳምጠው"
የሚባሉሰዎችቢኖሩ።አስተውሉጃጓርናዳምጠውየሰፈሩአለቃመሪብቻ
ሳይሆኑከሁለቱአንዳቸውየሰፈሩየበላይለመሆንእርስበርስየሚፎካከሩ
የሚጣሉምናቸው።
Case3
ሰፈራችሁንአንቀጥቅጠውየሚገዙበሀይላቸውበጉልበታቸውበብራቸው
ሌሎችየሰፈራችሁሰዎችላይተፅዕኖመፍጠርየሚችሉበሰፈሩተሰሚነት
ያላቸውየሁሉምየበላይየሆኑ፣የሀይልየበላይነትለማግኘችእርስበርሳቸው

39. የሚፍካከሩየሚወዳደሩተመጣጣኝአቅምያላቸውከሁለትበላይየሆኑሰዎች
"ጃጓር"፣"ዳምጠው"፣"ደምሳሽ"፣"ኩራባቸው"ወዘተየሚባሉሰዎችቢኖሩ።
አስተውሉእነዚህሰዎችየሰፈሩአለቃመሪብቻሳይሆኑአንዳቸውየሰፈሩየበላይ
ለመሆንእርስበርስየሚፎካከሩየሚጣሉምናቸው።
ስለዚህየሰፈራችሁአወቃቀር(structure)ከላይበተጠቀሱትcases
ይገለፃልማለትነው።አሁንሰፈራችሁንወደአለምውሰዱትናየአለም
አወቃቀር(structure)በሶስቱcases(አወቃቀርስርአት)ይገለፃልማለትነው።
InternationalRelationsscholarsmaintainthatpoliticalpower
isusuallydistributedintothree
maintypesofsystemsnamely:
1)uni-polarsystem
2)bipolarsystemand
3)multipolarsystem.
Uni-PolarSystem
Inauni-polarinternationalsystem,thereisonestatewith
thegreatestpolitical,economic,culturalandmilitarypowerand
hencetheabilitytototallycontrolotherstates.
በአለምላይካሉሀገሮችየበለጠየፖለቲካ፣የኢኮኖሚ፣የባህልእና
የወታደራዊሃይልያለውእናሌሎችየአለምሀገሮችንየመቆጣጠርተፅዕኖ

40. የመፍጠርአቅምያለውአንድሀገርካለ፣ስርአቱUnipolarsystemይባላል።
ልክጃጓርየሰፈራችሁአለቃመሪእንደሆነውሁሉ፤በፖለቲካበኢኮኖሚ
በባህልበወታደራዊሀይልወዘተየበላይሁኖአለምኔየሚመራአንድሀያልሀገር
ካለunipolarsystemይባላል።
BipolarSystem
Inthecaseofthebipolarsystem,therearetwodominant
states(superpowers)andthelesspowerfulstatesjoineither
sidesthroughallianceandcounterallianceformations.
ሁለትአውራሀገራት(ልዕለኃያላንሁለትሀገራት)ከሌሎችየአለምሀገራት
በበለጠየፖለቲካ፣የኢኮኖሚ፣የባህል፣የወታደራዊሀይልያላቸው፤ሌሎች
የአለምሀገሮችንየመቆጣጠርተፅዕኖየመፍጠርአቅምያላቸውሁለትልዕለ
ሀያላንሀገራትካሉ፣ስርአቱBipolarsystemይባላል።አስተውሉታዲያ
ሁለቱሀያልሀገራትአንዳቸውየበላይለመሆንእርስበርሳቸውይፎካከራሉ
ይጣላሉአንድኛቸውየበላይሁነውለመገኘትየማይፈነቅሉትድንጋይየለም
ልክበሰፈራችሁጃጓርናዳምጠውእንደሚፎካከሩትሁሉ።እንግዲህ
እናስተውልበBipolarsystemበአለምላይትልቁንተፅዕኖመፍጠርየሚችሉ
እርስበርስየሚፎካከሩሁለትሀያላንሀገሮችአሉብለናል።ከሁለቱውጭያሉት
ሌሎቹደካማሀገሮችከሁለቱአንዱንበመወገንከአንዱጋህብረትይፈጥራሉ።
ኢትዮጵያከቻይናጋር፤ኬንያከአሜሪካጋር።
Theproblemwith
bipolarsystemisthatitisvulnerableforzero-sumgame
politicsbecausewhenonesuperpowergainstheotherwould
inevitablylose.

41. Zero-Sumgamepoliticsማለትበስተመጨረሻውጤቱለአንድኛው
ሀገርጥሩየሚያስደስትሲሆንለሌላኛውሀገርደግሞመጥፎዕድልነው፤በሌላ
አባባልበመጨረሻምአንዱተሸናፊአንዱአሸናፊሁኖነገሩይደመደማልማለት
ነው።ስለዚህበBipolarsystemመሰረትሁለቱልዕለሀያላንሀገራትየበላይ
ለመሆንእርስበርሳቸውሲፎካከሩሲጣሉአንድኛውሀገርሀይልካገኘየበላይ
አሸናፊይሆናል፣ሌላኛውሀገርደግሞተሸናፊይሆናል፤የBipolarsystem
ደካማጎኑይህነው።
ምሳሌየቀዝቃዛውጦርነት(Coldwar)ንመመልከትእንችላለን።ስለCold
warchapter3ላይበስፋትእንማራዋለንፋይናልፈተናምስለሚወጣበት።
Onetypicalhistoricalexamplewheretheworldwasunder
bipolarsystemisthecoldwarperiod.
አለማችንበBipolarSystemየወደቀችበትታሪካዊክስተትበColdwar
ጊዜነበር።በወቅቱአለምንየሚያሽከረክሩሁለትሀያላንብድኖችነበሩእነርሱም
USAናSovietUnionናቸው።በስተመጨረሻምበጦርነቱአሜሪካየሀይል
የበላይነትወሰደች፣Sovietunionወይምየሶቪየትህብረትሀገራት
ፍርክስክሳቸውወጣተበታተኑ፣ፖላንድዩክሬንሩሲያቤላሩስአርመንያወዘተ
አንድሀገርነበሩተበታተኑ።ለአሁኑየሩሲያናየዩክሬንጦርነትምስርየሰደደ
ምክንያቱcoldwarነው።
በColdwarጊዜBipolarsystemአለምነበረች፤USAናSoviet
Unionሁለትልዕለሀያላንሀገራት።

42. ከColdwarበሗላአለምUnipolarsystemነበረች፤አንድልዕለሀያላን
ሀገርአሜሪካ።
MultipolarSystem
Multipolarsystemisthemostcommonthroughouthistory.
DuringtheperiodaroundWorldWarIitwasatypicalworld
system.
Itusuallyreflectsvarious
equallypowerfulstatescompetingforpower.Itisnot
necessaryforstatestochangetheirrelationshipwithzero-sum
game.Insuchsystem,itispossibletobringchangewithout
gainingorlosingpower.
MultipolarSystemበታሪክውስጥበጣምየተለመደነው።
MultipolarSystemበአንደኛውየዓለምጦርነትወቅትየተለመደው
የዓለምሥርዓትነበር።
ከሁለትበላይየሆኑ(ብዙ)በፖለቲካ፣በኢኮኖሚ፣በባህል፣በወታደራዊ
ሀይልፈርጣማናተመጣጣኝእኩልሀይልያላቸው፤ሌሎችየአለምሀገራትን
የመቆጣጠርተፅዕኖየመፍጠርአቅምያላቸውከሁለትበላይ(በርከትያሉ)
ሀያላንሀገራት(መንግስታት)ካሉ፤ስርአቱMultipolarsystemይባላል።ከ
BipolarsystemየሚለውየውMultipolarsystemላይzerosumgame
ወይምተሸናፊ/አሸናፊየሚባልነገርየለምወይምአንድሀገርብቻዋንየበላይ

43. ሆኗመውጣትአትችልም።
እንግዲህስለstructureofinternationalsystemይህንካልን።አሁን
ላይ አለማችን ከሶስቱ የትኛውን system እየተከተለች
ይመስላችሗልUnipolarናትአይደልማለትምከcoldwarበሗላየአሜሪካ
የበላይነትእስካሁንድረስቀጥሏል።ነገርግንአሁንላይአለማችንከUnipolar
ወደMultipolarsystemእየተቀየረችወይምshiftእያደረገችነው።ብዙ
ተቀናቃኝሀያላንሀገራትእየተስተዋሉለምሳሌቻይና፣ሩሲያ፣ሰሜንኮሪያ፣
እስራኤል፣ኢራን፣ህንድ፣እንግሊዝ፣ጀርመንወዘተ።
ከሶስቱለአለማችንመረጋጋት(stability)ናዘላቂሰላምየሚያመጣው
የትኛውsystemነው?Unipolarከሁሉምተመራጩነው፤Unipolaris
morestablethanBipolarandMultipolarእንዲሁምBipolarismore
stablethanMultipolar።ለምንእስኪመልሱት።
እንግዲህአለምአቀፍግንኙነቶችንክስተቶችንየአለምንነፀብራቃዊሁኔታ
ስንመለከት፣ሶስትመሰረታዊአሀዶችንማወቅተገቢነው።እነርሱም
Power(ሀይል)
Anarchy(ስርአትአልበኝነት)
Sovereignty(ሉአላዊነት)
እያንዳንዳቸውንእንመልከት።
Power

44. Poweristhecurrencyofinternationalpolitics.Asmoneyis
foreconomics,powerisforinternationalrelations(politics).
የኢኮኖሚመሰረታዊመገለጫውብርነውአይደል።የአለምፖለቲካ
መሰረታዊመገለጫውደግሞpower(ሀይልአቅም)ነው።
Intheinternationalsystem,powerdeterminestherelative
influenceofactorsanditshapesthestructureofthe
internationalsystem.
በአለምአቀፉስርዓትውስጥሃይል(power)የመንግስታትንአንጻራዊተፅእኖ
የሚወስንሲሆንየአለምአቀፉንስርዓትመዋቅርንምይቀርፃል።አለማችን
unipolar,Bipolarormultipolarስርአትሊኖራትየሚችለውበሀገራት
የሀይል(power)አይደል።
Thatisalsowhyitis
oftensaidthatinternationalrelationsisessentiallyabout
actors‘powerrelationsinthesupranationaldomain.
ለዚህምነውብዙጊዜአለምአቀፍግንኙነትበመሰረቱየሚያትተውየሀገራትን
የሀይልአሰላለፍነው።
HansMorgenthau,afamousthinkerofrealismtheoryinIR,
arguesthatInternationalpolitics,likeallotherpolitics,isa

45. struggleforpower.Itthusfollows
fromthisthatpoweristhebloodlineofinternationalrelations.
የአለምአቀፍግንኙነትተንታኝየሆነውHansMorgenthauየተባለው
ሙሁር"አለምአቀፍፖለቲካ(internationalpolitics)እንደሌሎች
ፖለቲካዎችሁሉለሀይልየበላይነት(power)የሚደረግትግልነውይላል።
በዚህምምክንያትኃይል(power)የዓለምአቀፍግንኙነትየደምቧንቧመስመር
መሆኑንይገልፃል።
Power(ሀይል)በሁለትአይነትመንገድይገለፃል(ይከፈላል)።እነርሱም
Powercanbedefinedintermsof
relations.
material(capability)aspects.
TherelationaldefinitionofpowerisformulatedbyRobert
Dahl.Dahl‘sdefinitionunderstandspoweras"A"s'abilitytoget
"B"todosomethingitwouldnototherwisedo.
Power(ሀይል)በግንኙነት(relation)ደረጃይገለፃል።ይህንየገለፀው
ደግሞRobertDahlይባላል።የDahlአገላለፅእንዲህነውAናBየተባሉ
ሁለትሀገራትቢኖሩ
"AየተባለውሀገርBየተባለውንሀገርማድረግየማይፈልገውንነገር

46. እንዲያደርግየማስድረግአቅምPowerይባላል።ለምሳሌየአሜሪካናሩሲያ
Coldwarጦርነነት።ሞጁሉላይአንብቡትግንፈተናስለማይወጣበትብዙም
አትጨነቁበት።
Powerደግሞበቁስአቅም(materialcapability)ይገለፃል።ለምሳሌ
ቻይናያላትየወታደራዊቁሶችብዛትጥራትወዘተ።
Anarchy
Anarchyisasituationwherethereisabsenceofauthority
(government)beitinnationalor
international/globallevelsystems.
በአገርአቀፍምሆነበዓለምአቀፍደረጃተሰሚገዢመንግስት(ስልጣን)
ሳይኖርሲቀርAnarchyተብሎይጠራል።ስለዚህAnarchyበሁለትአይነት
መንገድይገለፃልማለትነውእነርሱምበሀገርደረጃናበአለምደረጃ።እስኪ
እንያቸው።
Withinacountry"anarchy"referstoabreakdownoflawand
order.
butinrelationsbetweenstatesitreferstoasystemwhere
powerisdecentralizedandtherearenosharedinstitutionswith
therighttoenforcecommonrules.

47. በሀገርአቀፍደረጃ"Anarchy"ማለትየሀገሪቱህግእናስርዓትመፈራረስ
አለመከበርማለትነው።ለምሳሌበአሁኑሰአትሱዳንላይስርአትአልበኝነች
ይስተዋላል።
በአለምአቀፍደረጃ"Anarchy"ማለትደግሞበሀገራትመካከልያለውን
ግንኙነትየሚመራየሚዳኝእናየጋራደንቦችንየሚያስከብርአለምአቀፋዊየጋራ
ተቋማትየሌለበትስርዓትማለትነው።ማንኛውምሀገርከማንኛውምሀገርጋር
ጦርነትመግጠምይችላል፤የማንኛውምሀገርባህልወደማንኛውምሀገር
ይዛመዳልበተለይበአሁኑሰአትበቴክኖሎጂእየተጎዳንነው፤ማንኛውምሀገር
ከማንኛውምሀገርጋየፈለጉትንወታደራዊምኢኮኖሚያዊምፖለቲካዊም
ባህላዊምግንኙነትእንደልባቸውማድረግይችላሉወዘተ።so,እነዚህንነገሮች
የሚዳኝ(Guide)የሚያደርግምንምቸቋምየለም።ስርአልበኝነትነገሰ።
3ተኛውsovereigntyነውታውቁታላችሁ።ለዛሬይብቃን።
©A+
#GlobalTrends.
Chapterone-UnderstandingInternationalRelations.
TheoriesofInternationalRelations.
ይህክፍልበጣምወሳኝነው።ፈተናላይብዙጥያቄየሚወጣበትነው።
መማሪያመፅሀፋችሁላይየሰፈረውኖትበጣምየተዘበራረቀ፣ቅርፅየሌለው
ምንምፍሬነገርየሌለውአመዳምየሆነሞጁልነው።MoSHEግንየስራህን
ይስጥህ።በጣምየሚገራርሙለመረዳትምቹየሆኑኖቶችሞልተዋልግንከ
አንድየውጭመፅሀፍኮፒአድርጎአዘጋጀሁይላል።ለማንኛውምሞጁላችሁን

48. መሰረትያደረገትምህርትመማራችንግዴታነው፤ዳይወደትምህርቱ።
Theoriesofinternationalrelationsallowustounderstand
andtrytomakesenseoftheworldaroundusthroughvarious
lenses,eachofwhichrepresentsadifferenttheoretical
perspective.
TheoriesofInternationalRelationsማለትበአማርኛው"የአለም
አቀፍግንኙነቶችጽንሰ-ሀሳቦች"ማለትሲሆንበዙሪያችንያለውንዓለምበተለያዩ
የእይታመነፀሮችለመረዳትእንድንሞክርያስችለናል።ታዲያስለአለምወይም
ስለአለምአቀፋዊግንኙነቶችምንነትየሚገልፁንእነዚህTheoriesofIR
በርካታናቸው።ዋናዋናዎቹ
Idealism/Liberalism.
Realism.
Structuralism/Marxism.
Constructivism.
CriticalTheories.
እያንዳንዳቸውምንማለትአንደሆኑእንመለከታለን።ለዛሬየምንማረው
Liberalismምንነው።
Idealism/Liberalism
ሌላቦታእንዳትሔዱየLiberalismአቀንቃኞችእነአሜሪካ፣እንግሊዝ፣

49. ጀርመን፣ፈረንሳይወዘተዲሞክራሲያዊነንየሚሉትሀገራትናቸው።ለመሆኑ
Liberalismምንድንነው አመለካከታቸውምንድንነው
ውግንናቸውለማንነውእንዴትስተፈጠረወዘተየሚሉትንእናያለን።
Liberalism isa political and moralphilosophy basedon
the rightsofindividuals,liberty, consentofthegoverned
and equalitybeforethelaw.
Liberalismማለትግለሰባዊ ነጻነትንና ማህበረሰባዊእኩልነትንእንደግብ
የሚያራምድየፖለቲካ አስተሳሰብአይነትነው።አስተውሉ"ግለሰባዊነፃነት"!
በLiberalismአስተሳሰብግለሰቦች፣ሌሎችግለሰቦችንእስካልጎዱ
ድረስ፣ህይወታቸውንደስባላቸውመልኩሲመሩነጻነታቸውንተቀዳጁይባላል።
ይህንግለሰባዊነጻነትመንግስትበህግእንዲያስከበርይገፋፋል
ያሳስባል። ዲሞከራሲንበመደገፍመንግስትበነጻናየማያዳላምርጫ
እንዲመሰርትLiberalismይሰብካል።አስተውሉ"የሰውልጅደስባለ
መልኩመኖርይችላል"ሲልይከራከራል።"ግብረሰዶማዊነትየዚህየሞራል
ፍልስፍናውጤትነውይህየኔየዳኒምልከታነው::
Liberalsgenerallysupport privateproperty, market
economics,individualrights(including civilrights and human
rights), liberal democracy, secularism, rule of
law, economic and political freedom, freedom of
speech, freedomofthepress and freedomofreligion.
Liberalismየግልንብረትማፍራትንይደግፋል፣ነፃየገበያስርአትን(free
marketsystem)ይደግፋል፣የግለሰብመብቶችን(የሲቪልመብቶችንእና

50. የሰብአዊመብቶችንጨምሮ)ይደግፋል፣ሊበራልዲሞክራሲን
ይደግፋል(ሊበራልዲሞክራሲማለትህዝቦችበነፃነትመንግስትንየሚመርጡ
መብቻውየሚከበርበት፣ንጉሳዊናአምባገነናዊስርአትያልሆነይልቁንም
በህዝቦችየተመረጠመንግስትሀገሪቱንየሚያስተዳድርበትስርአትነውሊበራል
ዲሞክራሲማለት)፣የሀይማኖትናየመንግስትእርስበርስጣልቃ
አለመግባትን(Securalism)ንይደግፋል፣የህግየበላይነትንይደግፋል፣
የኢኮኖሚእናየፖለቲካነፃነትንይደግፋል፣የመናገርነፃነትንይደግፋል፣የፕሬስ
እናየእምነትነፃነትንይደግፋል።
ስለዚህLiberalismየሚባለውየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብናየሞራልፍልስፍና
አመለካከቶችከላይየተዘረዘሩትናቸው።በLiberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብ
የሚያምኑአካላትደግሞLiberalወይምLiberalistይባላሉ።
Liberalismየተባለውየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብእንዴትተመሰረተለመመስረቱ
ምክንያቱምንነበርየመመስረቱመነሻሀሳብስምንነበርየሚለውን
እንማር።
humanbeingsasinnatelygoodandbelievepeaceand
harmonybetweennationsisnotonlyachievable,butdesirable.
Liberalismእንዲህብለውያምናሉ"የሰውልጅበተፈጥሮውጥሩ፣
መልካምምግባርያለውጨካኝያልሆነራስወዳድያልሆነለሌሎችክፉ
የማያስብሰላምወዳድነው።ስለዚህበሀገሮችመካከልሰላምእናስምምነት
ሊደረስበትሊሳካ(achieveable)የሚችልብቻሳይሆንበሀገሮችመካከል
ሰላምናስምምነትየሚፈለግምነው"ብለውያምናሉ።ለምንምክንያቱም
ሰዎችበተፈጥሯቸውመልካምናቸውሌሎችንየመጉዳትፍላጎትየላቸውም
ስለዚህሰዎችሰላምንስምምነትንይፈልጋሉይመርጣሉም።

51. ImmanuelKantdevelopedthe
ideainthelateeighteenthcenturythatstatesthatsharedliberal
valuesshouldhavenoreasonforgoingtowaragainstone
another.InKant‘seyes,themoreliberalstatestherewereinthe
world,themorepeacefulitwouldbecome,sinceliberalstates
areruledbytheircitizensandcitizensarerarelydisposedto
desirewar.
መጀመሪያLiberalValueናLiberalstateምንእንደሆነእንመልከት።
Liberalvalueየሚባሉትቅድምከላይየዘረዘርኳቸውናቸው።እነርሱም
የግለሰቦችመብትናነፃነትንማክበር፣የግልንብረትየማፍራትመብት፣ነፃ
የኢኮኖሚስርአት፣የህግየበላይነት፣እኩልነት፣ፍትሀዊነት፣
መቻቻል(tolerance)ወዘተእነዚህLiberalvalueይባላሉወይምየ
liberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብእሴቶችውጥኖችይባላሉ።እነዚህንየ
liberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብየሚከተሉናየሚተገብሩሀገሮችደግሞ
LiberalStateይባላሉ።ታዲያ
Liberalismንበተመለከተአማኑኤልካንትበአስራስምንተኛውክፍለዘመን
መገባደጃላይአንድሀሳብአመነጨእርሱም"Liberalvalueንየሚተገብሩ
ሀገሮች፣በሌላአባባልየLiberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብንየሚከተሉሀገሮች
እርስበርስለመጣላትለመፋለምምንምምክንያትሊኖራቸውአይገባም"ይላል።
#Global
በKantእይታ፣"LiberalstatesወይምየLiberalismየፖለቲካ
አስተሳሰብንየሚያራምዱሀገሮችበአለምላይበበዙቁጥር፤አለማችን
የጦርነትነጋሪትየማይጎሰምባትየበለጠሰላማዊናየተረጋጋችቋሚ

52. ሰላም(perpetualpeace)ያለባትትሆናለች"ብሎያምናል።ለምን
ምክንያቱምየliberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብንየሚከተሉሀገራት(liberal
states)፣ነፃናፍትሀዊምርጫያደርጋሉዜጎችየመረጡትመንግስትሀገሪቱን
ያስተዳድራልይህማለትደግሞበተዘዋዋሪሀገሪቱእየተመራችያለችውበዜጎች
ነው፤ዜጎች(ሰዎች)ደግሞበተፈጥሯቸውመልካም(innatelygood)ስለሆኑ
ጦርነትእምብዛምአይፈልጉም።ይለናልየLiberalismአቀንቃኙImmanuel
Kant።
የLiberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብምንድንነውከላይመግቢያችንላይ
በስፋትአይተንዋልበደንብያዙት።በነገራችንላይየImmanuelkantወይምየ
liberalismአስተሳሰብ ለንጉሳውያንስርአትናአለምባገነንመንግስታት
አይመችምብርድብርድነውየሚላቸው።ምክንያቱምliberalismዜጎች
የስልጣንምንጭናባለቤትናቸውብሎያምናል፤ንጉሳውያንናአምባገነን
መንግስታትደግሞየስልጣንምንጫቸውጠመንጃናምንሽር ነው።ተኩሱ
ደግሞእእ ።
liberalshavefaithintheideathatthepermanentcessation
ofwarisanattainablegoal.
Liberalsቶችጦርነትንከአለምላይበዘላቂነትማስወገድማቆምማቋረጥ
ሊደረስበትሊሳካ(attainable)የሚችልግብነውበሚለውሀሳብላይእምነት
አላቸው፤በሌላአባባልLiberalsቶችጦርነትንከምድሪቱላይማጥፋት
ይቻላል፣አለምንለዘላለምከጦርነትነፃየሆነችማድረግይቻላልብለው
ይሞግታሉ።እንዴትይኸው
Takingliberalideasintopractice,USPresidentWoodrow
Wilsonaddressedhisfamous"FourteenPoints"totheUS
CongressinJanuary1918duringthefinalyearoftheFirst

53. WorldWar.Ashepresentedhisideasforarebuiltworldbeyond
thewar,thelastofhispointswastocreateageneral
associationofnations,whichbecametheLeagueofNations.
የLiberalismሃሳቦችንወደተግባርበመውሰድ፣የአሜሪካፕሬዝዳንት
የነበሩትውድሮውዊልሰንበአንደኛውየአለምጦርነትየመጨረሻአመትጥር
1918ታዋቂውን“አስራአራትነጥቦችን”ለአሜሪካኮንግረስንግግርአድርገዋል
፤ከአስራአራቱነጥቦችየመጨረሻውነጥብ"ከጦርነቱበሗላእንደገና
ለሚገነባውዓለም፣የአለምሀገራትማኅበርመፍጠርመመስረትያስፈልጋል"
የሚልነበር።በዚህምምክንያትLeagueofNationsየተባለውየአለም
መንግስታትማህበርከአንደኛውየአለምጦርነትማግስትእ.ኤ.አበ1920
ተመሰረተ።ኢትዮጵያበአፄሀይለስላሴአማካኝነትበ1923ማህበሩን
ተቀላቅላለች።ማህበሩበማንተመሰረተበLiberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብ
ኣቅድምእንዳልንው።ማህበሩለምንተመሰረተይኸው
Datingbackto1920,theLeagueofNationswascreated
largelyforthepurposeofoverseeingaffairsbetweenstates
andimplementing,aswellasmaintaining,internationalpeace.
እ.ኤ.አ.በ1920ዓ.ምLeagueofNationsየተባለውማህበር
የተመሰረተበትምክንያትበሀገራትመካከልያሉትንግንኙነቶችናጉዳዮች
ለመከታተልእንዲሁምዓለምአቀፍሰላምንለማስጠበቅናተግባራዊነቱን
ለማስፈፀምነው።
ስለዚህLiberalsቶችይህንማህበርየመሰረቱበትምክንያትበአለምላይ
ጦርነትእንዳይኖር፣ሰላማዊናየተረጋጋችአለምለመፍጠርእንደዚህአይነት
ማህበርመፍጠርአስፈላጊነውብለውስላመኑነው።ከዚህምንተረዳችሁ
አለምአቀፍተቋማት(institutions)በአለምአቀፍግንኙነትውስጥዋና

54. ተዋናይ(keyactors)ናቸውብለውያምናሉሊበራሊስቶች።
Intheearlyyears,from1919tothe1930s,thedisciplinewas
dominatedbywhatisconventionallyreferredtoasliberal
internationalism.
በመጀመሪያዎቹዓመታት፣ከ1919እስከ1930ዎቹድረስ፣Liberal
Internationalismገኖነበር።LiberalInternationalismማለትየ
Liberslismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብአለምአቀፍግንኙነትላይተግባራዊሲሆን
ማለትነው።ለበለጠመረዳትGoogleአድርጉት።
TheprimaryconcernofLiberalinternationalismapproach
wasthatconditionswhichhadledtotheoutbreakoftheFirst
WorldWarandthedevastationwhichfollowedshouldnotbe
allowedtooccurinthefuture.
የLiberalinternationalismቀዳሚሀሳብናአላማ"ለአንደኛውየዓለም
ጦርነትመቀጣጠልምክንያትየሆኑሁኔታዎችእናየተከሰቱትውድመቶችወደፊት
እንዳይከሰቱማድረግነው።"
Thedrivingforcewasthereforenormativeinorientationand
theunderlyingassumptionwasthattheacademicstudyof
international
relationshadthepotentialtocontributetothepreventionofwar
andtheestablishmentofpeace.

55. የLiberalinternationalismዋናእሳቤ"የዓለምአቀፍግንኙነቶች
አካዳሚክጥናትጦርነትንለመከላከልእናሰላምንለማስፈንየበኩሉን
አስተዋፅኦየማድረግአቅምአለው።"የሚልነበር።
WithfoundationsintheEnlightenmentandtheeighteenth
century,liberalinternationalism,as
ScottBurchillpointsout,suggestedthat"theprospectsforthe
eliminationofwarlaywithapreferencefordemocracyover
aristocracy,freetradeoverautarky,andcollectivesecurityover
thebalanceofpowersystem".
ስለ Enlightenment እኔ አላስረዳችሁም። Liberal
internationalism(liberalism)የተመሰረተውበEnlightenmentዘመን
ነበር።ScottBurchillየተባለውፀሀፊበEnlightenmentዘመን
የተመሰረተውንLiberalInternationalismንእንዲህሲልይገልፀዋል።
#Global
“ጦርነትንየማስወገድተስፋዎች
ከባላባታዊ(aristocracy)ሥርዓትይልቅለዴሞክራሲቅድሚያቦታሲሰጥ
ተመራጭሲሆን፣
በቁጥጥርከተመሰረተየንግድልውውጥ(autarky)ይልቅለነፃየንግድ
ልውውጥ(freetrade)ቅድሚቦታሲሰጥተመራጭሲሆን፣

56. ከሓይልሚዛን(balanceofpower)ይልቅለጋራደህንነት(collective
security)ቅድሚያቦታሲሰጥተመራጭሲሆን፤
ስለዚህከላይየተዘረዘሩትንሶስቱንነገሮችማድረግጦርነትንለማስወገድ
ወይምበአለምላይሰላምንለማምጣትይረዳሉይላልLiberal
internationalism።
ፈተናላይእንዲህተብላችሁብትጠየቁስ
Inliberalistthinking,whichoneispreferabletobring
internationalpeace?
A)Balanceofpower
B)EconomicPower
C)MilitaryMight
D)CollectiveSecurity
አያችሁኣለፈተናስትዘጋጁበዚህመልኩነው።ስለዚህመልሱDነው።
Thetwoformativepillarsofliberalinternationalism,
democracyandfreetrade,requiredtheestablishmentof
internationalrelationswhichwouldpromotecollectivist
aspirationsinplaceoftheconflictualrelationswhichformed
thebasisofbalance-of-powerthinking.

57. የLiberalinternationalismምሰሶዎች(pillars)ሁለትናቸውእነርሱም
ዲሞክራሲናነፃንግድናቸው።በliberalismአስተሳሰብየሓይልሚዛን
(balanceofpower)በአለምላይጦርነትእንዲፈጠርምክንያትነውብለው
ያምናሉ።ስለዚህየሓይልሚዛን(balanceofpower)ተወግዶ፣በሱቦታበ
democracyናfreetradeየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትላይመርህመሆን
አለባቸውሲልይከራከራል።ገብቷችሗልኣዲሞክራሲመሆኑዲሞክራሲያዊ
ሀገርከዲሞክራሲያዊሀገርጋጦርነትአይገጥሙምብለውስለሚያስቡነውእነ
kant።freetradeመሆኑበሀገሮችመካከልየኢኮኖሚየበላይነትእንዳይኖር
ያደርጋል፣የኢኮኖሚየበላይነትከሌለደግሞየሓይልሚዛንምአይኖርም።
Foritwasjustsuchthinking,basedasitwasonthepremise
thatrelationsbetweenstatesaredeterminedsolelybythe
pursuitofpower,whichledtoviolationsofinternationallawand
ultimatelytotheoutbreakofwarin1914.Asystemof
"collectivesecurity"wasadvocatedtoreplaceantagonistic
alliancesystemswithaninternational.
Liberalismእንዲህሲልይከራከራል"በሀገሮችመካከልሲደረግየነበረው
ግንኙነት'የበላይለመሆንሀይልንማፈርጠምሀይልንማጎልበት(pursuitof
power)፣በቡድንተከፋፍለውህብረትመፍጠርናተቀናቃኝመሆን'ላይ
የተመሰረተነበር።ይህደግሞአለምአቀፍህጎችንበመጣስለአንደኛውየአለም
ጦርነትመጀመርምክንያትነው፣ምክንያቱምሀገራትከህግይልቅየነበራቸው
ወታደራዊቁመናላይስለሚተማመኑ።ስለዚህእንደዚህአይነትተቀናቃኝ
ህብረቶች(antagonisticalliance)ንአስወግዶ፤የጋራደህንነት(collective
security)ስርአትንበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትላይመተግበርያስፈልጋልይላል።"
ምንብለናልቅድምበLiberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብመሰረትአለም
ሰላማዊእንድትሆንወይምከአለምላይጦርነትንለማስወገድአለምአቀፍ
ማህበር(ተቋም)መመስረትያስፈልጋል።ይህአለምአቀፍማህበር(ተቋም)

58. የሚያወጣቸውህጎችናደንቦችደግሞአለምአቀፍህግ(internationallaw)
ይባላል።ተመልከተቱኸረደስየሚልትምህርትነው
Liberalsalsoarguethatinternationallawoffersa
mechanismbywhichcooperationamongstatesismade
possible.
Liberalistቶች"ዓለምአቀፍሕግ(InternationalLaw)በሀገራት
በመንግስታትመካከልትብብርእንዲኖርየሚያስችልዘዴይሰጣል"ብለው
ይከራከራሉያምናሉ።ለመሆኑዓለምአቀፍሕግ(InternationalLaw)ምንድን
ነውይኸው
Internationallawreferstothebodyofcustomaryand
conventionalruleswhicharebindingoncivilizedstatesintheir
intercoursewitheachother.
አለምአቀፍህግ(InternationalLaw)ማለት"ሀገራት(መንግስታት)
እርስበርስበሚያደርጉትግንኙነትላይለሀገራቱገዢአስማሚ(binding)የሆኑት
ባህላዊ(customary)እናየተለመዱ(conventional)ህጎችማለትነው።
ስለcustomaryናconventionalruleማውራትአይጠበቅብኝም።
internationallawprovidesthenormativeframeworkfor
politicaldiscourseamongmembersoftheinternationalsystem.
Theframeworkdoesnotguaranteeconsensus,butitdoes
fosterthediscourseandparticipationneededtoprovide

59. conceptualclarityindevelopinglegalobligationsandgaining
theiracceptance.
ዓለምአቀፍሕግበዓለምአቀፍሥርዓትአባላትመካከልየፖለቲካንግግር
መደበኛማዕቀፍያቀርባል።ማዕቀፉየጋራመግባባትንአያረጋግጥምነገርግን
የህግግዴታዎችንለማዳበርእናተቀባይነትንለማግኘትየፅንሰ-ሃሳባዊግልጽነት
ለመስጠትየሚያስፈልገውንንግግርእናተሳትፎያበረታታልያሳልጣል።
internationallawperformstwodifferentfunctions.(አለምአቀፍ
ህግሁለትመሰረታዊተግባራትአሉት።)እነርሱም
1)providesmechanismsforcross-borderinteractions.(ለድንበር
ተሻጋሪግንኙነቶችወይምበሀገራትመካከልለሚደረጉየእርስበርስግንኙነቶች
ዘዴዎችንምቹሁኔታዎችንይፈጥራል።)ይህየአለምአቀፍህግተግባር
OperatingSystemተብሎይጠራል።
2)shapethevaluesandgoalstheseinteractionsarepursuing.
(ለድንበርተሻጋሪግንኙነቶችወይምበሀገራትመካከልለሚደረጉየእርስበርስ
ግንኙነቶች፣ግንኙነቶቹመከተልማድረግያለባቸውንእሴቶችእናግቦች
ይቀርጻል።ይህሁለተኛውየአለምአቀፍህግተግባርNormativeSystem
ተብሎይጠራል።
በአጭሩየአለምአቀፍሕግዋናአላማው(purpose)ወይምተግባሩምን
ይመስላችሗል
ኢንጂነርሚጢሻዬመልሺእስኪ።እነሶሪያሊቢያአፍጋኒስታንሲወድሙ

60. ይህየአለምአቀፍህግምንእየሰራነበር
#Global
Thepurposeofinternationallawisthustoregulatethe
conductsofgovernmentsandthebehaviorsof
individualswithinstates.
የአለምአቀፍህግአላማበአለምላይየሚገኙሀገራትን(መንግስትን)
አሰራራቸውላይቁጥጥርማስተካከያማድረግእናበሀገራትውስጥያሉ
ግለሰቦችንባህሪመቆጣጠርነው።ግንእውነትአለምአቀፍሕግከስምና
ቢሮከማሞቅስብሰባከመሰብሰብየዘለለበተግበርትርጉምያለውስራለአለም
ህዝብለሰውልጅእየሰራነውን እእእቱሪናፋብቻ።
However,thelegalstandingofinternationallawisa
contentiousissueamongscholars.Thereare
threecompetingviewsonthismatter.(ሆኖምየአለምአቀፍህግ
ህጋዊአቋምበምሁራንመካከልአከራካሪጉዳይነው።በዚህጉዳይላይሦስት
ተፎካካሪአመለካከቶችአሉ።)እነርሱም
1)Somescholarssayinternationallawisnotalawatallbuta
branchofinternationalmorality.(አንዳንድሊቃውንትአለምአቀፍህግ
በፍፁምህግሳይሆንየአለምአቀፋዊየስነምግባርክፍልነውይላሉ።በአጭሩ
፦ህግ(law)ሳይሆንEthicsነውይላሉ።)
2)Otherssayitisalawinallsensesoftheterm.(ሌሎችደግሞ
በሁሉምየቃሉፍቺዎችህግነውይላሉ።)

61. 3)Yet,otherssayitisamatterofdefinition.Asaresult,the
operatingsystemofinternationallawfunctionsinsomeways
asaconstitutiondoesinadomesticlegalsystemandnotas
lawproper-i.eitdoesnothingbeyondsettingouttheconsensus
ofitsconstituentactorsondistributionofauthority,rightsand
responsibilitiesforgovernancewithintheinternational
system.(ሌሎችግንየፍቺጉዳይነውይላሉ።በአንድአገርውስጥያለህገ
መንግስትአጠቃላይየሆኑሀገራዊጉዳዮችንእንደሚዳስስሁሉአለምአቀፍ
ህግምእንዲሁነው።ማለትምእንደህግሳይሆንበስልጣንክፍፍል፣መብትና
ግዴታዎችላይያላቸውንስምምነትከማስቀመጥየዘለለምንምነገር
አላደረገም።
ስለLiberalismከዚህላይእናቁም።ከLiberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብ
ምንተረዳችሁደካማናጠንካራጎኑምንይመስላችሗልይህንየፖለቲካ
አስተሳሰብወዳችሁታልን
እኔአንድነገርልናገርከተረዳሁት።
እንዴLiberalismአመለካከት"Individuals(ግለሰቦች)፣ሀገራት(States)፣
አለምአቀፍተቋማት(institutions)በአለምአቀፍግንኙነትላይዋናተዋናዮች
ናቸው"ስለዚህበአለምላይሰላምለማምጣትየሶስቱንደህንነትማስጠበቅ
አለብን"
Liberalismለሰዎችየሚያዝንናለሰውልጅበጎአመለካከትያለው
ይመስላል፤ለሰዎችምልክየሆነነፃነትይሰጣል።ዲሞክራሲያዊስርአትን
ይመርጣልከንጉሳዊናከአምባገነናዊስርአት።

62. ግንእውነትLiberalismበተግባርለሰውልጅቀናአመለካከት
አለውአዬዬዬዬእነአሜሪካእእእንጅበጣምያስባሉህህህህህህ ።
በሉደህናዋሉ።Realismንእንቀጥላለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends
ChapterOne-UnderstandingInternationalRelations.
TheoriesofInternationalRelations.
Realism
በባለፈውትምህርታችንስለLiberalismወይምIdealismየፖለቲካ
ርዕዮትናየሞራልፍልስፍናአይተናል።ዛሬደግሞስለRealismየፖለቲካ
ርዕዮትናየሞራልፍልስፍናአይተናል።በLiberalismናበRealismመካከል
ያለውንየአስተሳሰብልዩነትእንዳስሳለን።ከዳኒአብራችሁሁኑ።Realism
የፖለቲካአስተሳሰቡምንድንነውRealismበነገራችንላይRealአ
ከሚለውቃልየተወሰደነው፤Realማለትደግሞእውነታ፥ሀቅማለትነው።
Realismisatheorythatclaimstoexplaintherealityof
internationalpolitics.Realismemphasisestheconstraintson

63. politicsthatresultfromhumankind'segoisticnatureandthe
absenceofacentralauthorityabovethestate.
Realismየአለምአቀፍፖለቲካንእውነታ(ሀቅ)የሚገልፅቲዎሪነው።
"የሰውልጅየራስወዳድነት(ego)ባህሪእናከመንግስትበላይየሆነአለም
አቀፋዊማዕከላዊተቋምባለመኖሩለአለምፖለቲካመባለግመበላሸት
ምክንያትነው"ይላልRealism።
ተመልከቱ፣Liberalismየሰውልጆችበተፈጥሯቸውመልካም(innately
good)ናቸውይላል፤Realismግንየሰውልጆችራስወዳድ(Ego,selfish,
self-interested)ናቸውይላል።
ተመልከቱ፣Liberalismበአለምላይዘላቂሰላምማምጣትይቻላል
ጦርነትንከአለምፈፅሞማስወገድይቻላልይላል፤ጦርነትንለማስወገድደግሞ
አለምአቀፋዊተቋም(internationallaw)መመስረትየተሻለነውይላል።
Realismግንበአለምላይዘላቂሰላምማምጣትአይቻልምጦርነት
አይቀሬ(inevitable)ነውይላልምክንያቱምየሰውልጅራስወዳድነው፤
በሀይሉበወታደራዊአቅሙየተነሳአለምአቀፍህግን(internationallaw)ን
አያከብርም፣ሌሎችንጨቁኖሌሎችንረግጦእርሱየበላይመሆን
ስለሚፈልግ።በዚህcontextየሰውልጅስንልበስልጣንላይያሉመሪየሆኑ
የሰውልጆችንነው፤እነሒትለርአብይአህመድኦባማፑቲንወዘተ።
ስለዚህየRealismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብገብቷችሗልኣ።ጦርነትበአለም
ላይየማይቀርነውምክንያቱምራስወዳድስለሆኑ፤ሁሉምየአለምሀገራት
የሚያከብሩትበሁሉምየአለምሀገራትተሰሚነትያለውአለምአቀፋዊተቋም
አለመኖሩነውይላል።

64. እስኪከታሪካዊአመጣጡጀምረንእንመልከተው።
Thoughliberalinternationalistidealsarenowrecognizedfor
theirsignificantcontributioninthedevelopmentofnormative
approachestothesubject,theyseemed,attheoutsetofthe
1930sandultimatelytheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar,
futileandutopian.Thusitwasthatthesubjectmatterof
internationalrelations,dominatedasithadbeenby
internationallawanddiplomatichistory,wastransformedtoan
intellectualagendawhichplacedpowerandself-interestatthe
forefrontofconcern.
ምንምእንኳንየLiberalismአለማቀፋዊፅንሰ-ሀሳቦችለTheoriesofIR
መደበኛአቀራረቦችንበማዳበርላበረከቱትጉልህአስተዋፅዖእውቅናቢያገኙም
በ1930ዎቹመጀመሪያእናበመጨረሻምየሁለተኛውየዓለምጦርነትፍንዳታየ
Liberalismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብወደቀ።LiberalismወድቆRealism
የተባለየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብተተካ።ስለዚህምየዓለምአቀፍግንኙነትርዕሰ
ጉዳይ፣ከዓለምአቀፍተቋማትናሕግ፣ወደምሁራዊአጀንዳነት(intellectual
agenda)የተሸጋገረሲሆንይህምሥልጣንንእናየግልጥቅምየስጋትቀዳሚ
ምንጭሁነውተነሱ።
ገብቷችሗልኣ።የሁለተኛውየአለምጦርነትመነሳትየLiberalismየፖለቲካ
አስተሳሰብእንዲወድቅሆነ፤Realismየሚባለውየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብ
ማቆጥቆጥጀመረ።ፈተናላይለምሳሌ
Ofthefollowing,whichonecanbeareasonforthefailureof
LiberalismandemergenceofRealism?

65. A)TheeffectivearbitrationofLeagueofNations.
B)TheoutbreakofWorldWarII(WWII).
C)TheEndofColdWar.
D)TheemergenceofUN.
እንደዚህብትየጠቁ።መልሱBይሆናልማለትነው፤አደራችሁንመሉውንነው
መረዳትያለባችሁእንዳትሸመድዱ።
ስለዚህሁለተኛውየአለምጦርነትመነሳትየአለምየፖለቲካርዕዮትከ
LiberslismወደRealismተሸጋገረ።የLiberalismዋናአጀንዳውአለም
አቀፋዊዘላቂሰላምየሚመጣውአለምአቀፍተቋምናህግበመመስረትነው
ይልነበር።Realismደግሞሰዎችራስወዳድናቸውሀገራትየራስጥቅምን
በበላይነትለማስጠበቅሲሉበሀይላቸውበወታደራዊአቅማቸውአለምአቀፍ
ተቋምናህግንይሽራሉይላል።LeagueofNationsየሚባልአለምአቀፍ
ተቋምነበርይህንተቋምናህጉንጥሰውለዛምነውሁለተኛውየአለምጦርነት
ሀገራትየጀመሩትይላል።ስለከLiberalismወደRealismተሸጋገረማለትከ
ዓለምአቀፍተቋማትናሕግ፣ወደምሁራዊአጀንዳነት(intellectualagenda)
ተሸጋገረማለትሲሆንይህምሥልጣንንእናየግልጥቅምየስጋትቀዳሚ
ምንጭሁነውተነሱ።
Realistsarguethatvaluesarecontextbound,thatmoralityis
determinedbyinterest,andthattheconditionsofthepresent
aredeterminedbyhistoricalprocesses.Whereidealismsought
auniversallyapplicabledoctrine,Carr‘scallisforahistorical
analysisofthecontingentframeworkswhichdeterminepolitics.
የRealismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብንየሚያራምዱሰዎችRealistsተብለው

66. ይጠራሉ።
Realistsአንድዋናመከራከሪያሀሳብአላቸው።እርሱምስነ
ምግባር(morality)እንደሁኔታውእንደአውዱበራስፍላጎትየሚወሰንነው
ይላሉስለዚህMoralityከሰውሰውይለያያልይላሉ፤አሁን(present)ያለው
ሁኔታየሚወሰነውባለፉትታሪካዊሒደቶችነውብለውያምናሉ።Liberalists
ግንmoralityከሰውሰውአይለያይም፤Moralityአለምአቀፍየሆነመመሪያ
ዶግማነውይላሉ።
Theformativeassumptionsofrealismasaschoolof
thoughtcentreontheviewthattheinternationalsystemis
"anarchic",inthesensethatitisdevoidofanall-encompassing
authority.
የRealismዋናየፖለቲካአስተሳሰቡ"ዓለምአቀፉሥርዓት"ስርአት
አልበኛ(anarchic)"ነው፤ማለትምአለምአቀፉስርአትሁሉንአቀፍሥልጣን
የለሽነው።"
ስርአትአልበኝነት(Anarchy)ምንማለትእንደሆነገብቶችሗልሀገራት
እርስበርስከልብአይከባበሩም፣ሁሉንምየአለምሀገራትበእኩልነት
በፍትሐዊነትየሚገዛየሚያስተዳድር፣ሁሉምየአለምሀገራትየሚያከብሩት
የሚታዘዙለትአለምአቀፍስርአትናተቋምአለመኖርማለትነውAnarchy
ማለት።ለምሳሌ፤በአሁኑሰአትአለምአቀፍተቋምየተባበሩትመንግስታት(UN)
ነውአይደል።ግንይህንተቋምየሚያከብርየሚሰማለህጉየሚታዘዝሀገር
አለየለምበተለይሀይልያላቸውእነአሜሪካሩሲያቻይናወዘተመስሚያቸው
ጥጥነው።ተቋሙራሱሁሉንምሀገርበእኩልአይንያስተናግዳልእንደው
በሞቴኢትዮጵያንናአሜሪካንእኩልያያል ይህነውAnarchyማለት፤
ሁሉንአቀፍስልጣንየለሽማለትነው።

67. Wheredomesticsocietyisruledbyasinglesystemof
government,theinternationalsystemofstateslackssucha
basisandrendersinter-nationallawnon-bindingandultimately
ineffectualintheregulationofrelationsbetweenstates.
Conflictishenceaninevitableandcontinualfeatureofinter-
nationalrelations.
አንድሀገርበሀገሪቱመንግስትይመራልይተዳደራልአይደል።ለምሳሌ
ኢትዮጵያበብልፅግናመንግስትእየተመራችነው።አለምስበማንነው
የምትመራውየምትተዳደረውአለምንየሚያስተዳድራትአለምአቀፋዊ
መንግስትወይምተቋምየለም።የተባበሩትመንግስታት(UN)በርግጥአለም
አቀፋዊተቋምነው።ግንይህተቋምከስምበዘለለትርጉምያለውስራእየሰራ
አይደለም፤ስለዚህበአለምላይያሉሀገራትንግንኙነትየሚመራየሚቆጣጠር
አለምአቀፋዊስልጣንያለውአካልየለም።በዚህምምክንያትጦርነት
የማይቀር(inevitable)ናቀጣይነትያለውየብሔራዊግንኙነትመገለጫነው
ይለናልRealism።በLiberalismአስተሳሰብግንጦርነትinevitable
አይደለምወይምጦርነትመቅረትይችላል።
Asliberalinternationalism
soughtfoundationsintheEnlightenmentandthebirthof
reasonsorealismlocatesitsroots
furtherback,citingThucydides,MachiavelliandHobbesasits
foundingvoices.
LiberalismበእነJohnLockeናImmanuelKantአማካኝነትበ
Enlightenmentዘመንነበርየተመሰረተው።Realismደግሞበእነ
Thucydides,MachiavelliናHobbesአማካኝነትነውየተመሰረተው።

68. ThucydidesandhisaccountofthePeloponnesianWaris
readastheformativeparadigmatictextinthatitcoversthemes
suchaspower,intrigue,conquest,alliance-buildingandthe
intricaciesofbargaining.Hereweseeportrayedasystemof
citystates,theunitsormembersofwhichareself-reliantand
independent,withwarbreakingoutin431BC.
Thucydidesየፔሎፖኔዥያጦርነትዘግቧል።ዘገባውእንደሃይል፣ሴራ፣
ድል፣ህብረትእናየድርድርውስብስብጉዳዮችንስለሚሸፍንእንደመደበኛ
ምሳሌያዊጽሁፍይነበባል።Realismእየተጠነሰሰነውማለትነው።
HansMorgenthau,whosePoliticsamongNations(1948)
leadstherealistperspective,pointstoaclearlineofdescent
fromThucydideswhenheassertsthat"realism"assumesthat
itskeyconceptofinterestdefinedaspowerisanobjective
categorywhichisuniversallyvalid,butitdoesnotendowthat
conceptwithameaningthatisfixedonceandforall.
ከThucydidesበመቀጠልየመጣውHansMorgenthauይባላል፤የ
HansMorgenthauየRealismአስተሳሰብበ1948አካባቢአብዛሀኞቹ
ሀገራትተቀብለውታል።የHansMorgenthau(ሃንስሞርጀንቱ)የRealism
አስተሳሰብምንድንነው
እንደሞርጀንቱአስተሳሰብ"ሀይልወይምስልጣን(power)በአለምአቀፍደረጃ
ተቀባይነትያለውነው።"ይላል።ግንይህንአስተሳሰቡንእስከመጨረሻው
ትክክለኛአስተሳሰብነውአላለም።በLiberalismአስተሳሰብMoralityነው
በአለምአቀፍደረጃተቀባይነትያለው።በRealismደግሞሀይል
ስልጣን(Power)ነው።ግንየቱይመስላችሗልትክክልነጭነጯን(real)

69. መነጋገርጥሩነው፤ሀይልነውተቀባይነትያለው፤እናንተራሱክብደትበማንሳት
ጡንቻበማፈርጠምታምኑየለ።
Morgenthau‘stextstartswith
theassumptionthatthereareobjectivelawswhichhave
universalapplicability,"internationalpolitics,likeallpolitics,isa
struggleforpower".
የMorgenthauጽሑፍየሚጀምረውሁለንተናዊተፈጻሚነትያላቸው
ተጨባጭሕጎችእንዳሉበማሰብነው፣“ዓለምአቀፍፖለቲካ፣ልክእንደሁሉም
ፖለቲካ፣የሥልጣንትግልነው”።የሚልነው።
እቀጥላለን።
#Global
ThomasHobbesisoftenmentionedindiscussionsof
realismduetohisdescriptionofthebrutalityoflifeduringthe
EnglishCivilWarof1642–1651.Hobbesdescribedhuman
beingsas
livinginanorder-less"stateofnature"thatheperceivedasa
warofallagainstall.
ቶማስሆብስየRealismአንዱመስራችሲሆንከ1642-1651በእንግሊዝ
የእርስበርስጦርነትወቅትስለነበረውየህይወትጭካኔበሰጠውመግለጫበ
Realismላይበሚደረጉውይይቶችውስጥብዙጊዜተጠቅሷል።የሰውልጆች
ጦርነትነውብሎባሰበውሥርዓትበሌለው“የተፈጥሮሁኔታ”ውስጥእንደሚኖሩ

70. ገልጿልሆብስ።
Toremedythis,heproposedthata"socialcontract"was
requiredbetweenarulerandthepeopleofastatetomaintain
relativeorder.
ስርአትአልበኝነትንለማስተካከልቶማስሁበስበወቅቱአንድሀሳብአቅርቦ
ነበር"አንጻራዊጸጥታንለማስጠበቅበገዥናበሕዝብወይምበተገዢመካከል
“ማህበራዊውል(SocialContract)”እንደሚያስፈልግአቅርቧል።
KennethWaltz‘s"Man,theStateandWar"(1959)andhislater
"TheoryofInternationalPolitics"(1979)defineaneo-realist
agendaandabsolutelydominatedthedisciplineandsome
wouldarguedosotothepresentday.
ኬኔትዋልትስበ1959"ሰው፣መንግስትእናጦርነት"እናበኋላምበ1979
"TheoryofInternationalPolitics"የሚሉሁለትመፅሀፎችንፅፏል።
መፅሀፎቹየNeo-Realismአጀንዳንይገልፃሉ፤የKennethWaltzየ
Realismፅሁፎችበወቅቱተፅዕኖፈጣሪነበሩ።አንዳንዶችእስከዛሬድረስ
የሱንየNeoRealismሀሳብደግፈውይከራከራሉ።ለመሆኑNeoRealism
ምንድንነውNeoRealismማለትየተሻሻለውየRealismአስተሳሰብ
ማለትነው፤ለተጨማሪመረዳትGoogleአድርጉት።
WhereMorgenthau‘srealismconcentratesontheattributes
and
behaviorofstateswithintheinternationalsystem,Waltz
focusesontheinternationalsystemitselfandseekstoprovide

71. astructuralistaccountofitsdynamicsandtheconstraintsit
imposesonstatebehavior.
የሞርጀንቱ(የሞርገንሃው)የRealismአስተሳሰብ"በአለምአቀፉስርአት
ውስጥባሉመንግስታትባህሪያትእናባህሪላይያተኮረ"ሲሆንየKenneth
WaltzየRealismአስተሳሰብደግሞ"በአለምአቀፉስርአትበራሱላይ
ያተኩራልእንዲሁምስለአለምአቀፉስርአትተለዋዋጭባህሪያቱእና
በመንግስታቶችላይየሚጥለውንእገዳዎችመዋቅራዊዘገባያቀርባል።
ገብቷችሗልኣ።የሞርጀንቱRealismዋናትኩረቱበአለምላይያሉሀገራት
ናቸው፤ለጦርነትመነሳትምተጠያቂዎቹእነሱናቸውየሚልሀሳብአለው።የ
ዋልትRealismደግሞዋናትኩረቱራሱአለምአቀፉስርአትነው፤ለጦርነት
መነሳትምተጠያቂውአለምአቀፉስርአትነውብሎያምናል።
Theinternationalsystemis,forWaltz,anarchicalandhence
perpetuallythreateningandconflictual.Whatisofinterestto
Waltzisnotthesetofmotiveswhichmaydeterminestate
behavior,buttheimperativesoftheinternationalsystemand
thedistributionofcapabilitieswithinit.
Thisishenceastructuralaccount,butitisanaccountthat
markedlydiffersinapproachandsubstantivecontentfromthe
neo-Marxiststructuralismoutlinedbelow.Ithasmuchakinto
realismandmustthereforebeplacedwithinthatperspective.
በKennethWaltzአመለካከትመሰረትዓለምአቀፋዊውሥርዓት፣ሥርዓተ
አልበኝነት(Anarchical)ነው፣ስለዚህምአለምአቀፋዊውስርአትሁልጊዜ

72. አስጊእናግጭትየተሞላበትአለምንፈጥሯል።የዋልትዝንትኩረትየሚስበው
የመንግስታትንባህሪንሊወስኑየሚችሉምክንያቶች(Motives)ሳይሆን፤
የአለምአቀፉስርዓትእናለአለምሀገራትያለውንኢፍትሀዊስርጭትነው።
Eachleaderor"sovereign"(amonarch,oraparliamentfor
example)setstherulesandestablishesasystemof
punishmentsforthosewhobreakthem.Weacceptthisinour
respectivestatessothatourlivescanfunctionwithasenseof
securityandorder.Itmaynotbeideal,butitisbetterthana
stateofnature.
እያንዳንዱመሪወይም“ሉዓላዊ”(ንጉሠነገሥትወይምፓርላማለምሳሌ)
ደንቦቹንያዘጋጃልእናለጣሱሰዎችየቅጣትሥርዓትይዘረጋል፤ህይወታችን
በፀጥታእናበስርዓትእንዲሰራይህንንሀገራትያደርጋሉ።ገብቷችሗልኣ፤
የአንድሀገርመንግስትዜጎቹንሲያስተዳድርበሀገሪቱሰላምናመረጋጋት
ለማስፈንሲባልበዜጎችናበመንግስትመካከልገዢውል(ህግ)አለ፤ይህን
ውልመንግስትምዜጎችምያከበሩታል፤ውሉን(ህጉን)የሚያፈርስአካልቅጣት
ይጠብቀዋል፤ስለዚህሀገራትሰላመቸውንጠብቀውበዚህመልክይኖራሉ
እንደKennethWaltzRealismገለፃመሰረት።
ነገርግን
Asnosuchcontractexistsinternationallyandthereisno
sovereigninchargeoftheworld,disorderandfearrules
internationalrelations.Thatiswhywarseemsmorecommon
thanpeacetorealistsindeedtheyseewarasinevitable.

73. ነገርግንእንዴKennethWaltzRealismገለፃመሰረት"በአለምአቀፍ
ደረጃእንደዚህአይነትውልስለሌለእናአለምንየሚቆጣጠርሉዓላዊየሆነአካል
ስለሌለ፣ስርዓትአልበኝነትእናፍርሃትየአለምአቀፍግንኙነቶችንይገዛል።
ለዚያምነውጦርነትከሰላምየበለጠየተለመደየሚመስለው።ስለዚህ
Realistsበእርግጥጦርነትንየማይቀር(inevitable)ነውይላሉ።
#Global
Whentheyexaminehistorytheyseeaworldthatmaychange
inshape,butisalwayscharacterizedbyasystemofwhatthey
call"internationalanarchy"astheworldhasnosovereignto
giveitorder.
የRealismአቀንቃኞችታሪክንአጠኑናበጥናታቸውአለምቅርጿሊለወጥ
እንደሚችልተገነዘቡ።አለምአቀፍስርአትግንመቼምአይለወጥአሉ፤ማለትም
አለምአቀፉስርአትግን"ስርአትአልበኝነቱን(Internationalanarchy)"
መቼምአይለውጥምአሉ።አስባችሁታልየአለምቅርፅ(shape)መቀየርከባድ
ነው፤ክብየሆነችውንአለምወደሌላቅርፅመቀየርከባድበተአምር
የማይታሰብነው።ግንRealistsየአለምንቅርፅመቀየርይቀላል፤ስርአት
አልበኝነት(ጦርነትየተሞላበትን)አለምአቀፋዊስርአትከመቀየርይልቅየአለምን
ቅርፅመቀየርይቀላልአሉ።በሌላአባባልጦርነትአይቀሬነውይላሉ
ምክንያቱምየሰውልጅራስወዳድ(ego)ናጥቅምተኮር(selfinterested)
ስለሆነ።Liberalismግንየሰውልጅበተፈጥሮውጥሩ(innatelygood)ነው
ይላል፤ሰዎችጦርነትአይፈልጉምበተፈጥሯቸውሰላምወዳድናቸውስለዚህ
ጦርነትንማስቀረትናዘላለማዊሰላም(perpetualpeace)ማምጣትይቻላል
ይላሉLiberalistቶች።በአንፃሩግን
Realistsbelieveconflictisunavoidableandperpetualandso
wariscommonandinherenttohumankind.

74. Realistቶችግን"ግጭትየማይቀርእናዘላለማዊነውብለውያምናሉ፤
ስለዚህጦርነትለሰውልጆችየተለመደእናተፈጥሯዊነው።"ይላሉ።
ገባችሁኣ፣Liberalismአለምዘላለማዊሰላም(perpetualpeace)
መሆንትችላለችይላል፤Realismግንአለምዘላለማዊጦርነት(perpetual
war)መገለጫዋነውይላል።RealismነጭነጯንRealየሆነውንነው
የሚናገረው።
HansMorgenthau,aprominentrealist,isknownforhis
famousstatement"allpoliticsisastruggleforpower"
(Morgenthau1948).Thisdemonstratesthetypicalrealist
viewthatpoliticsisprimarilyaboutdominationasopposedto
cooperationbetweenstates.
ታዋቂውየRealismአቀንቃኝሀንስሞርጀንቱ"ሁሉምፖለቲካለስልጣን
የሚደረግትግልነው(allpoliticsisastruggleforpower"በሚልበ
1948በሰጠውመግለጫውይታወቃል።ይህየሚያሳየውፖለቲካበዋነኛነት
በሀገራትመካከልካለውትብብርበተቃራኒስለየበላይነትነው፤Realistቶች
በዚህአቋማቸውይታወቃሉ።በአለምላይያሉመንግስታትየሀይልየስልጣን
የበላይነትነውቀዳሚአላማቸውስለዚህጦርነትአይቀሬነውይላሉ።
LiberalsshareanoptimisticviewofInternationalRelations,
believingthatworldordercanbeimproved,withpeaceand
progressgraduallyreplacingwar.Theymaynotagreeonthe
details,butthisoptimisticviewgenerallyunitesthem.

75. Liberalismየተባለውንየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብየሚያራምዱሰዎችወይም
ሙህራኖችLiberals(Liberalist)ሲባሉ፤Realismየተባለውንየፖለቲካ
አስተሳሰብየሚያራምዱሰዎችወይምሙህራኖችደግሞRealistይባላሉ።
ግንአንድጥያቄልጠይቃችሁ፤ሁሉምLiberalistቶችተመሳሳይአንድአይነት
ሀሳብያላቸውይመስሏችሗልየላቸውም።በዝርዝርየማይስማሙባቸው
ጉዳዮችአሉግንGenerallyየሚስማሙባቸውሀሳቦችናመርሆዎችአሏቸው።
Realistቶችምእንዲሁ።ታዲያ
ሊበራሊስቶችየዓለምንሥርዓትማሻሻልእንደሚቻልበማመንሰላምና
መሻሻልቀስበቀስጦርነትንበመተካትስለዓለምአቀፍግንኙነቶች
ብሩህ(optimist)አመለካከትይጋራሉ።በዝርዝሮቹላይላይስማሙይችላሉ,
ነገርግንይህብሩህአመለካከትበአጠቃላይአንድያደርጋቸዋል።በተቃራኒው
ግንRealistቶች
Conversely,realiststendtodismissoptimismasaformof
misplacedidealismandinsteadtheyarriveatamore
pessimisticview.Thisisduetotheirfocusonthecentralityof
thestateanditsneedforsecurityandsurvivalinananarchical
systemwhereitcan
onlytrulyrelyonitself.
Asaresult,realistsreachanarrayofaccountsthatdescribe
IRasasystemwherewarandconflictiscommonandperiods
ofpeacearemerelytimeswhenstatesarepreparingforfuture
conflict.
በተገላቢጦሽ፣Realistቶችየሊበራሊስቶችንብሩህተስፋ(optimistic
view)ንየተሳሳተየርዕዮተዓለምዓይነትአድርገውይቆጥራሉ፤ይልቁኑወደ

76. ተስፋአስቆራጭጨለምተኛ(pessimist)እይታይደርሳሉ።Realistቶችአለም
ጦርነትየራቀባትሰላምንየሰፈነባትመሆንአትችልምየሚልየተስፋመቁረጥ
እሳቤእንዲኖራቸውያደረገውምክንያትRealistቶችበሀገራትየግዛት
ማዕከላዊነትላይያተኮሩሲሆንየሀገራትየደኅንነትእናየህልውናፍላጎት
በራሳቸውላይብቻበሚተማመኑበትሥርዓተ-አልባነትላይበማተኮርነው።
ገብቷችሗልኣ፤ሀገራትየሚተማመኑበትአስተማማኝአለምአቀፍስርአትና
ተቋምየለም፤በዚህምምክንያትሀገራትራሳቸውንደህንነታቸውንለመጠበቅ
ሲሉበወታደራዊቁመናይፈረጥማሉ፤ወደጦርነትይገባሉ፤በአጭሩስርአት
አልበኝነትየተጠናወተውስለሆነIRsystemሙ፤ጦርነትግድነውይላሉ።
Realistቶችአለምጦርነትእናግጭትየተለመዱበትእናየሰላምጊዜያት
የሚኖረውወይምየሰላምጊዜየሚባለውመንግስታትለወደፊትግጭት
የሚዘጋጁበትጊዜብቻእንደሆነይገልፃሉ።የዚህንያክልስለሰላም
ያላቸውአመለካከትጨለምተኛነው፤ትክክልናቸውእውነታውእንደዛነው።
Anotherpointtokeepinmindisthateachoftheoverarching
approachesinIRpossessesadifferentperspectiveonthe
natureofthestate.Bothliberalismandrealismconsiderthe
statetobethedominantactorinIR,althoughliberalismdoes
addarolefornon-stateactorssuchasinternational
organizations.
#Global.
ሁለቱምLiberalismእናRealismበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትውስጥ
መንግስት(State)ንእንደዋናተዋናይ(actor)አድርገውይቆጥሩታል፣ነገርግን
ሊበራሊዝምመንግስታዊላልሆኑለምሳሌአለምአቀፍተቋማትናግለሰቦችም
ወናተዋናዮችናቸውይላል።ስለዚህበLiberalismአመለካከትActorsof
internationalrelationsየሚባሉት"States,international

77. cooperationsናindividuals"ናቸው።በRealismአመለካከትደግሞ
Actorsofinternationalrelationsየሚባሉት"States"ብቻናቸው።
Nevertheless,withinboththeoriesstatesthemselvesare
typicallyregardedaspossessingultimatepower.Thisincludes
thecapacitytoenforcedecisions,suchasdeclaringwaron
anothernation,orconverselytreatiesthatmaybindstatesto
certainagreements.
በLiberalismናRealismየፖለቲካአስተሳሰብመሰረት
"መንግስታት(States)ትልቁየስልጣንየሀይልባለቤት"እንደሆኑይገልፃሉ።
ለምሳሌበሌላሀገርላይጦርነትማወጅወይምበተቃራኒውከሌላሀገርጋር
የሚያስተሳስራቸውንስምነነትውልመዋዋል።
Intermsofliberalism,itsproponentsarguethat
organizationsarevaluableinassistingstatesinformulating
decisionsandhelpingtoformalizecooperationthatleadsto
peacefuloutcomes.
እንደሊበራሊዝምአስተሳሰብ፣አለምአቀፍድርጅቶች(ተቋማቶች)
ውሳኔዎችንበማዘጋጀትእናወደሰላማዊውጤትየሚያመጣትብብርንመደበኛ
ለማድረግሀገራትን(መንግስታትን)በመርዳትጠቃሚናቸው።ነገርግን
Realistsontheotherhandbelievestatespartakein
internationalorganizationsonlywhenitisintheirself-interest
todoso.

78. እንደRealistቶችአመለካከትግንመንግስታትበአለምአቀፍድርጅቶች
ውስጥየሚካፈሉትለራሳቸውጥቅምሲያስቡብቻነውብለውያምናሉ።
ይመቹኛልRealistቶችነጭነጯንሀቅሀቁን(real)ነውየሚናገሩት።
አንድጥያቄልጠይቃችሁ።በLiberalismናበRealismአመለካከት
ለአለምሰላምበምንመልኩይመጣልብለውያስባሉ
በLiberalismአስተሳሰብዘላቂሰላምአለምላይየሚመጣው፤ሀገራት
ሲተባበሩሲተጋገዙአንድየሚያደርጋቸውአለምአቀፍተቋምሲኖራቸውነው
ይላል።
በRealismአስተሳሰብግንዘላቂሰላምአለምላይየሚመጣው፤ሀገራት
የወታደራዊአቅማቸውንሲያዳብሩ፣ጡንቻቸውንሲያፈረጥሙመሳሪያሲታጠቁ
ነውይላል።ለምንእስኪእናንተመልሱትከላይተምረንዋል።
ይበቃናልበቀጣይስለMarxismእናያለን።የእናንተናየኔአባቶችበደርግ
ዘመንየMarxismአቀንቃኝነበሩ።
በነገራችንላይNeoLiberalismናNeoRealismማለትምንማለት
ነው
NeoLiberalismማለትየተሻሻለውዘመናዊውየLiberalismአስተሳሰብ

79. ነው።
NeoRealismማለትየተሻሻለውዘመናዊውየRealismአስተሳሰብነው።
©A+TutorialClass.

81. #GlobalTrends.
ChapterOne-UnderstandingInternationalRelations.
TheoriesofInternationalRelations.
Structuralism/Marxism.
ካሁንበፊትበነበረውትምህርታችንስለLiberalismናRealism
ተምረናል።ዛሬደግሞስለStructuralismወይምMarxismእንማራለን።
ስለMarxismከመማራችንበፊትስለCapitalismትንሽነገርማወቅ
አለብን፤ምክንያቱምMarxismየተመሰረተውCapitalismምንበመቃወም

82. ስለሆነ።ለመሆኑCapitalismምንድንነው
Capitalismisaneconomicsystembasedontheprivate
ownershipofthemeansofproductionandtheiroperationfor
profit.
በአሁኑዘመንከ90%በላይየሆኑትየአለምሀገራትየCapitalismስርአት
አራማጅናቸው፤Capitalismበኢንዱትስሪአብዮት(industrialrevolution)
ዘመንየተመሰረተነው፤የኢንዱስትሪአብዮትማለትደግሞአለማችን
በአለማችንላይፋብሪካዎችየተስፋፉበትዘመንነው፤ከኢንዱስትሪአብዮት
ዘመንበፊትማንኛውምዜጋመሬትነበረው፤መሬቱንያርሳልከብቶቹንያረባል
ወዘተ።
ነገርግንበኢንዱስትሪአብዮትዘመንበርካታፋብሪካዎችናኢንዱስትሪዎች
ስለተገነቡ፤ፋብሪካዎቹጋተቀጥሮየሚሰራየጉልበትሰራተኛበጣምያስፈልግ
ነበር።ስለዚህበወቅቱየነበሩትመንግስታትያደረጉትአንድነገርነበርእርሱም
ዜጎችመሬታቸውእየተቀማከገጠርወደከተማእንዲሰደዱተደረገ፤
መሬታቸውንተቀምተዋልየገቢምንጭስለዚህያላቸውአማራጭፋብሪካ
ውስጥገብተውየጉልበትሰራተኛመሆንነበር።
ፋብሪካውስጥተቀጥረውየሚሰሩትየጉልበትሰራተኛዎችProletariats
ይባሉነበር፤የፋብሪካባለቤቶችደግሞBourgeoisይባሉነበር።ስለዚህ
Capitalismሁለትየማህበረሰብክፍሎችንይዟል
1ኛ)ተቀጣሪሰራተኞች(proletariats)-እነዚህተቀጣሪሰራተኞችአብዛሀኛው
የሀገራትህዝቦችሲሆኑበቁጥርበርካታናቸው፤የሚያገኙትደሞዝበጣም
በጣምአናሳነበር፤ተገቢየሆነህይወትሊያስኖራቸውየማይችልነበርየገቢ

83. ምንጫቸው።
2ኛ)የፋብሪካባለቤቶች(Bourgeoisies)-እነዚህየፋብሪካባለቤቶችበቁጥር
ትንሽየሆኑሀብታሞችናቸው፣ለቀጠሯቸውሰራተኞችደሞዝበጣምጥቂትብር
እየሰጡእነሱበጣምከፍተኛትርፍነውየሚያገኙት።
ስለዚህበዚህየCapitalismስርአትየሰውልጆችበኢኮኖሚደረጃለሁለት
ተከፈሉ።በጣምሀብታምየሆኑበቁጥርአናሳየሆኑየፋብሪካባለቤቶችና
በጣምድሀየሆኑበቁጥርብዙየሆኑተቀጣሪሰራተኞቹ።
ስለዚህCapitalismየተባለውየኢኮኖሚስርአትንብረትያላቸውሀብት
ያላቸውባለለብቶችድሀውንማህበረሰብበትንሽብርጉልበቱንየሚበዘብዝ
ስርአትነው።አሁንላይalmostሁሉምየአለምሀገራትይህንስርአት
ይጠቀሙታል።
ታዲያKarlMarxየተባለውጀርመናዊውኢኮኖሚስትይህንንየ
CapitalismኢኮኖሚያዊስርአትበመቃወምMarxismየተባለየፖለቲካ
አስተሳሰብመሰረተ።
Marxismisanideologythatarguesthatacapitalistsociety
isdividedintotwocontradictoryclasses–thebusinessclass
(thebourgeoisie)andtheworkingclass(theproletariat).
Theproletariatsareatthemercyofthebourgeoisiewho
controltheirwagesandthereforetheirstandardofliving.Marx
hopedforaneventualendtotheclasssocietyandoverthrowof

84. thebourgeoisiebytheproletariat.
የካፒታሊስትማህበረሰብበሁለትእርስበርሱየሚቃረኑ፣የሚጋጩክፍሎች
ማለትምየቢዝነስመደብ(ቡርጂዮዚ፣ባለአባቶች፤ባለሀብቶች)እናየሰራተኛ
መደብ(ፕሮሌታሪያት)የተከፈለነውበማለትየሚሞግትርዕዮተዓለም
Marxismይባላል።ተመልከቱእንደMarxismአስተሳሰብየCapitalism
ስርአትንየሚያራምድማህበረሰብሁለትመደቦችአሉት።እነርሱም
1ኛ)ባለሀብቶችወይምየቢዝነስአንቀሳቃሾችባለቤቶችሲሆኑእነዚህ
የማህበረሰብክፍሎችbourgeoisieተብለውይጠራሉ።
2ኛ)የባለሀብቶቹድርጅትወይምፋብሪካላይበጣምበትንሽክፍያ
ተቀጥረውየሚሰሩየማህበረሰብክፍሎችናቸውእነርሱምproletariat
ተብለውይጠራሉ።
ተመልኩትአንደኛውቡድንበጣምሀብታምነውቅንጡኑሮይኖራል፤ሌላኛው
ቡድንደግሞበጣምድሀነውበትንሽብርየባለጠጎችፋብሪካላይይሰራል፤
ባለሀብቶችጉልበቱንይበዘብዙታል።
ስለዚህሁለቱመደቦችፍፁምለየቅልየሆነተቃራኒየአኗኗርዘይቤናደረጃን
ያስተናግዳሉ፤በአንድአብሮበሚኖርማህበረሰብውስጥሁለትተቃራኒ
ማህበረሰብንCapitalismፈጠረ።ይህንየCapitalismስርአትየተቃወመ
የተቸናለመጣልየተጋለውርዕዮተአለምደግሞMarxismይባላል።
እንደMarxismአስተሳሰብፕሮሌታሪያቶች(ተቀጣሪሰራተኞች)ደሞዛቸውን
እናየኑሮደረጃቸውንበሚቆጣጠሩትቡርጂዮዚዎች(ባለአባቶች)ምሕረትላይ

85. ናቸው።ጀርመናዊውMarkየመደብማህበረሰብ(capitalism)እንደሚያከትም
እናቡርጂዮይስንበፕሮሌታሪያትእንደሚገለበጥተስፋአድርጓል።ይህየ
CapitalismስርአትእንዲያከትምMarkበወቅቱየመፍትሔሀሳብያቀረበው
ተቀጣሪሰራተኞችበመንግስትናበባለጠጎችላይእንዲያምፁድብልቅልቅያለ
አብዮትእንዲያስነሱነበር።
የኛሀገርበአፄሀይለስላሴዘመን፤ወጣትተማሪዎችመሬትለአራሹ(Land
toTheTiller)የሚልከባድአመፅናአብዮትአስነስተውየአፄውንወንበር
ገልብጠዋል።ይህአመፅናአብዮትምንጩማንነውMarxismነው።
ትምህርታችንስለአለምአቀፍግንኙነትናዐውድነው።ታዲያየMarxism
ርዕዮተአለምከአለምአቀፍግንኙነት(IR)ምንቁርኝነትናአስተሳሰብአለው
ቅድምከላይየነገርኳችሁየካፒታሊዝምሁለቱመደቦችማለትም
ባለሀብቶች(Bourgeois)ናተቀጣሪሰራተኞች(proletariats)ናቸው።እነዚህ
መደቦችወደአለምሀገራትእንውሰደው፤እነርሱምሀብታምሀገሮችናድሀ
ሀገሮች፤ስንዴናዘይት እያደሉየተፈጥሮሀብታችንንየሚበዘብዙ።
ለማንኛውምMarxismስለInternationalRealtionምንአለ ይኸው።
Marxismconcentratedontheinequalitiesthatexistwithin
the
internationalsystem,inequalitiesofwealthbetweentherich
"North"orthe"FirstWorld"andthepoor“"South"orthe"Third
World"
#Global

86. ከአለምአቀፍግንኙነትአንፃርማርክሲዝም(Marxism)የሚያተኩረው
"በአለምአቀፍስርአትውስጥባለውየሀብትናየምጣኔሀብታዊዕድገትላይ
ነው፣እርሱምበሀብታምሀገራትማለትም'ሰሜን'ወይም'በመጀመሪያው
አለም'እናበድሀሀገራትማለትም'ደቡብ'ወይም'በሶስተኛውአለም'መካከል
ያለውየሀብትእኩልነትአለመመጣጠንላይነው።"ተመልከቱ
የአለማችንሀብታምሀገራትሰሜን(North)ወይምየመጀመሪያውአለም
ይባላሉ፤ለምሳሌእነአሜሪካ፤ቻይና፤ሳዑዲአረቢያወዘተ።
የአለማችንድሀሀገራትደቡብወይምየሶስተኛውአለምተብለውይጠራሉ፤
ለምሳሌአብዛኞቹየአፍሪካ፣የኤስያናየላቲንአሜሪካሀገራት።
አያችሁኣCapitalismስግብግብየሆነስርአትነው።
በአለማችንሀብታምናድሀሀገራትመካከልያለውየዕድገትናየሀብት
አለመመጣጠንMarxismንያሳስበዋልይቃወማልም።ምንድንነውያሳሰበው
ናየሚቃወመውነገር
thestructuralistparadigmfocusedondependency,
exploitationandtheinternationaldivisionoflaborwhich
relegatedthevastmajorityoftheglobalpopulationtothe
extremesofpoverty,oftenwiththecomplicitiesofelitegroups
withinthesesocieties.
StructutalistparadigmማለትየMarxism(structuralism)የ
አስተሳሰብዘይቤማለትነው።እርሱም

87. MarxismትኩረትየሚያደርገውየCapitalismስርአትበአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትደረጃ፣ድሀሀገራትበሀብታምሀገራትጥገኛእንዲሆኑያደርጋል፣
በዚህምምክንያትሀብታምሀገራትየድሀሀገራትንየተፈጥሮሀብትናየሰው
ሀብትእንዲበዘብዙ(exploitation)ያደርጋልሲልይሞግታል፤እንዲሁም
Marxismበአለምአቀፍየስራክፍፍልላይያተኮረሲሆንጥገኝነት፤ብዝበዛና
ኢ-ፍትሐዊየስራክፍፍልአብዛኛውየአለምህዝብወደድህነትጫፍ
እንዲሸጋገርያደርገዋልሲልKarlMarxይሞግታል።
እንደኔMarxismየተመቼውእስኪ...Capitalismግን
ተመልከቱየCapitalismንግፍ
ለምሳሌአንዲትወጣትልጃገረድሴትንእንመልከት፤ይቺወጣትልጃገረድ
አፍላተማሪናትስራየላትምአባቷሙቷልእናቷበሽተኛናት።ይቺልጃገረድሴት
ሁለትታንሽወንድምናአንድእህትአላት።ቤተሰቦቿየዕለትጉርስተቸግረዋል።
ይህንድህነቷንያዩሀብታምሰዎችብርእየሰጡልጃገረዷንሴትስጋዊ
መሻታቸውንይፈፅሙባታል፤በብራቸውይበዘብዟታል።
ተመልከቱሀብታምሀገራትምበኢኮኖሚየበላይነትብድርእርዳታበመስጠት
ድሀሀገራትንልክእንደልጃገረዷሴትይበዘብዟታል❗።የሀገራችንባህል
አልተቀየረምንእስኪራሳችንንእንጠይቅ፤ስርአትያለውትውልድእያፈራን
ነውንCapitalismንከ666አስተሳሰብለይቼአላየውምይህየእኔየዳኒ
ምልከታነው።ለማንኛውም
Asmanyinthistraditionargued,moststateswerenotfree
theyweresubjugatedbythepolitical,ideologicalandsocial

88. consequencesofeconomicforces.
እንደMarxismገለፃ፣አብዛኞቹየአለምሀገራት(ድሆቹ)ነፃአልነበሩም፣
በኢኮኖሚየበታችነትምክንያትየሀብታምሀገራትንየፖለቲካዊ፣የርዕዮተ
ዓለምእናየማኅበራዊአስተሳሰብውጤቶችንበእጅአዙርለመቀበልተገደዱ፤
በአጭሩባርነትማለትነው።
የአለምሀገራትለምንአንዳንዶቹየናጠጡሀብታምሆኑሌሎቹስለምንድሀ
ጨርቃምሆነእንደMarxismአስተሳሰብመልሱይኸው
Thebasisofsuchmanifestinequalitywasthecapitalist
structureoftheinternationalsystemwhichaccruedbenefitsto
somewhilecausing,throughunequalexchangerelations,the
impoverishmentofthevastmajorityofothers.
ለእንዲህዓይነቱአንፀባራቂኢ-እኩልነትመሰረቱለአንዳንዶችጥቅምያስገኘ
የአለምአቀፍስርአትካፒታሊዝምመዋቅርሲሆንእኩልባልሆነየልውውጥ
ግንኙነቶችለብዙዎችድህነትእንዲዳርግአድርጓል።
እንደMarxismአስተሳሰብአንዳንዶቹሀገራትሀብታምየሆኑትሌሎቹ
ሀገራትደግሞድሀየሆኑበትዋናውምክንያትናተጠያቂCapitalismነው
ይላል።
በነገራችንላይትልቁየመጨረሻውየCapitalismየአስተሳሰብደረጃና
ስርአትImperialismይባላል።

89. Pluralismማለትየተለያየባህልዘርእምነትያላቸውማህበረሰቦች
ተቻችለውየመኖርሁኔታማለትነው።ወደአለምአቀፍስርአትሲመጣደግሞ
Pluralismማለትየተለያዩሀገራትየማህበራዊኢኮኖሚያዊፖለቲካዊወዘተ
ትብብርየመፍጠርሁኔታማለትነው። ግንለይስሙላለራስጥቅምነው
ትብብሩከልብየመነጨአይደለም።ስለLiberalismስንማርታስታውሳላችሁ
ኣCooperationየሚልነገርተምረናል።ስለዚህPluralismከLiberalism
ጋየሚያገናኛቸውነገርአለማለትነው።
pluralismanditsliberalassociationshadviewednetworksof
economicinterdependenceasabasisofincreasing
internationalcooperationfoundedontradeandfinancial
interactions.
ብዝሃነት(pluralism)እናየሊበራሊዝምማህበሮችበንግድእና
በፋይናንሺያልመስተጋብርላይየተመሰረተውንዓለምአቀፍትብብርንለማሳደግ
የኢኮኖሚትስስርአውታረመረቦችንይመለከቱነበር።
ዘመናዊየተሻሻለውየMarxismአስተሳሰብደግሞNeoMarxism
ይባላል።
ታዲያNeoMarxismከላይያየንውንየPluralismናየLiberalism
አስተሳሰብንይቃወማል
neo-Marxiststructuralismviewedtheseprocessesasthe
basisof

90. inequality
thedebtburden
violenceandinstability.
በሀብታምናበድሀለገራትመካከልእኩልነትእንዳይኖር፤የዕዳወይም
ብድርጫናእንዲሁምብጥብጥናአለመረጋጋትእንዲኖርየPluralism
አስተሳሰብዋነኛምክንያትነውሲልNeo-Marxismይሞግታል።
በትብብርስም የተበደርንውገንዘብየትውልድዕዳነው።
ለማንኛውምMarxismእዚህላይጨርሰናል።በቀጣይConstructivism
እንማራለን።
©A+TutorialClass.

92. #GlobalTrends.
Constructivism.
እስካሁንባለውትምህርታችንስለLiberalism,RealismናMarxism
ተምረናል።አሁንደግሞአራተኛውንየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትርዕዮትአለም
እንማራለንእርሱምConstructivismይባላል።
Constructivismcommonlyviewedasamiddleground
betweenmainstreamtheoriesandthecriticaltheories.
Constructivismየአማርኛጥሬትርጉሙ"ገንቢነት"ማለትነው።
ለማንኛውምMainstreamTheoriesየሚባሉትLiberalism,Realismና
Marxismናቸው።CriticalTheoriesደግሞለMainstreamTheoryዎች
በተለይምደግሞለLiberalismናRealismአፀፋዊምላሽተቃርኖሙግት
የሚሰጡናቸው።ስለዚህMainstreamtheoriesናCriticalTheories

93. ተቃራኒናቸው።በሁለቱማለትምበMainstreamtheoriesናበcritical
theoriesመካከልየሚገኘውናእንደመካከለኛየሚቆጠረው
Constructvismይባላል።ከሁለቱወገንአይደለምግንበሁለቱመካከልነው።
constructivistshighlighttheimportanceofvaluesand
shared
interestsbetweenindividualswhointeractontheglobalstage.
Constructivism"በዓለምአቀፍደረጃመስተጋብርግንኙነትበሚፈጥሩ
ግለሰቦች(individuals)መካከልያለውንየእሴቶችንእናየጋራፍላጎቶችን
አስፈላጊነትያጎላሉአፅንኦትይሰጣሉ።
አያችሁኣConstructvism"በአለምአቀፍደረጃግለሰቦችከግለሰቦች
የሚያደርጉትአለምአቀፋዊግንኙነቶችትልቅእሴትናጥቅምአላቸውብለው
ያምናሉ።አበበከዴቪስጋር፤ጆርዲከኦዶንካራጋርወዘተየሚያደርጉትን
ግንኙነትConstructvismትልቅቦታይሰጠዋል።
‍AlexanderWendt
✓describedtherelationshipbetweenagents(individuals)
andstructures(suchasthestate)
✓Hisfamousphrase“anarchyiswhatstatesmakeofit”.
አሌክሳንደርWendt
✓በወኪሎች(ግለሰቦች)መካከልያለውንግንኙነትገልጿል።

94. እንዲሁምበመዋቅሮች(እንደመንግስትያሉ)መካከልያለውንግንኙነት
ገልጿል።
የAlexanderWendtዝነኛአባባል
"ስርአትአልበኝነትንየሚፈጥሩትመንግስታትናቸው"
thecoreofconstructivism,isthattheessenceof
internationalrelationsexistsintheinteractionsbetweenpeople.
❖Afterall,statesdonotinteract;itisagentsofthosestates,
suchaspoliticiansanddiplomats,whointeract.
የConstructivismዋናአስተሳሰብ
"የዓለምአቀፍግንኙነቶችይዘትበሰዎችመካከልባለውግንኙነትውስጥነው።"
ይላል።በሌላአባባል
ሀገራትአለምአቀፍግንኙነትአያደርጉም;የሚገናኙትእንደፖለቲከኞችእና
ዲፕሎማቶችያሉየነዚያሀገራትወኪሎችናቸው።
ገብቷችሗልኣ።ኢትዮጵያከቻይናጋግንኙነትስታደርግ፤ግንኙነትየሚያደርጉት
ኢትዮጵያንናቻይናንወክለውፖለቲከኞችናዲፕሎማቶችናቸው፤እነዚህ

95. ፖለቲከኞችናዲፕሎማቶችደግሞሰውናቸው።ተራራውወንዙሸለቆው
ግምቡወዘተግንኙነትአያደርጉምበሌላአባባልሀገራትግንኙነትአያደርጉም
ነገርግንሀገራቱንየሚውክሉባለስልጣናትናአምባሳደሮችናቸውግንኙነት
የሚያደርጉት።ስለዚህእንደConstructivismአስተሳሰብአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትየሚካሔደውበሀገራት(states)መካከልሳይሆንበሰዎች(people)
መካከልነው።
Internationalanarchycouldevenbereplacedwithadifferent
systemifacriticalmassofotherindividuals(andbyproxythe
statestheyrepresent)acceptedtheidea.
እንደConstructivismገለፃ፤ሌሎችበርካታግለሰቦች(እናበግንኙነቱ
ሀገራቱንየሚወክሉትግለሰቦች)ሀሳቡንከተቀበሉዓለምአቀፍሥርዓት
አልበኝነትበሌላሥርዓትሊተካይችላል።
InternationalRelationsis,then,anever-endingjourneyof
changechroniclingtheaccumulationoftheacceptednormsof
thepastandtheemergingnormsofthefuture.Assuch,
constructivistsseektostudythisprocess.
ዓለምአቀፍግንኙነትእንግዲህያለፈውዘመንተቀባይነትያላቸውደንቦችና
እየወጡያሉትንየወደፊቱንመመዘኛዎችመከማቸትንየሚዘግብማለቂያ
የሌለውየለውጥጉዞሒደትነው።Constructivismምምይህንንሂደት
ለማጥናትይፈልጋሉ።
ስለConstructivismይህንካልንይበቃናል።CriticalTheoriesንእናንተ
አንብቡት።በቀጣይChapter2እንማራለን።

96. #GlobalTrends.
ChapterTwo
UnderstandingForeignPolicyandDiplomacy.
ForeignPolicy.
ዛሬበይፋየChapter2ትምህርትንእንጀምራለን።በዚህቻፕተርበዋናነት
ሀገራትከሌሎችሀገራትጋርየውጭግንኙነትሲያደርጉስለሚከተሏቸውና
ስለሚተገብሯቸውየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲ(መርህ)ምንነትናከዚህፖሊሲጋ

97. ስለሚያያዘውብሔራዊጥቅምምንነትበስፋትእንማማራለን።መቼምስለውጭ
ግንኙነትፖሊሲናዲፕሎማሲለእናንተመናገርአስፈላጊአይደለም።በዚህ
ትምህርትግንበዋናነትየምንማረውየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲሳይንሳዊይዘቱን
ነው።ከDaniጋአብራችሁሁኑ❗ለመሆኑForeignPolicyምንድንነው
ForeignPolicy:-•Itistheactions,decisionsandgoalsthat
statespursuetowardstheoutside
world.
ForeignPolicyየአማርኛመዝገበቃላትፍቺውየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲ
ማለትነው።ትርጉሙስ
ForeignPolicy(የውጭፖሊሲ)፡-ማለትአንድሀገርከሌላሀገርጋ
ግንኙነትሲያደርግየሚከተላቸውተግባራት፣ውሳኔዎችናግቦችforeign
policyይባላል።
ስለዚህአንድሀገርከሌላኛውየውጭሀገራትጋበፖለቲካ፣በኢኮኖሚ፣
በባህልወዘተግንኙነትሲያደርግ፤ሀገራትበግንኙነቱሊያሳኩትየሚፈልጉት
ግብ(አላማ)አለ፤ግንኙነቱበተግባርየሚፈፀምበትሒደትአለ፤በግንኙነቱ
ውስጥሀገራትየሚወስኑትውሳኔዎችአሉ።እነዚህየግንኙነቱግቦች፣ተግባሮች
ናውሳኔዎችforeignpolicyይባላሉ።
Foreignpolicyisshapedbybothexternal/systemicfactors
andinternalfactors.
➢external/systemicfactor

98. Internationalregimes,internationalorganizations
theprevalenceofgreatpowersatinternationallevel
➢internalfactors
economic,technologicalandmilitarycapabilitiesofstates.
የሀገራትንየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲየሚወስኑትወይምየሀገራትየውጭ
ግንኙነትፖሊሲላይበበጎወይምበመጥፎመልኩተፅዕኖየሚያሳድሩሁለት
መሰረታዊምክንያቶች(factors)አሉ።እነርሱም
External/SystematicFactors.
InternalFactors.ይባላሉ።
ስለዚህፈተናላይFactorsafftectingtheforeignpolicyofstates
ተብላችሁብትጠየቁትመልሱታላችሁ።
ለመሆኑExtrenalናinternalfactorየሚባሉትምንምንናቸው።
External/SystematicFactor(ውጫዊ/ስርአታዊምክንያቶች)
-Internationalregimes(ዓለምአቀፍመንግሥታት)
-Internationalorganizations(ዓለምአቀፍድርጅቶች)

99. -Theprevalanceofgreatpoweratinternationallevel.(በዓለም
አቀፍደረጃየታላላቅኃይሎችመስፋፋት)
ከላይየተዘረዘሩትበሙሉየሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲላይበበጎወይም
በመጥፎተፅዕኖየሚያሳድሩExternalfactor(ውጫዊምክንያቶች)ናቸው።
እንዴትነውግንተፅዕኖየሚያሳድሩትከቀዝቃዛውጦርነት(Coldwar)
በሗላSovietህብረትየሚባሉትሀገራትተበታተኑ፣በዚህምምክንያትአሜሪካ
ብቻዋንልዕለሀያላንሀገርሆነችስለዚህአለማችንunipolarsystemሆነች
ከቀዝቃዛውጦርነትበሗላ።አሁንላይደግሞየአሜሪካየበላይነትእያከተመ
ሌሎችሀያላንሀገራትእየተፈጠሩአሜሪካንእየተፎካከሩነውእነሩሲያ፤ኢራን፤
ሰሜንኮሪያወዘተ።ስለዚህአሁንላይአለማችንMulti-polar(ብዙልዕለሀያላን
ሀገራት)ስርአትላይነች።በዚህምምክንያትሀገራትበቡድንበመከፈልላይ
ናቸው።እነአሜሪካእንግሊዝፈረንሳይጀርመንወዘተበአንድቡድንሲሆኑሩሲያ
ቻይናህንድኢራንሰሜንኮሪያወዘተበአንድግሩፕ።በአለምአቀፍደረጃ
እንደዚህየታላላቅሀይሎችመስፋፋትየሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲላይ
ተፅዕኖአለው።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያከነቻይናሩሲያጋየበለጠግንኙነትማድረጓ
በአሜሪካበኩልበመጥፎአይንውስጥመግባቷበዚህምምክንያትየኢትዮጵያ
ናየአሜሪካየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲእንዲሻክርአድርጓል።
አለምአቀፍድርጅቶችምበውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲላይተፅዕኖአላቸው
ለምሳሌየግብረ-ሰዶማውያንማህበርበይፋአለምአቀፍድርጅትእየሆነነው።
የግብረሰዶማውያንማህበርንኳታርባለመቀበሏበአለምዋንጫውጨዋታ
አርማቸውሜዳውስጥእንዳይታይከልክላለች።ይህደግሞግብረሰዶምን
ከሚቀበሉሀገራትጋኳታርየሚኖራትንየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲያሻክረዋል።
InternalFactors(ውስጣዊምክንያቶች)
-EconomicCapacitiesofstates

100. -TechnologicalCapacitiesofstates
-MilitaryCapacitiesofStates
እነዚህንከላይየተዘረዘሩትደግሞየሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲላይበበጎ
ወይምበመጥፎውተፅዕኖየሚያሳድሩናቸው።የአንዲትሀገርየኢኮኖሚአቅም
፣የቴክኖሎጂአቅምናየመከላከያሰራዊትአቅምበሀገሪቱየውጭግንኙነት
ፖሊሲላይተፅዕኖአለው።እንዴት
አንዲትሀገርበኢኮኖሚበቴክኖሎጂናበጦርአቅሟየፈረጠመችከሆነች
ብሔራዊጥቅሟንየማስጠበቅአቅምይኖራታል።ሌሎችሀያልሀገራት
ፍላጎታቸውንባህላቸውንወዘተአይጭኑባትም።በእጅአዙርፍላጎታቸውን
አያሳኩባትም።ለምሳሌአሜሪካሩሲያላይየፈለገችውንማድረግትችላለች?
አትችልም።ነገርግንኢትዮጵያላይፍላጎቷንመጫንትችላለች።ስለዚህ
ኢትዮጵያባላትየኢኮኖሚየቴክኖሎጂናየጦርሀይልየበታችነትምክንያት
የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲዋተፅዕኖውስጥገብቷልማለትነው።
ስለዚህፈተናላይExternalናinternalfactorሊመጣስለሚችል
ያዟቸው።
ለመሆኑforeignpolicyለምንአስፈለገጥቅሙምንድንነው ሀገራት
የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲእንዲያወጡእንዲቀርፁእንዲኖራቸውለምንፈለጉ
‍♂አጭርመልስ:-ሀገራትNationalInterest(ብሔራዊጥቅማቸውን)
ማስጠበቅስለሚፈልጉነው።
thederivingmotivesbehindforeignpolicyisthepursuitof

101. nationalinterest.
✓Statesadoptforeignpolicytoachieveandpromotetheir
nationalinterests.
ከውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲጀርባያለውመነሻአገራዊጥቅም(National
interest)ማስከበርነው።
✓መንግስታትሀገራዊጥቅሞቻቸውን(Nationalinterest)ለማሳካትእና
ለማስተዋወቅየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲንያፀድቃሉ።
ለመሆኑብሔራዊጥቅም(NationalInterest)ምንማለትነው
#Global
Nationalinterest:-istheraisondetat,(thereasonofstate)to
justifyitsactionsandpolicytowardsotherstatesatthe
internationallevel.
Nationalinterest:-issetofvalues,orientation,goalsand
objectivesagivencountrywouldliketoachieveinits
internationalrelations.
ብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ማለትአንድሀገር(መንግስት)
በአለምአቀፍደረጃከሌሎችሀገራት(መንግስታት)ጋርየሚያደርገውንድርጊት
እናፖሊሲለማስረዳትበሀገሪቱመንግስትየሚቀርብምክንያት(Raisondetat)

102. ነው።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያከቻይናጋለምታደርገውግንኙነትየምታወጣውፖሊሲ
አላት።ያነፖሊሲየኢትዮጵያንጥቅምባስጠበቀመልኩይዘጋጃል።የተዘጋጀው
ፖሊሲደግሞበተግባርእንዲፈፀምይደረጋል።ይህፖሊሲናተግባር
ምክንያታዊበሆነመልኩየኢትዮጵያንጥቅምሲያስከብርብሔራዊ
ጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ይባላል።
ብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)፡-ማለትአንዲትሀገርበአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነቷልታሳካቸውየምትፈልጋቸውየእሴቶች፣አቅጣጫዎች፣ግቦችእና
አላማዎችስብስብነው።ለምሳሌኬንያከአሜሪካጋግንኙነትስታደርግ
በግንኙነቱኬንያምሆነአሜሪካሊያተርፉትሊጠቀሙበትየሚፈልጉትግብ
አለማአለ።ለምሳሌኬንያከአሜሪካመድሐኒቶችንናምርቶችንማስገባት
የግንኙነቱግብሊሆንይችላል፤በአንፃሩደግሞአሜሪካኬንያአካባቢየጦር
ካምፕመመስረትየግንኙነቱግብሊሆንይችላል።እነዚህንግቦችወይም
አላማዎችየሀገራቱንጥቅምያማከሉናቸውስለዚህብሔራዊ
ጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ይባላሉ።
በርግጥምብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ይህነውየሚባልውስን
ያለአንድወጥየሆነትርጓሜ(definition)የለውም።በዚህምምክንያት
ትከክለኛትርጉሙንመስጠትአወዛጋቢ(controversy)ሆኖቀጥሏል።
ስለዚህምየተለያዩሙሁራን(scholars)የየራሳቸውንትንታኔናትርጉም
አስቀምጠዋል።ማንምንአለ
Controversiesontheexactmeaning,scopeandcontentsof
nationalinterests.(በብሔራዊጥቅምትክክለኛትርጉም፣ስፋትእናይዘት
ላይያሉውዝግቦች።)
‍AccordingtoA.K.Holsti

103. ✓Nationalinterest:-isanimageofthefuturestateofaffairs
andfuturesetofconditionsthatgovernmentsthrough
individualpolicymakersaspiretobringaboutbywielding
influenceabroadandbychangingorsustainingthebehaviors
ofotherstates.
✓Powerortheabilitytoinfluencethebehaviorsofotherstates
is
underscoredastheprimaryinstrumenttoimplementnational
interest.
እንደA.K.Holstiገለፃ
✓ብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)፡-ማለትመንግስታትበግለሰብ
ባለስልጣናትፖሊሲ​​አውጭዎችአማካይነትበሌሎችሀገራትተጽእኖ
በመፍጠርእናየሌሎችንሀገራትባህሪበመለወጥወይምበማስቀጠል
ሊያመጡትየሚፈልጓቸውንየወደፊትሁኔታዎችንየሚያሳይምስልነው።
ለምሳሌ፦የአሜሪካመንግስትበግለሰብባለስልጣናቱማለትምበጆ
ባይደንናካሚላሐሪስአማካኝነትከግብፅጋየውጭግንኙነትለማድረግ
ፖሊሲአወጡ።የሚያወጡትፖሊሲግብፅአሜሪካላይያላትንአመለካከት
መሰረትባደረገመልኩነውማለትምግብፅለአሜሪካጥሩአመለካከትካላትያ
ጥሩአመለካከቷእንዲቀጥልሊያደርግየሚችልፖሊሲያወጣሉ፤ነገርግን
ግብፅአሜሪካላይመጥፎአመለካከትካላትያንመጥፎአመለካከት
እንድትቀይርሊያደርግየሚችልፖሊሲያወጣሉ።አያችሁኣጆባይደንናካሚላ
ሐሪስየሚያወጡትፖሊሲየአሜሪካንጥቅምባስከበረመልኩየአሜሪካንና
የግብፅንየወደፊትሁኔታሊያሳይየሚችልፖሊሲነው።እንደA.K.Holstiገለፃ
ይህፖሊሲብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ይባላል።የአሜሪካንና

104. የግብፅንየወደፊትሁኔታእንዴትነውየሚያሳየው?አጭርመልስ።ግብፅ
ለአሜሪካመጥፎአመለካከትካላት፤ግብፅሀሳቧንእንድትቀይርአሜሪካ
ማዕቀብናሌሎችክልከላዎችንልታደርግትችላለች።ግብፅከአሜሪካጠላቶች
ጋታብራለችወዘተ።ግብፅለአሜሪካጥሩአመለካከትካለትደግሞግብፅ
የአባይንግድብበቦንብታፈነዳዋለችየሚልይሁንታንከአሜሪካታገኛለች።
ሌላውደግምእንደA.K.Holstiገለፃ
✓ሀገራትብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅሀይልንመጠቀምቀዳሚ
ምርጫቸውነው።ለምሳሌሀያላንሀገራትማዕቀብይጥላሉ።
‍AccordingtoSeabury
✓Innormativesense-setofpurposeswhichanation…should
seektorealizeintheconductofitsforeignrelations.
✓descriptivesense-thosepurposeswhichthenation[states]
throughitsleadershipappearstopursuepersistentlyovertime.
Seaburyየተባለውፀሀፊደግሞብሔራዊጥቅም(nationalinterest)ን
በሁለትአይነትመንገድገልፆታልእነርሱምNormativeSenseና
descriptivesense።
በNormativesense(መደበኛሁኔታ)ገለፃመሰረት

105. ብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ማለትአንድሀገርየውጭ
ግንኙነቶቹንበሚያከናውንበትጊዜሊገነዘበውየሚገባቸውዓላማዎችስብስብ
ማለትነው።ኢትዮጵያከካናዳጋግንኙነትየምታደርግበትአላማዎቹምንድን
ናቸው?አላማዎቹስምንመሆንአለባቸው?እነዚህንየግንኙነቱንአላማዎች
መገንዘብናለይቶማወቅያስፈልጋል።አላማዎቹንበአግባቡመገንዘብደግሞ
ብሔራዊጥቅይይባላልእንደSeaburyገለፃ።
በdescriptivesense(ገላጭአስተሳሰብ)አገላለፅደግሞ
ብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ማለትህዝቡበአመራሩበኩል
የሚገለጽባቸውበጊዜሂደትያለማቋረጥየሚከተሏቸውዓላማዎችናቸው።
በአጭርገለፃየአንድሀገርብሔራዊጥቅምማለትየህዝቦቿጥቅም
እንደማለትነው።
#Global
‍AccordingtoPlato
Thegoodofthepolis(thatisthepublicgood)couldbestbe
arrivedatbyphilosopherkingaidedbyafewhighlylearned,
detachedandfairmindedadvisors.
Plato‘sideashavebeenusedastheinspirationfordictatorial
formsofgovernment
✓assumingthattheyshouldemphasizesubstanceand
wisdomofpoliciesratherthanproceduralissuessuchaspublic

106. debate,
consultation,participationandcriticism.
✓onepersonwithstrength,wisdom,knowledge,and,aboveall,
powercanmakegooddecisionsthanparticipatorydecision
making.
እንደPlatoገለፃ
በጥቂትከፍተኛየተማሩ፣ገለልተኛእናፍትሃዊአስተሳሰብባላቸው
አማካሪዎችበመታገዝፋላስፋንጉስጥሩየውጭግንኙነትፖሊስማውጣት
ይችላል።ገብቷችሗልኣ።እንደPlatoአስተሳሰብየህዝብንጥቅም
የሚያስጠብቅጥሩየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲንየሀገሪቱንጉስወይምመሪ
ማውጣትይችላልጥቂትየተማሩሰዎችንበማማመከር።ፖሊሲለማውጣት
ህዝባዊወይይትክርክርህዝባዊመድረክህዝብንማሳተፍወዘተአያስፈልግም
ነውየሚለውPlato።ፖሊሲለማውጣትአንድመሪናእሱንየሚያማክሩት
ጥቂትየተማሩሰዎችበቂናቸውይለናል።በዚህምምክንያት
የፕላቶ(Pilato)ሃሳቦችለአምባገነንየመንግስትዓይነቶችመነሳሳትሆነው
አገልግለዋል።ምክንያቱም
✓እንደህዝባዊክርክር፣ምክክር፣ተሳትፎእናትችትካሉየአሰራርጉዳዮች
ይልቅየፖሊሲዎችንይዘትእናጥበብማጉላትእንደሚገባሀሳብስለሰጠ።
✓ጥንካሬ፣ጥበብ፣እውቀትእናከሁሉምበላይሃይልያለውአንድሰው(መሪ)ከ
ህዝባዊተሳትፎውሳኔዎችይልቅጥሩውሳኔዎችንማድረግይችላልየሚል

107. ሀሳብስለሰጠ።
‍ በአጭሩPilatoትኩረትያደረገውጥቂትበሳልናአቅሙያላቸው
ሰዎችይበቃሉፖሊሲለማውጣት።ህዝብንማወያየትማሳተፍአያስፈልግም
ነውየሚለው።ይህደግሞለአምባገነንመንግስታትበርየሚከፍትነበር።
ነገርግንማስተዋልያለብንነገር
Foreignpolicydecisionisnotnecessarilyaclear-cutand
rationalprocess,Policiesareoftengeneratedthroughgreat
internalpoliticalandbureaucraticdebates.(ያዟት)
የውጭፖሊሲውሳኔየግድግልጽእናምክንያታዊሂደትአይደለም,ብዙውን
ጊዜፖሊሲዎቹየሚመነጩትበታላቅውስጣዊየፖለቲካእናህዝብንባሳተፈ
የቢሮክራሲያዊክርክሮችነው።
እሺአሁንደግሞብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ንdefine
ለማድረግየምንጠቀማቸውንcriteria(መመዘኛ)እንመልከት።7criteriaአሉ፤
7ቱንምቡሗላእንማራለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#Global
CriteriaUsedindefiningNationalInterest.

108. ብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ንለመግለፅወይምአንዲትሀገር
ብሔራዊጥቅሟንበምንመልኩማስኬድናማስጠበቅእንዳለባትየሚገልፁ
መመዘኛዎችን(criteria)እንማራለን።ሀገራትብሔራዊጥቅማቸውን
ለማስጠበቅየሚያወጧቸውፖሊሲዎችመከተልየሚገባቸው7
መመዘኛዎች(criterias)አሉ።7ቱንምበዝርዝርእንማራለን።
1ኛ)OperationalPhilosophy
አንደኛውመመዘኛOperationalPhilosophyይባላል።ለመሆኑ
Operationalphilosophyየተባለውመመዘኛሀገራትብሔራዊጥቅማቸውን
ለማስጠበቅየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲያቸውንበምንመልኩእንዲቀርፁ
ይመክራል
Dependingontime,location,yourorientationtowardthe
worldaroundyou,andinparticulartheactionofyour
predecessors,youmaychooseoneoftwomajorstyleof
operation.
A)actinaboldandsweepingfashion/synopticorientation.
B)actincaution,probing,andexperimentalfashion/
incremental.
እንደጊዜው፣ሀገሪቱእንዳለችበትመገኛቦታ፣ሀገሪቱበዙሪያዋላለው
አለምእንዳላትግንዛቤአለመካከትእናበተለይምየሀገሪቱየቀድሞመሪዎችን
የውጪፖሊሲተግባርመሰረትበማድረግ፣የሀገሪቱንብሔራዊጥቅም
ለማስጠበቅየአንድሀገርመሪ ከሁለትዋናዋናየአሰራርዘዴዎችአንዱን
መምረጥአለበትይላልOperationalPhilosophy።ሁለቱዋናዋናየአሰራር

109. ዘዴዎችደግሞ
1ኛ)የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲውንደፋር(bold)እናጥርት(sweeping)ባለ
አካሔድወይምፋሽንመምራት፤ይህአሰራርSynopticOrientation
ይባላል።(actinaboldandsweepingfashion/synoptic
orientation.)
2ኛ)የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲውንበጥንቃቄ፣በመመርመርእናበተግባር
ሙከራ(experimental)መምራት-ይህአሰራርደግሞIncrementalተብሎ
ይጠራል።
ስለዚህእንደOperationalPhilosophyመመዘኛመሰረትየሀገሪቱን
ብሔራዊጥቅምለማስጠበቅአንድየሀገርመሪየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲዎችን
ሲያወጣናሲተገብርበሁለትአይነትመንገድነው፤ከሁለቱአንዱንበመጠቀም
ማለትነው።ወይደፋርየሆነአካሔድመሔድነው(synopticorientation)
ወይደግሞበጥንቃቄነገሮችንበማጤንበመመርመርመሔድ
ነው(incremental)።ስለዚህከሁለቱአንዱንማስኬድአለበትይለናል።እስኪ
ሁለቱአካሔዶችንበዝርዝርእንማራቸው።
A)actinaboldandsweepingfashion/synopticorientation.
✓Upontakingoffice,introducemajornewpractices,policies,
and
institutionsanddiscontinue.
✓assumingthereisenoughinformationtodevelopamajor

110. policywithsomeconfidencethatitsconsequencecanbe
predictedor
controlled.
አንድየሀገርመሪየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲውንበድፍረትናጥርትባለአሰራር
ወይምበሌላአባባልፖሊሲውንበsynopticorientationሲያስኬድ፤
የሀገሪቱመሪበመሰረታዊነትየሚተገብራቸውእነዚህንነው።
✓ቢሮእንደገባማለትምስልጣንእንደያዘዋናዋናአዳዲስአሰራሮችን፣
ፖሊሲዎችንእናተቋማትንይመሰርታልያስተዋውቃልከዛያቆማልይህን
ማድረግ።
✓የግንኙነቶቹውጤቶችሊተነብዩወይምበቁጥጥርስርሊሆኑእንደሚችሉ
በመተማመንዋናፖሊሲንለማዘጋጀትበቂመረጃእንዳለአድርጎያቀርባል።
ደፋርሆነኣ።ፖሊሲለማውጣትበቂመረጃባይኖረውራሱበቂመረጃ
እንዳለአድርጎያስባል፤Boldያልንውይህንንነው።
ገብቷችሗልኣየሀሪቱመሪየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲለማውጣትና
ለመተግበርSynopticorientationሲከተል፤ምንምአይነትጥናትሳያደርግ
ግራናቀኙንሳይመለከትምርምርሳያካሒድ፤ልክስልጣንእንደያዘአዳዲስ
አሰራሮችንፖሊሲዎችንናተቋማትንይመሰርታልበድፍረትማለትነው።
ከሌሎችሀገራትጋበሚያደርገውግንኙነትምንምበቂመረጃባይኖረውእንኳን
በቂመረጃእንዳለውአድርጎበማሰብየግንኙነቱውጤትጥሩምይሁንመጥፎ
በሱቁጥጥርስርእንደሚሆንበመተማመንዋናዋናፖሊሲዎችንያወጣል።
ደፋርናጪስመውጫአያጣምይለናልSynopticorientation።
እሺአሁንደግሞሁለተኛውንየOperationalPhilosophyአካሔድ

111. እንማር።
B)actincaution,probing,andexperimentalfashion/
incremental.
✓followingthetrialanderrorapproach.
✓assumingcomplexityofpoliticalandeconomicproblemsand
worryingabouttheirconsequence.
✓seekstoperfectexistinglegislations,policies,institutions
andpractices.
አንድየሀገርመሪየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲውንበጥንቃቄ፣በመመርመርእና
በሙከራፋሽንወይምፖሊሲውንበincrementalfashionሲያስኬድ፤
የሀገሪቱመሪበመሰረታዊነትየሚተገብራቸውእነዚህንነው።
✓የሙከራእናየስህተትዘዴን(trialanderror)ይጠቀማል።ማለትም
ፖሊሲውላይExperimentይሰራል።ፖሊሲያወጣልከዛይሞክረዋል፤
ስህተትካለውሌላፖሊሲያወጣልከዛይሞክረዋልስህተትካለውሌላፖሊሲ
ያወጣል...እንደዚህእያለበመጨረሻጥሩናየተጠናፖሊሲያወጣልማለት
ነው።
✓የፖለቲካእናየኢኮኖሚችግሮችውስብስብነትበመገመትእናበመረዳት
ውጤታቸውላይይጨነቃል።ሁላችሁምእንደምታውቁትአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትእጅግበጣምሲበዛብልጠትየተሞላበትናሌላውንበመጨቆንየራስን

112. ጥቅምለማስጠበቅየሚደረግፉክክርነው።ስለዚህበእንደዚህአይነትግንኙነት
ውስጥዘውብሎበድፍረትመግባትየሚያስከትለውዋጋእጅግበጣምአደገኛ
ነውውጤቱምየከፋነው።ስለዚህincrementalapproachንየሚከተልመሪ
ይህንንጠንቅቆስለሚረዳየሚያስከትለውውጤትምአደገኛስለሆነ፤ሀገሪቱ
በምታደርገውግንኙነትላይስላለውውጤትየሀገሪቱመሪአብዝቶይጨነቃል፤
ቁጭብሎያስባልያሰላስላል።ታሞከመሟቀቅአስቀድሞመጠንቀቅ
✓Incrementalapproachየሚከተልመሪየወጡትንነባርህጎችን፣
ፖሊሲዎችን፣ተቋማትንእናተግባራትንፍጹምወይምጥሩለማድረግ
ይፈልጋል።
የአንዲትንሀገርብሔራዊጥቅምለማስጠበቅየሀገሪቱመሪየውጭግንኙነት
ፖሊሲለማውጣትናለመተግበርOperationalPhilosophyየተባለው
መመዘኛእንግዲህሁለትአሰራሮችንአቅርቧል።መሪዎቹከሁለትአንዱ
መምረጥግዴታነው።ወይደፋርመሆንወይጠንቃቃመሆን።
እናንተመሪብትሆኑየትኛውንትመርጣላችሁ
#Global
2ኛ)IdeologicalCriteria
ከOperationalPhilosophyበመቀጠል፤ብሔራዊጥቅምንበተመለከት
ሀገራትየሚያወጧቸውንናየሚተገብሯቸውንፖሊሲዎችየሚመዝንልን
ሁለተኛውመመዘኛIdeologicalcriteria(ideology)ይባላል።
Ideologyማለትስለባህል፤እምነት፤ታሪክ፤ፖለቲካ፤ሀይማኖት፤

113. ርዕዮትአለምወዘተያለንአመለካከትናአቋምማለትነው።ስለዚህሀገራት
በነዚህጉዳዮችላይየራሳቸውየሆነአመለካከትናአቋምአላቸው።የ
Liberalismርዕዮተአለምየሚከተልሀገርአለ፤የRealismርዕዮተአለም
የሚከተልሀገርአለ፤የCapitalismርዕዮተአለምየሚከተልሀገርአለ፤የ
Communismርዕዮተአለምየሚከተልሀገርአለ፤የእስልምናእምነት
የሚከተልሀገርአለ፤የክርስትናእምነትየሚከተልሀገርአለ፤የቡዲሒዝም
እምነትየሚከተልሀገርአለወዘተ።ስለዚህideologicalcriteriaእነዚህን
አመለካከትናአቋምመሰረትያደረገመመዘኛነው።ይኸው
identifytheirfriendsorenemiescountriesusingthelitmus
testofideology.
Example:Duringcoldwar,theideologyofcommunismand
capitalism.
ስለዚህሀገራትብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲ
ለማውጣትideologicalcriteriaሲጠቀሙ፤ከነሱአመለካከትና
አቋም(ideology)ጋተመሳሳይየሆኑሀገራትንእንደወዳጅአድርገውይወስዳሉ
፣በአንፃሩደግምከነሱአመለካከትናአቋም(ideology)ጋተቃራኒየሆኑ
ሀገራትንደግሞእንደጠላትአድርገውይወስዳሉ።ስለዚህየውጭግንኙነት
ፖሊሲያቸውየሚቀረፀውበዚህየወዳጅነትናየጠላትነትእሳቤነው።
ለምሳሌአሜሪካናሩሲያአዎንታዊ(positive)የሆነየርስበርስየውጭ
ግንኙነችፖሊሲየላቸውም።ምክንያቱምአሜሪካCapitalismርዕዮተአለም
አመለካከትናአቋም(ideology)ነውያላትበአንፃሩደግሞሩሲያየ
Communisim አመለካከትነው ያላት። Capitalism ና
Communism(marxism)ደግሞአይጥናድመትናቸውበፍፁም
አይዋደዱም።

114. ሌላምሳሌ፦የአረቡአለምናአውሮፓውያንያላቸውየርስበርስየውጭ
ግንኙነችፖሊሲያቸውየማያስተማምንየሻከረነውምክንያቱምአረቦች
የእስልምናእምነት(ideology)ይከተላሉበአንፃሩአውሮፓውያኖችደግሞ
የክርስትናእምነት(ideology)ይከተላሉ። አይተማመኑምየጎሪጥነው
የሚተያዩት።
በነገራችንላይአለማችንበአሁኑሰአትወደሶስተኛውየአለምጦርነት
የሚያንደረድራትይህየideologicalcriteriaነው።የአለምሀገራትበፖለቲካ
ርዕዮትአለምበዋናነትበCapitalismናCommunismተመዳድበዋል።
ስለዚህእንደideologicalcriteriaአስተሳሰብመሰረትሀገራትብሔራዊ
ጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲሲያወጡናሲተገብሩ፣ከነሱ
አመለካከትናአቋም(ideology)ጋተመሳሳይናተቃራኒየሆኑሀገራትንግምት
ውጥበማስገባትነው።
3ኛ)MoralandLegalCriteria
ከOperationalPhilosophyናከideologyበመቀጠል፤ብሔራዊ
ጥቅምንበተመለከትሀገራትየሚያወጧቸውንናየሚተገብሯቸውንፖሊሲዎች
የሚመዝንልንሶስተኛውመመዘኛMoralandLegalCriteriaይባላል።
InMoralandLegalCriteria
▪actmorally

115. በMoralandLegalመመዘኛመሰረት፤ሀገራትብሔራዊጥቅማቸውን
ለማስጠበቅየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲሲያደርጉ፤ግንኙነታቸውንስነ-
ምግባር(morally)በተሞላበትመንገድመሆንአለበት።ለመሆኑእንዴትስነ-
ምግባርበተሞላበትመንገድግንኙነትየሚያደርጉትይኸው
▪moralbehavior,ininternationalpoliticsinvolves
✓keepingyourpromise–treaties
✓livingandlettingotherslive(thepoorandthedisadvantaged)
✓avoidingexploitationandunevendevelopmentbetweenthe
developingcountriesandthedevelopedones.
ሀገራትስነምግባርበተሞላበትመንገድግንኙነትማድረግማለት
✓የገቡትንቃልኪዳንማክበር
✓እነሱመኖርእንደሚፈልጉትሁሉሌሎችምእንደነሱእንዲኖሩማድረግ
(ለምሳሌድሆችእናየተቸገሩን)
✓በማደግላይባሉአገሮችናባደጉትአገሮችመካከልያለውንብዝበዛእና
ያልተስተካከለልማትንማስወገድ።
አያችሁኣMoralcriteriaደስይላል።ግንየውጭግንኙነትእጅግበጣም
ሲበዛየባለገናየተበላሸነው።በውጭግንኙነትላይMoralityየማይታሰብ
ነው።ቃልንመጠበቅ፤ድሆችንእንዲኖሩማድረግ፤ኢ-ፍትሀዊየሀብትክፍፍል
ናየድሀሀገሮችንሀብትብዝበዛማስወገድወዘተማንምመሪአያደርገውም።
ሁሉምብልጥብልጥነውየሚጫወተው።የውጭግንኙነትላይ24ሰአት
ሙሉቆቅመሆንያስፈልጋል።

116. 4ኛ)PragmaticCriteria
አራተኛውመመዘኛPragmaticCriteriaይባላል።ምንይልይሆንእንደ
Pragmatismመመዘኛመሰረትየአንድንሀገርብሔራዊጥቅምለማስጠበቅ
የሀገሪቱመሪየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲዎችንሲቀርፅእነዚህንነገሮችማድረግ
አለበት
▪lookatissuesandeventsaroundyouandtheworldwithsense
ofprudenceandwithsortofrationality.(በሀገሪቱናበአለምዙሪያያሉ
ጉዳዮችንእናክስተቶችንበጥንቃቄእናበምክንያታዊነትመመልከትአለበት)
▪Actonthebasisofthescientificanalysisofcostandbenefit
ormeritanddemerittoyourcountryinterest.(የውጭግንኙነቱ
ለሀገሪቱበሚሰጠውመልካምገፅታእናጥቅምእንዲሁምበሚያስከትለው
ኪሳራመሰረትሳይንሳዊትንተናበመስራትበግንኙነቱላይእርምጃመውሰድ
አለበት።)
▪Thedecisionsaremadewithoutconsideringnormativeissues,
issuesthatinvolvesjudgment,beitbadorgood.(እርምጃውን
ወይምውሳኔውንበሚወስድበትጊዜውሳኔውጥሩይሆንወይምመጥፎይሆን
ብሎግምትውስጥማስገባት/ማሰብየለበትም።ምክንያቱምእርምጃውወይም
ውሳኔውሳይንሳዊጥናትናትንታኔንመሰረትያደረገስለሆነ።)
በነገራችንላይPragmatismማለትተግባራዊዕውነታማለትነው።
ግንኙነትቱንበሳይንሳዊጥናትተግባራዊማድረግ።

117. #Global
5ኛ)ProfessionalAdvancementCriteria.
አምስተኛውመመዘኛበዋናነትትኩረትየመሪዎችሙያዊክህሎትናብቃት
ላይነው።እንደአምስተኛውመመዘኛደግሞብሔራዊጥቅምንለማስጠበቅ
አንድየሀገርመሪየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲንሲቀርፅእነዚህንማድረግአለበት
▪considerationofyourprofessionalsurvivalandgrowth,in
shortyourpersonalsuccess.(መሪውሙያዊህልውናውንእናሙያዊ
እድገቱንግምትውስጥማስገባትአለበት፣በአጭሩየመሪውየግልስኬትቶች
ግምትውስጥመግባትአለባቸው።)
▪leadersmightchooseconformitytoeithertopopularpressure
ortostrongeliteswhosesupporttheyconsiderindispensable
fortheirpoliticalsurvival.(መሪዎችለፖለቲካዊህልውናቸውአስፈላጊ
ነውብለውከሚያምኑትየህዝብግፊትወይምጠንካራልሂቃን(ሙህራን)ጋር
መስማማትንሊመርጡይገባል።)
▪Thisattitudehasbeenreferredtocynicallyasthe“goalongto
getalongeffect”(ይህአመለካከት“ለመስማማትሂድ(getalongtoget
alongeffect”ተብሎተጠቅሷል።)
6ኛ)PartisanCriteria
ስድስተኛውመመዘኛደግሞPartisanshipይባላል።እንደዚህመመዘኛ

118. መሰረትብሔራዊጥቅምለማስጠበቅአንድሀገርመሪእነዚህንነገሮችማድረግ
አለበት
▪equatethesurvivalandthesuccessofyourpoliticalparty,or
ethnicorreligiousoriginwiththesurvivalandsuccessofyour
country.(መሪውየራሱንየፓለቲካፓርቲህልውናእናስኬት፣ወይምየዘር
ወይምየሃይማኖትአመጣጥከአገሩህልውናእናስኬትጋርእኩልማድረግ
አለበት።)
▪equatetheinterestofyourorganization(thearmy,theforeign
office,andsoforth)withthenationalinterest.(መሪውየራሱን
ድርጅትፍላጎት(ሠራዊቱ፣የውጭጉዳይመሥሪያቤትእናየመሳሰሉት)
ከብሔራዊጥቅምጋርእኩልማድረግአለበት።
7ተኛ)ForeignDependencyCriteria.
ሰባተኛውመመዘኛበዋናነትተግባራዊየሚሆነውበቅኝግዛትስርለነበሩት
ታዳጊሀገራትነው።እንደdependencycriteriaመሰረትእነዚህቅኝተገዢ
ሀገሮችአሁንምቢሆንባደጉትሀገራትጥገኛናቸው።ይህጥገኝነትደግሞ
ብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንአሳልፈውእንዲሰጡእያደረጋቸውነውይላል
▪usuallyappliestolessdevelopingcountries,whohadfallen
undertheyokeofcolonialism,andnow,evenafterpolitical
independence,keptthecolonialtieswiththeirex-masters
intact.(Foreigndependencycriteriaብዙውንጊዜየሚሠራውበቅኝ
ግዛትቀንበርሥርለወደቁታዳጊአገሮችነው፣እናአሁን፣ከፖለቲካዊነፃነት
በኋላምቢሆን፣ከቀድሞጌቶቻቸው/ገዢዎቻቸውጋርየቅኝግዛትግንኙነቱ

119. እንደቀጠለነው።)እንዴት?ይኸው
▪dependentontheirex-colonialstatesfortechnicalaid,
expertiseandtechnology,sometimesevenfortheir
security.(ለቴክኒካልድጋፍ፣ለሙያእናለቴክኖሎጂ፣አንዳንድጊዜ
ለደህንነታቸውምቢሆንበቀድሞቅኝገዥዎቻቸውላይድሀሀገራቱጥገኛ
ናቸው።)በዚህምምክንያት
▪Asaresultofthisstateofdependency,thelessdeveloping
countriesfacedifficultiestodefendandpromotetheirnational
interest.(በዚህየጥገኝነትሁኔታየተነሳታዳጊአገሮችብሔራዊ
ጥቅማቸውን/Nationalinterestለመከላከልናለማስተዋወቅችግር
አለባቸው።)
እንደForeignDependencyመመዘኛመሰረትድሀሀገራትብሔራዊ
ጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅከጥገኝነትነፃመውጣትአለባቸው።እንዴእኔእንደ
ዳኒምልከታይህForeigndependencyመመዘኛትክክልይመስለኛል።ብዙ
ድሀሀገራትባህላቸውእምነታቸውስርአታቸውእየተበረዘያለውበጥገኝነት
ምክንያትነው።ለማንኛውምሰባቱንምመመዘኛአይተናል።
በሌላርዕስቡሗላላይእንቀጥላለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#Global
ViewsonDeterminationofNationalInterest.

120. እሺአሁንደግሞብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ንበተመለከተሁለት
አይነትመላምቶች/አመለካከቶች(Views)አሉ፤እነርሱም
1ኛ)RealistView
2ኛ)IdealistView.
ChapteroneላይስለRealismናidealismየፖለቲካርዕዮተአለም
ተምረናል።እዚጋምየምንማረውከchapteroneጋተመሳሳይነው።እስኪ
እያንዳንዳቸውንእንመልከት።
1ኛ)RealistView
✓prioritizepragmaticcriteriawhendefiningnationalinterest
and
employingforeignpolicy.
Realistቶችብሄራዊጥቅምንእናየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲንሲገልፁ
በዋናነትPragmaticCriteriaንይጠቀማሉ።ስለpragmaticcriteria
ተምረናልአይደል።Pragmaticማለትተግባራዊዕውነታማለትነው።
በተግባርአለማችንያለችበትዕውነታምንድንነውአውነታው፦አለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትላይላዩንመሪዎችወዳጅየሚመስሉበትነገርግንውስጥውስጡን
አንዱአንዱንለመጣልአንዱከአንዱየበላይሁኖለመገኘትበጣምበብልጠት
የሚመራግንኙነትነው።Realistቶችይህንንእውነታመካድየለብንምይላል።

121. ስለዚህሀገራትበአለምአቀፍበግንኙነትውስጥብሔራዊጥቅማቸውን
ለማስጠበቅበሀይል(power)ፈርጣማመሆንአለባቸውይላሉRealistቶች።
ይኸው
Realistsdefinesnationalinterestintermsofpursuitsof
power.
powerisaboutestablishingcontrolorinfluencingthe
behaviorsofothers,eitherdiplomaticallyoruseofcoercion.
Realistቶችየአንድንሀገርብሔራዊጥቅምየሚገልፁትበሀገሪቱ
የመከላከያሰራዊትአቅም፤የኢኮኖሚአቅም፤የቴክኖሎጂአቅምወዘተልክ
ነው።በሌላአባባልሀገሪቱባላትሀይል(power)ልክነው።
እንደrealistቶችአመለካከትሀይል(power)ማለትበዲፕሎማሲያዊ
መንገድወይምበማስገደድየሌሎችሀገራትንባህሪመቆጣጠርወይምሌሎች
ሀገራትላይተጽእኖማድረግነው።‍♂እውነትነውያደጉትሀገራት
በሀይላቸውአማካኝነትሌሎችያላደጉሀገራትንእንደፈለጉያደርጓቸዋል።እንደ
realistቶችአመለካከት
✓Internationalpoliticsisastruggleamongstatesandthus
theprimeinterestofstateissurvivalandsecurityamongother
things.
✓nationalinterest-ensuringsurvivalandsecurityofastate,
thantalkingaboutjusticeandmorality.

122. እንዴrealistቶችገለፃ
✓አለምአቀፍፖለቲካበሀገራትመካከልየሚደረግትግልነውስለዚህም
የአንዲትሀገርዋነኛግብመሆንያለበትየሀገሪቱንህልውናእናደህንነት
ማስጠበቅነው።ይቺንበደንብያዟት፤እንደrealistቶችአመለካከት
አለምአቀፍግንኙነትየ"survival"ጉዳይነው።የምንጉዳይነውአልኳችሁ?የ
survivalጉዳይነው።survivalማለትደግሞጠንካራየሆኑሀይልያላቸው
ጉልተውየሚወጡበት፣ደካማየሆኑትደግሞወድቀውየሚቀሩበትነው።
ስለዚህለrealistቶችብሔራዊጥቅምማለት
✓ብሄራዊጥቅምማለትስለፍትህእናስነምግባር(morality)ከማውራት
ይልቅየሀገርንህልውና(survival)እናደህንነትማረጋገጥነው።
ስለዚህrealistቶችየሀገርመሪዎችንእንዲህበማለትመክረዋቸዋል
Leadersmustbeawareofthatscopeofnationalinterestand
theirforeignpolicyshouldbeproportionaltotheir
capabilities.(መሪዎችየብሔራዊጥቅምምንነትንጠንቅቀውበማወቅ
የውጭፖሊሲያቸውከአቅማቸውጋርየሚመጣጠንመሆንአለበት።)
prudenceshouldbethevirtueofleaders.(በብሓራዊጥቅምላይ
አስተዋይነትየመሪዎችዋናመገለጫመሆንአለበትወይምበውጭግንኙነት
ላይመሪዎችአስተዋይብስልመሆንአለባቸው)፤prudenceማለት
አስተዋይነትጥበበኛነትማለትነው።

123. Prudenceistheabilitytoassessone‘sneedsandaspirations
while
carefullybalancingthemagainsttheneedsandaspirationsof
other.(Prudenceወይምአስተዋይነትማለትየአንድንሰውፍላጎትእና
ምኞቶችከሌሎችሰዎችፍላጎቶችእናምኞቶችጋርበማነፃፀርበጥንቃቄ
የመገምገምችሎታማለትነው።)
በአጭሩስንገልፀው፤በብሔራዊጥቅምዙሪያRealistቶችያላቸው
አመለካከትአንድናአንድነው፤እርሱምአለምአቀፍግንኙነትችግርያለበት
አንዱአንዱንለመብለጥፉክክርየሚደረግበትሀብታምሀገራትድሀሀገራትን
የሚጨቁኑበትመድረክነውብለውያምናሉrealistቶች።ስለዚህሀገራት
በተለይድሀሀገራትብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅወይምsurvive
ለማድረግበpower(ሀይል)የፈረጠሙመሆንአለባቸው።አንዲትሀገር
powerካላትማንምሀገርፍላጎቱንአይጭንባትም።ኢትዮጵያድሀመሆኗበነ
አሜሪካጫናእየደረሰባትነውአይደል፤በርግጥየመሪዎቹየዲፕሎማሲችግር
እንዳለሆኖ።በአጭሩእንደrealistቶችአመለካከትpowerወሳኝነው።
2ተኛ)IdealistsView
Realistቶችበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትናበብሔራዊጥቅምዙሪያያላቸውን
አመለካከትአዬን።አሁንደግሞIdealistቶችበብሔራዊጥቅምናበአለም
አቀፍግንኙነትላይያላቸውንአመለካከትእንማር።
Idealistቶችእንዲህያምናሉ
✓strongbeliefintherelevanceoflegal,ideologicalandmoral
elements.(idealistቶችበMoralandLegalCriteriaያምናሉእንዲሁም

124. በideologicalcriteriaያምናሉ።ስለmoralcriteriaናideological
criteriaበሰፊውተምረናል።ስለዚህከዚህማብራራትአይጠበቅብኝም።)
✓Theydon‘tseelegalandmoralfactorsapartfromtheso
called
“reality”.
✓specificactionsandobjectiveofforeignpolicyhaveoften
beenderivedfromgeneralmoralandlegalguidelinesand
principlesetc.
እንደidealistቶችአመለካከትብሔራዊጥቅምንከማስጠበቅአንፃርየ
ውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲየሞራልናየህግመመሪያዎችንእንዲሁምመርሆዎችን
የተከተለመሆንአለበትይላል።
ልዩነታቸውገባችሁኣ።Realistቶችብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅ
ሀገራትሀይል(power)ሊኖራቸውይገባልይላሉ።idealistቶችደግሞ
ብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅሀገራትበሞራልናበህግአግባብመመራት
አለባቸውይላሉ።
#Globa
idealistቶችላይላዩንሲታዩበጎአሳቢቀናአመለካከትያላቸውይመስላሉ
፤ለይምሰልለሰውፃዲቅፃዲቅይጫወታሉ፤ተግባራቸውግንየአጋንንትነው።
idealistቶችማለትእነአሜሪካ፤እንግሊዝጀርመንወዘተናቸው።ስለ
idealism/liberalismቻፕተር1ላይበስፋትተምረንዋል።እዚህላይመድገም
አያስፈልግም።መልካምነትንበጎነትንእኩልነትንፍትሀዊነትንህጋዊነትን

125. ሞራላዊነትንወዘተበአደባባይይሰብካሉ።ውስጣቸውግንተንኮልነው።
ለዛምrealistቶችይህንንተንኮላቸውንስለተረዱአለምአቀፍግንኙነት
የባለገመድረክነው፤የጭቆናመድረክነውስለዚህሀገራትብሔራዊ
ጥቅማቸውንለማስጠበቅሀይልሊኖራቸውይገባልይላሉ።ነገርግንየrealist
ቶችደካማጎን
Realistsfailtorecognizeandprescribesolutionsfor
addressingglobalproblemsbecauseoftheexclusiveemphasis
giventostateandnationalinterest.
Realistቶችለሀገርእናለሀገራዊጥቅምበሰጡትልዩትኩረትምክንያት
realistቶችዓለምአቀፍችግሮችንለመፍታትመፍትሄዎችንማወቅእና
የመፍትሔሀሳብመስጠትተስኗቸዋል።
ገብቷችሗልኣ።realistቶችአለምአቀፍግንኙነትየተበላሸነውበችግርና
ተንኮልየተሞላነውብለዋል።ነገርግንለችግሩመፍትሔማቅረብአልቻሉም
ይህደካማጎናቸውነው።
በአንፃሩደግሞidealistቶች
Idealistsbelieveontheprevalenceofcommonproblemsof
humanbeingsasenvironmentalpollution,ecologicalimbalance,
depletionofresource.
❖Theestablishmentofnewinstitutionswithglobalorientation

126. mayplayvitalroleinaddressingglobalproblems,insteadofthe
state-centricparticularism,Statescouldnolongerbeviable
actorsinaddressingcross-cuttingproblemsbythemselves.
idealistቶችእንደየአካባቢብክለት,የስነ-ምህዳርመዛባት,የሃብት
መሟጠጥወዘተበሰዎችየተለመዱችግሮችመስፋፋትላይያምናሉ።ለዛም
ነውGroup8,Grouo20አባልሀገራትስብሰባየሚሉት፤የኮፐንሀገን
ስብሰባ የኛመሪዎችእየተገኙይለፈልፋሉ።አያችሁidealistቶችለሰው
ልጆችየሚያስቡይመስላሉግንውስጥውስጡንየሰውዘርእያጠፉነውእነ
666idealistኮናቸው።
እንደidealistአመለካከትዓለምአቀፋዊዝንባሌያላቸውአዳዲስተቋማት
መመስረትዓለምአቀፋዊችግሮችንለመቅረፍወሳኝሚናሊጫወቱይችላሉ
ብለውያምናሉ፣አገሮችተሻጋሪችግሮችንበራሳቸውለመፍታትብቁተዋንያን
ሊሆኑአይችሉምብለውያምናሉ።ዋናሀሳባቸውትበብርያስፈልጋልአለም
አቀፍተቋምያስፈልጋል።
ስናጠቃለው
Realistቶችበሀይል(power)ያምናሉብሔራዊጥቅምንለማስጠበቅ።
Idealistቶችደግሞበሀሳብናበሞራልህጋዊነትያምናሉብሔራዊጥቅምን
ለማስጠበቅ።
የዛሬውትምህርትበዚህአበቃ።
©A+TutorialClass.

127. #GlobalTrends.
ChapterTwo-UnderstandingforeignpolicyandDiplomacy.
UnderstandingForeignPolicyandForeignPolicyBehaviours.
UnderstandingForeignPolicy.
በባለፈውትምህርታችንስለብሔራዊጥቅም(Nationalinterest)ምንነት
ናከሱጋበተያያዘያሉሳይንሳዊTheoriesተምረናል።ዛሬደግሞስለየውጭ
ግንኙነትፖሊሲበስፋትእንማራለን።
Foreignpolicy(የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲ)ምንማለትነውአላማውስ
ምንድንነውየሚለውንበቅድሚያእንማራለን።
Foreignpolicy
✓Itissomethingthatastatewouldliketoachieveinits
externalrelationswithothers.
✓Itinvolvesthegeneralpurposesandspecificstrategiesa
stateemploystoachieveorpromoteitsnationalinterest.
የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲ(foreignpolicy)ማለት

128. አንድሀገርከሌሎችሀገራትጋርበሚያደርገውየውጭግንኙነትሊያሳካው
የሚፈልገውነገርforeignpolicyይባላል።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያከሌሎች
የአለምሀገራትጋበፖለቲካበኢኮኖሚበባህልበቴክኖሎጂወዘተግንኙነት
ታደርጋለች።እነዚህንግንኙነትየምታደርገውበኢኮኖሚበባህልበፖለቲካ
በቴክናሎጂወዘተማግነኘትየምትፈልገውጥቅምአለ፣ማሳካትየምትፈልገው
ነገርአለ።ይህማግነኘትየምትፈልገውጥቅምወይምማሳካትየምትፈልገው
ነገርforeignpolicyይባላል።
ስለዚህይህንጥቅምለማሳካትሀገራትልዩልዩስልቶችንይጠቀማሉ፤
መሰረታዊአላማዎቻቸውንምበግንኙነቱያስተዋውቃሉ፤ይህራሱforeign
policyይባላል
✓አንድመንግስትሀገራዊጥቅሙንለማሳካትወይምለማስተዋወቅ
የሚጠቀማቸውአጠቃላይዓላማዎችእናልዩስልቶችforeignpolicy
ይባላሉ።ስለአላማዎቹወደቡሗላላይእንማራለን።
AccordingtoRochester,foreignpolicyrefersto
▪thesetofprioritiesandperceptsestablishedbynational
leadersto
serveasguidelinesforchoosingamongvariouscoursesof
actioninspecificsituationsininternationalaffairs.
✓Theseobjectives,visionsandgoalsstateaspiretoachieveis
commonlyreferredasnationalinterest.

129. ሮቸስተርየተባለውፀሀፊደግሞየውጭጉዳይፖሊሲ(foreignpolicy)ን
እንዲህይገልፀዋል
በአለምአቀፍጉዳዮችላይበልዩልዩሁኔታዎችውስጥከተለያዩየድርጊት
መርሃግብሮችመካከልአዋጭየሆነውንለመምረጥእንደመመሪያሆኖ
ለማገልገልበሀገራትመሪዎችየተቋቋሙቅድሚያዎችእናአመለካከቶች
ስብስብማለትነው።ገብቷችሗልኣ፦ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያበአለምአቀፍ
መድረክከተለያዩሀገራትጋየተለያዩግንኙነቶችንታደርጋለች።በግንኙነቱም
በርካታጉዳዮችይዳሰሳሉበርካታስራዎችምይሰራሉ።ስለዚህበዛች
የግንኙነትሁኔታውስጥበርካታአማራጮችቢኖሩየትኛውነውየተሻለአዋጭ
የሚሆነውከበርካታአማራጮችመካከልቅድሚያ(priority)የሚሰጠውየቱ
ነው ስለዚህከበርካታአማራጮችመካከልአዋጭየሆነውንቅድሚያ
ለመስጠትበሀገርመሪዎችየሚዘወሩመርሆችግቦችራዕዮችናአመለካከቶች
ስብስብforeignpolicyይባላል።
✓ሀገራትእነዚህዓላማዎች፣ራእዮችእናግቦችለማሳካትየሚፈልጉት
ብሔራዊጥቅምንለማስጠበቅነው።
Allstateswouldliketopromotetheirnationalinterestas
theircapabilityorpowerallowsthemtodo.(ሁሉምሀገራት
አቅማቸውወይምኃይላቸውበሚፈቅድላቸውልክብሔራዊጥቅማቸውን
ማስተዋወቅይፈልጋሉ።አስተውሉአቅማቸውበፈቀደላቸውልክነው።
ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያአሜሪካላይየተለየብሔራዊጥቅሟንማስተዋወቅብትፈልግ
አቅሟአይፈቅድም።ሌላምሳሌከዛሬ2አመትበፊትጀምሮሀገራችንላይ
ጦርነትእየተካሔደነው።ጦርነቱንምክንያትበማድረግሱዳንወደኢትዮጵያ
ድንበርዘልቃበመግባትብሔራዊጥቅሟንለማስተዋወቅሞክራለች
ምክንያቱምአቅምአለኝብላስላሰበችማለትምኢትዮጵያበርስበርስጦርነቱ

130. ተዳክማለችብላስላሰበች።ስለዚህሀገራትበሌሎችሀገራትላይብሔራዊ
ጥቅማቸውንየሚያስተዋውቁትበአቅማቸውልክናልክብቻነው)ማለትም
ፈርጣማሀገራትበድሀሀገራትላይየሚፈልጉትንጥቅምማግኘትይችላሉ፤
በአንፃሩድሀሀገራትየሚፈልጉትንጥቅምለማግኘትይቸገራሉየአቅምጉዳይ
ነው።ከዚህምንተረዳችሁ Realistviewትክክልነውኣ።ስለዚህ
scopeandcontentofforeignpolicyofastateisoften
determinedbythecapabilitiesoftheconcernedstate.(የአንዲት
ሀገርየውጭፖሊሲወሰንእናይዘትብዙውንጊዜየሚወሰነውበሀገሪቱአቅም
ልክነው።)ወሰን(scope)ናይዘት(content)ማለትሀገሪቱብሔራዊጥቅሟን
ማለትምበውጭግንኙነቷልታሳካቸውየምትፈልጋቸውንጥቅሞችእስከምን
ያህልድረስየማሳካትአቅምአላትየሚለውንለመግለፅነው።
ብሔራዊጥቅምንበተመለከተ፣አንዲትሀገርልታሳካውየምትፈልገው
የመጨረሻውትንሹዝቅተኛውግቧህልውና(survival)ነው
minimumgoalastatewouldliketoachieveissurvival-
protecttheir
physical,political,andculturalidentitiesagainstany
encroachmentbyotherstates.(አንድሀገርሊያሳካውየሚፈልገው
ዝቅተኛውግብህልውናነው-ማለትምአካላዊ፣ፖለቲካዊእናባህላዊ
ማንነታቸውበሌላሀገርእንዳይጠቃእንዳይጣስእንዳይበረዝመጠበቅነው።)
ስለዚህህልውና(survival)ማለትሀገርመሆኗንማስከበር፤በሌሎችሀገሮች
አለመደፈርማለትነው።ይህየሁሉምሀገራትዝቅተኛውግባቸውነው።
ከፍተኛግባቸውስወደቡሗላላይእናየዋለን።‍♂የታወቀኮነው
የሁሉምሀገራትከፍተኛውግብፍላጎቶቻቸውንሌላሀገርላይመጫንናሌሎችን
ሀገሮችበመበዝበዝእነሱየበላይመሆንነው።

131. ForeignPolicyObjectives
እሺአሁንደግሞየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲአላማዎቹምንምን
ናቸውማለትምሀገራትከሌሎችሀገራትጋግንኙነትሲያደርጉማሳካት
የሚፈልጓቸውነገሮችምንምንናቸውየሚለውንእንማር።
•Foreignpolicy,justlikeanypolicy,setsshortterm,middle
termandlongtermgoalsandobjectivestobeachievedin
proportiontoastate‘scapability.(እንደማንኛውምፖሊሲየውጭ
ፖሊሲየሀገሪቱንአቅምባማከለመልኩየአጭርጊዜ፣የመካከለኛጊዜእና
የረዥምጊዜግቦችናአላማዎችንያወጣል።)
#Global
theforeignpolicyobjectivesofstatescategorizesintothree
1ኛ)Shortrangeobjectives(የአጭርጊዜዕቅድናአላማዎች)
2ኛ)Middlerangeobjectives(የመካከለኛጊዜዕቅድናአላማዎች)
3ኛ)Longrangeobjective(የረዥምጊዜዕቅድናአላማዎች)
ስለዚህየሁሉምሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲያቸውአላማዎችናዕቅድ
በሶስትይከፈላሉ።ሶስቱንምእንማር።
ቆይእናንተግንዕቅድአውጥታችሁአታውቁም።ለምሳሌበዚህሴሚስተር
3.8የማምጣትዕቅድ(የአጭርጊዜዕቅድ)፤ከአምስትአመትበሗላ

132. መመረቅ(የመካከለኛጊዜዕቅድ)፤ማግባትስራመያዝቤትመኪናመግዛትልጅ
መውለድ(የረዥምጊዜዕቅድ)ወዘተታወጣላችሁኣ።foreignpolicyም
እንደእናንተዕቅድነው።እስኪሶስቱንምእንመልከት።
1)CoreInterestsandValues(ShortRangeObjectives)
የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜዕቅድወይምግብማለትሀገራት
በአጭርጊዜውስጥበፍጥነትሊያሳኩትየሚፈልጉትግብነው፤የውጭ
ግንኙነትፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜዕቅድወይምግብበሌላስሙመሰረታዊ
ፍላጎቶችናእሴቶች(coreinterestsandvalues)ተብሎይጠራል።
የአንዲትሀገርመሰረታዊፍላጎቷምንድንነውሉአላዊነቷንማስጠበቅነው
አይደል።ከውጭጫናነፃሁኗእንደሀገርመቀጠልነውመሰረታዊፍላጎቷ።
ስለዚህየሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜዕቅድ(ግብ)
ሉአላዊነታቸውንማስጠበቅናበሌሎችሀገራትመከበርነው።ስለዚህ
▪thosekindsofgoalsforwhichmostpeoplearewillingto
make
ultimatesacrifices(የውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብ/ዕቅድ
የሀገሪቱሰዎችየመጨረሻውንመስዋዕትነትለመክፈልፍቃደኛየሚሆኑባቸው
አይነትግቦችናቸው።ምክንያቱምየውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብየሀገርን
ዳርድንበርናሉአላዊነትማስከበርበሌላሀገርአለመደፈርነው።ስለዚህዜጎች
ለዚህግብመስዋዕትይሆኑለታል።ሀገሩበውጭሀገርብትወረርሉኣላዊነቷ
ቢጣስዝምየሚልአለየለም።ሁሉምለሀገሩይዋደቃል)
▪statedintheformofbasicprinciplesofforeignpolicyand
becomearticleoffaiththatsocietyacceptswithoutany
questioningit.(የውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብ/ዕቅድበውጭፖሊሲ
መሰረታዊመርሆችመልክየተገለጸእናህብረተሰቡያለምንምጥያቄ

133. የሚቀበለውየእምነትአንቀፅነው።ሉኣላዊነትየውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብ
ነውብለናልአይደል፣ስለዚህይህግብማለትምሉኣላዊነትንማስከበርየውጭ
ፖሊሲመሰረታዊመርሆነው፣ህብረሰተቡምይህንንግብ/ሉአላዊነትን
ማስከበርያለምንምማቅማማትያለምንምተቃውሞያለምንምጥያቄአምኖ
የሚቀበለውግብነው።)
▪relatedtotheselfpreservationofpoliticalandeconomic
systems,
thepeopleanditsculture,andtheterritorialintegrityofa
state.(የውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብከፖለቲካዊናኢኮኖሚያዊሥርዓቶች
ራስንከመጠበቅ፣ሕዝቡንናባህሉንእንዲሁምየአንድንሀገርየግዛትድንበር
ማስጠበቅናማስከበርጋርየተያያዘነው።)ገብቷችሗልኣ፤ከፖለቲካና
ኢኮኖሚስርአቶችራስንመጠበቅማለትከሌላሀገሮችየፖለቲካናኢኮኖሚ
ስርአቶችተፅዕኖነፃመሆንማለትነው፤አሜሪካኬንያላይየሊበራል
ዲሞክራሲንስርአትልጫንብሽስትልእምቢማለትነው።እንግሊዝኢትዮጵያ
ላይየcommandኢኮኖሚስርአትንልጫንብሽስትልእምቢማለትነው።
ስለዚህከሌሎችሀገሮችየፖለቲካናኢኮኖሚስርአትተፅዕኖነፃሁኖየራስን
የፖለቲካናየኢኮኖሚስርአትማራመድየሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲ
የአጭርጊዜግብነውማለትነው።በሌላአባባልሉኣላዊነትንማስጠበቅማለት
ነው።
ስለዚህበአጭሩየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብ/ዕቅድ(core
interestsandvalues)ሉአላዊነትንናነፃነትንማረጋገጥነው
✓coreinterestsandvalues,istoensurethesovereigntyand
independence.(ያዟት)
▪othersgoalscannotberealizediftheexistenceofthestate

134. and
itspoliticalunitsarenotensured.(የአንዲትህልውናሉአላዊነትነፃነት
እናየፖለቲካክፍሎቿህልውናካልተረጋገጠሌሎችግቦችንማሰብም
ማሳካትምአይቻልም።)ስለዚህየሀገርንህልውናናሉአላዊነትማስከበር
ማረጋገጥዋነኛውየውጭፖሊሲአላማናግብነው።ስለዚህሀገራትshort
rangeobjective(ሉአላዊነትንማረጋገጥ)ካሳኩበሗላነውmiddleናlong
rangeobjectiveንማሳካትየሚችሉት።መጀመሪያየመቀመጫዬንብላለች
ዝንጆሮ።በርግጥ
Theexactdefinitionofcorevalueorinterestinanygiven
countrydependsontheattitudesofthosewhomakeforeign
policy.
Somegovernmentsplacegreatvaluesoncontrollingor
defendingneighboringterritories.
በርግጥበየትኛውምሀገርውስጥያለውየዋናእሴትወይምፍላጎት(core
valueorinterest)ትክክለኛፍቺማለትምየውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜ
ግብ/ዕቅድየሚወሰነውየውጭፖሊሲንበሚያወጡትሰዎችወይምመሪዎች
አመለካከትላይነው።
አንዳንድመንግስታትአጎራባችግዛቶችንበመቆጣጠርወይምበመከላከል
ላይትልቅእሴት(ቦታ)ይሰጣሉ።ስለዚህከዚህምንእንረዳለንየሁሉም
ሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብአልፎአልፎተመሳሳይላይሆን
ይችላል።የሁሉምሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብ/ዕቅድእንደሀገራቱ
መንግስትአመለካከትይወሰናል።ለአንዳንዱየአጭርጊዜግብሉአላዊነትን
ማስከበርነው፤ለአንዳንዱደግሞየሌሎችሀገራትግዛትንመቆጣጠርነው።
በዛምሆነበዚህየሁሉምሀገራትየውጭፖሊስየአጭርጊዜግብ(core

135. valuesorinterest)ሉአላዊነትወይምበሌላሀገሮችአለመደፈርነው።
Extraterritoriality-whenthenationalinterestandclaimsofa
countryisprojectedbeyondthelimitofitsgeographicboundary.
Example:IsraelandtheUnitedStates.(ያዟት)
Extraterriorialityማለት-አንዲትሀገርየብሄራዊጥቅሟእናየይገባኛል
ጥያቄዋከጂኦግራፊያዊድንበሯወሰንበላይስትንቀሳቀስማለትነው።ምን
ማለትመሰላችሁለምሳሌአሜሪካውያንመቀሌከተማይኖሩነበር፤ትግራይ
ላይጦርነቱሲነሳየአሜሪካመንግስትመቀሌላሉትዜጎቹከለላበመሆን
ከመቀሌእንዲወጡአድርጓል።አያችሁኣየአሜሪካመንግስትከአሜሪካግዛት
ውጭየኢትዮጵያግዛትላይዜጎቹንጠብቋል።
#Global
አያችሁኣአንዲትሀገርከግዛቷውጭሌላግዛትላይያሉዜጓቿአደጋላይናቸው
አልተጠበቁምማለትየሀገሪቱብሔራዊጥቅምአደጋላይማለትነው።ስለዚህ
ይህንለማስተካከልአንዲትሀገርከግዛቷውጭሌላግዛትያሉዜጎቿን
ለመጠበቅናነፃለማውጣትስትንቀሳቀስExtraterritorialityይባላል።
አሜሪካናሩሲያበዚህይታወቃሉ።ታስታውሳላችሁበኮሮናጊዜቻይና
የሚኖሩኢትዮጵያውያን...መንግስትከቻይናእንዲያስወጣቸውሲለምኑ
ነበር።መንግስትቻይናየሚኖሩትንኢትዮጵያውያንአስወጥቶቢሆንኑሮ
extraterritorialይሆንነበር፤ግንከቻይናጋያለውንፖሊሲያሻክርበታል
የአቅምጉዳይነው።ለምንኛውምይኸው
Statesmaythinkthattheirnationalinterestisatriskwhen
the
interestsandsecurityofcitizens,orkinethnicorreligious

136. groupslivingintheneighboringstatesandotherstatesare
threatened.
✓So,liberatingorprotectingtheinterestsofsuchindividuals
andgroupsmightbeconsideredaspartofitscorenational
interest.
ለማንኛውምየውጭፖሊሲአጭርጊዜዕቅድወይምግብይህን
ይመስላል።አሁንደግሞየመካከለኛጊዜግብእንማር።
2)MiddleRangeObjectives
MiddleRangeObjectiveማለትደግሞሀገራትበውጭግንኙነት
ፖሊሲያቸውበመካከለኛጊዜሊያሳኳቸውየሚፈልጓቸውግቦችናአላማዎች
ናቸው።እስኪእንመልከተው
Unlike,theshortrangeobjective,themiddlerangeobjectives
drasticallyvariesacrossstates,duetodifferenceinthelevelof
economicandtechnologicalprogress,aswellasthemilitary
capability.
ቅድምእንደተነጋገርንውሁሉምሀገራትተመሳሳይየሆነየውጭፖሊሲ
የአጭርጊዜግብ(shortrangeobjective)ነውያላቸውእርሱምየፖለቲካና
ኢኮኖሚያዊስርአታቸውንከሌሎችሀገራትተፅዕኖነፃማድረግ፣ህዝባቸውንና
ባህላቸውንእንዲሁምየግዛትአንድነታቸውንማስጠበቅነው።በሌላአባባል
ሉአላዊነታቸውንማረጋገጥየሁሉምሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብ
ነው።የአሜሪካምየጅቡቲምየሩሲያምየቻይናምየኮንጎምወዘተየሁሉም
ሀገራትየአጭርጊዜግብተመሳሳይነውእርሱምሉአላዊነትንማስከበርነው።

137. በአንፃሩግንሀገራትባላቸውየኢኮኖሚናየቴክኖሎጂዕድገትደረጃ
እንዲሁምባላቸውየመከላከያሰራዊትአቅምአንፃር፣የእያንዳንዱሀገራት
የውጭፖሊሲየመካከለኛጊዜግብ(middlerangeobjective)ይለያያል።
በሌላአባባልየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲየመካከለኛጊዜግብወይምዕቅድ
የሚወሰነውሀገራትባላቸውየኢኮኖሚአቅም፣የቴክኖሎጂአቅምናየመከላከያ
ሰራዊትአቅምነው።ኢትዮጵያናአሜሪካእጅግበጣምየተለያየየኢኮኖሚ
የቴክኖሎጂናየመከላከያሰራዊትአቅምነውያላቸው።ስለዚህሁለቱሀገራት
ተመሳሳይየሆነየውጭፖሊሲየመካከለኛጊዜግብአይኖራቸውምማለትነው።
ለምሳሌፈተናላይእንዲህብትጠየቁስ
Whichoneis/arefactor/sofforeignpolicymiddlerange
objectives?
A)Economiclevel
B)Technologicallevel
C)MilitaryCapacity
D)All
መልሱDይሆናልማለትነው።
ያምሆነይህ፣የአንዲትሀገርየውጭፖሊሲየመካከለኛጊዜ
ግብ/ዕቅድ(middlerangeobjectives)
Yet,bottompointthatastatewouldliketoachieveinits
mediumtermis(አንድሀገርበመካከለኛጊዜውስጥማሳካትየሚፈልገው

138. የውጭፖሊሲግብ)
➢totakeacourseofactionsthathavethehighestimpacton
thedomesticeconomicandwelfareneedsandexpectation.
(በአገርውስጥኢኮኖሚያዊዕድገትእናመሰረታዊፍላጎቶችላይከፍተኛተጽዕኖ
የሚያሳድሩደርጊቶችንማድረግነው።)
ልበበሉ፣አብዛሀኞቹየአለምሀገራትውስንየሆነሀብትስላላቸው፣የሰለጠነ
የተማረየሰውሀይልስለሌላቸው፣ምግብ፣መድሀኒት፣የፋብሪካምርቶችን
ወዘተበራሳቸውማምረትናለዜጎቻቸውማቅረብስለሚቸገሩ፣አብዛሀኛው
ሀገራትበራሳቸውየኢኮኖሚዕድገትናማህበራዊደህንነት(socialwelfare)
ማረጋገጥአይችሉም፤ማህበራዊደህንነትማለትለዜጎችመሰረታዊ
ግሎጋሎቶችንማቅረብማለትነው።ስለዚህሀገራትበራሳቸውኢኮኖሚያዊ
ዕድገትንናማህበራዊደህንነትንማምጣትስለማይችሉ፣ይህንንክፍተታቸውን
ማለትምበኢኮኖሚራሳቸውንለመደጎምከሌላሀገራትጋግንኙነትበማድረግ
ኢኮኖሚያቸውንየማሻሻልግብያወጣሉ።ይህየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲግብ
ደግሞየመካከለኛጊዜግብ(middlerangeobjectives)ይባላል።
▪Socialwelfareandeconomicdevelopment,canotbeachieved
throughself-help,asmoststateshaveonlylimitedresources,
administrativeservices,andtechnicalskills.
ታዲያሀገራትየውጭፖሊስየመካከለኛጊዜግባቸውንእንዴትነው
የሚተገብሩትበinterdependenceአማካኝነትነው።ይኸው
Interdependencemeansthattosatisfydomesticneedsand
aspirations,stateswouldhavetointeractwithothers.

139. interdependenceማለትመደጋገፍማለትነው።በተለይበኢኮኖሚ
አንዲትሀገርየሀገርውስጥፍላጎቶችንእናምኞቶችንለማሟላትከሌሎችሀገር
ጋርግንኙነትማድረግinterdependenceይባላል።በምንበምንመልኩ
ግንኙነትያደርጋሉ
✓Trade,foreignaid,accesstocommunicationfacilities,
sourcesofsupply,andforeignmarketareformoststates
necessaryfor
increasingsocialwelfare.
መደጋገፍማለትየሀገርውስጥፍላጎቶችንእናምኞቶችንለማሟላትክልሎች
ከሌሎችጋርመገናኘትአለባቸው።
✓ንግድ፣የውጭዕርዳታ፣የመገናኛተቋማትተደራሽነት፣የአቅርቦትምንጮች
እናየውጭገበያለአብዛኞቹሀገራትየዜጎችንማህበራዊደህንነትለማስጠበቅ
ያገለግላሉ።የዜጎችማህበራዊደህንነትማስጠበቅማለትለዜጎችምግብ
ልብስመጠለያህክምናትምህርትወዘተአስፈላጊውንግብአትማቅረብማለት
ነው።
እውነቱንለመናገርይህመደጋገፍ(interdependence)ባይኖርኢትዮጵያን
ናመሰልሀገሮችንምንይውጣቸውነበር።ሀሉምዕቃኮየሚገባውከውጭ
ነውማህበራዊደህንነታችንናኢኮኖሚያችንያለውበውጭርዳታናብድር
ነው።ለማንኛውምmiddlerangeobjectiveይህንይመስላል።
#Global

140. 3)LongRangeObjectives
Longrangegoalsarethoseplans,dreams,andvisions
concerningtheultimatepoliticalorideologicalorganizationof
theinternationalsystem,andrulesgoverningrelationsinthat
system.
LongRangeobjectivesማለትደግሞሀገራትበውጭግንኙነታቸው
በረዥምጊዜሊያሳኩትየሚፈልጉትግብማለትሲሆንይህግብየአለምአቀፉን
ስርዓትየመጨረሻውንየፖለቲካወይምየርዕዮተአለምአደረጃጀትእናየስርዓቱን
ግንኙነቶችንየሚመለከትነው።
ማለትምአንዲትሀገርበአለምአቀፉማህበረሰብውስጥማግኘት
የምትፈልገውክብር፣ስም፣ዝናየሀይልናየፖለቲካየበላይነትይኖራል።
በአጭሩአንዲትሀገርበአለምአቀፉማህበረሰብተፅዕኖየመፍጠርናተሰሚነት
እንዲኖራትትፈልጋለች።ስለዚህየአንዲትሀገርበአለምአቀፉማህበረሰብ
ማለትምበአለምአቀፉየፖለቲካርዕዮትአለምላይተሰሚናተፅዕኖፈጣሪ
የመሆንግብየሀገራትየውጭፖሊስየረዥምጊዜግብ(longrange
objectives)ነው።‍♂ውስብስብአይደለምኣ።
ታዳያበአለምአቀፍመድረክለዛውምከባድፉክክርናብልጠትበተሞላበት
በአለምአቀፍየፖለቲካርዕዮትአለምላይገኖመውጣት፣ተፅዕኖፈጣሪመሆን
ናተሰሚነትያለውመሆንቀላልአይደለምበአጭርጊዜምየሚመጣአይደለም።
ይህንግብለማሳካትሀገራትምንሊኖራቸውይገባልይኸው
longrangevisionsanddreamsmayhaveinternational
repercussionsasfarastheyarecomplementedbythe

141. capabilities
andpowers.(የሀገራትየውጭፖሊስየረዥምርቀትግቦችእናህልሞች
በችሎታእናበሀይልእስከተደገፉድረስአለምአቀፍተጽእኖሊኖራቸውይችላል።)
ስለዚህእያንዳንዱሀገርካለውአንፃራዊጥንካሬናአቅምጋርየሚመጣጠን
የረዝምጊዜግብይኖራቸዋል
▪Everycountryhasitsownvisionsandambitionproportionalto
itsrelativestrengthandcapabilitiestoberealizedinthelong
run.
መቼምቻይናናሱዳንተመሳሳይየሆነየረዥምጊዜግብአይኖራቸወም።
ሁሉምበአቅሚቲነው።
ስለሶስቱምግቦችተማርን።ታዲያሀገራትሶስቱንየውጭፖሊሲግቦች
ሲያወጡእንደመመዘኛሁነውየሚያገለግሉሶስትመዘዘኛዎችአሉ
1)Thevalueplacedontheobjective.(በዓላማውላይየተቀመጠው
ዋጋ/እሴት፣ማለትምሀገራትማሳካትየሚፈልጎቸውእሴቶችናግቦችአንዱ
መመዘኛነው)
2)Thetimeelementplacedonitsachievement.(በስኬቱላይ
የተቀመጠውየጊዜ።ማለትምሀገራቱእነዚህንግቦችለማሳካት
የሚያስፈልጋቸውየጊዜርዝማኔ።የአጭርጊዜ፣የመካከለኛናየረዝምጊዜ
ያልንው)

142. 3)Thekindofdemandstheobjectiveimposesonotherstates
ininternationalsystem.(የሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲአላማበዓለምአቀፍ
ሥርዓትውስጥበሌሎችሀገሮችላይላይማሳካትየሚፈልጉትፍላጎት።
ማለትምየበላይመሆን፣ተፅዕኖመፍጠር፣አልያምበኢኮኖሚመደጋገፍወዘተ)
ለአሁኑከዚህላይእናብቃ።እንቀጥላለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#Global
ForeignPolicyBehaviour:PattrensandTrends.
እሺአሁንደግሞስለየውጭፖሊሲባህሪ(behaviour)እንማር።
Foreignpolicybehaviorreferstotheactionsstatestake
towardseachother.
የውጭፖሊሲባህሪማለትሀገራትእርስበእርሳቸውግንኙነት
በሚያደርጉበትወቅት፣አንዱሀገርበሌላውሀገርላይየሚወስደውእርምጃዎች
ናተግባሮችማለትነው።እርምጃሲባልቅጣትወይምክፉነገርማለት
ላይሆንይችላል፣ነገርግንበግንኙነቱየሚያደርጓቸውድርጊቶችናተግባራት
ማለትነው።ለምሳሌእናንተናየGlobaltrendsመምህራችሁበአንድክፍል
ውስጥተገናኝታችሁየመማርማስተማርሒደቱንታከናውናላችሁ፤በመምህሩና
በእናንተመካከልግንኙነትአለ።በግንኙነታችሁመምህሩናእናንተ
የምታደርጓቸውተግባራቶችናድርጊቶችአሉ፣እነዛተግባራቶችናድርጊቶች
ባህሪያችሁንይገልፃሉ። ልክእንደዛው፣ሀገራትግንኙነትሲያደርጉ

143. በግንኙነቱማሳካትየሚፈልጓቸውጥቅሞችአሉ፥እነዚህጥቅሞችለማሳካት
ሀገራትየሚያደርጓቸውድርጊቶችናተግባራትforeignpolicybehaviour
ይባላል።ታዲያእነዚህድርጊቶችናተግባሮችማለትምየውጭግንኙነት
ባህሪያቶችበራሳቸውየመጨረሻግብአይደሉም።ነገርግንየሀገራትንየውጭ
ፖሊሲየአጭርጊዜግብ፣የመካከለኛጊዜግብናየረዥምጊዜግብን
ለማሳካትየሚደረጉተግባሮችናድርጊቶችናቸው
✓theseactionsusuallyarenotasendsinthemselves,butare
tiedinsomewaywithlargerpurposes,fromlongrange
objectivestoshorttermobjectives.
ArnoldWolfers,afamousspecialistinthefieldof
InternationalRelations,suggestedthatallforeignpolicy
behaviorultimatelyboilsdowntothreepossiblepatterns:
(1)self-preservation(maintainingthestatusquo);
(2)self-extension(revisingthestatusquoinone‘sownfavor);
(3)self-abnegation(revisingthestatusquoinsomeelse‘sfavor)
ArnoldWolfersየተባለውታዋቂውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትባለሙያየውጭ
ፖሊሲባህሪ(foreignpolicybehaviour)ንበሶስትይከፍለዋል።ሶስቱንም
እንመልከት።
1)self-preservation(maintainingthestatusquo)

144. maintainingthestatusquo/theexistingrealityforoneown
benefit.
▪Example:USA.
Statusquoማለትአሁንላይያለነባራዊሁኔታማለትነው።ታዲያአንዲት
ሀገርአሁንላይያለውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታለሷጥቅምእየሰጠ
ከሆነማለትምየውጭግንኙነትየአጭርጊዜየመካከለኛጊዜናየረዥምጊዜ
ግቧንእያሳካላትከሆነማለትምብሔራዊጥቅሟንእያስጠበቀላትከሆነ፤ያቺ
ሀገርአሁንላይያለውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታእንዲቀጥል
ትፈልጋለች።ስለዚህያቺሀገርአሁንላይያለንነባራዊሁኔታማስጠበቅና
ማስቀጠልደግሞself-preservationይባላል።ቆይእናንተጥሩነገር
እያገኛችሁበትያለውነገርእንዲቀጥልልላችሁትፈልጋላችሁአይደል።ስለዚህ
አንዲትሀገርአሁንላይያለውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትለሷጥቅምእየሰጣት
ከሆነግቧንእያስፈፀመችበትከሆነይህሁኔታእንዲቀጥልና
እንዲጠበቅ(እንዳይቀየር)ትፈልጋለች።ይህየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪself
-preservationይባላል።ለself-preservationጥሩምሳሌየምትሆንሀገር
አሜሪካናት።በሌላአባባልአሁንያለውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታ
ለአሜሪካጥቅምእየሰጠነውማለትነው፤ስለዚህይህሁኔታእንዲቀጥልላት
አሜሪካትፈልጋለችማለትነውበዚህምምክንያትአሜሪካለself-
preservationጥሩምሳሌናት።
ለመሆኑአሜሪካእንዴትነውአሁንባለውየውጭግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታ
መሰረትተጠቃሚየሆነችውይኸው
internationalinstitutions(IMF,WorldBank,GATT/WTO)that
were
establishedfollowingSecondWorldWarhavebeenstrongly

145. shaped
byUnitedStates.
እንግዲህከቀዝቃዛውጦርነት(coldwar)በሗላየአለማችንልዕለ
ሀያል(hegemony)የሆነችውብቸኛውሀገርአሜሪካናት፣unipolar
systemብለንየተማርንው።በወቅቱየአሜሪካተፎካካሪየሆነችውsoviet
ህብረትበጦርነቱተሸነፈች።ስለዚህከዛንጊዜጀምሮአሜሪካየበላይብቸኛዋ
ሀያልሀገርሆነች።ከሁለተኛውየአለምጦርነትበሗላደግሞየአለም
ባንክ(WorldBank),የአለምአቀፍየገንዘብተቋም(IMF),የአለምየንግድ
ድርጅት(WTO)የመሳሰሉትላልቅአለምአቀፍተቋማትተመሰረቱ።ታዲያ
አሜሪካተቀናቃኝየሌለባትብቸኛልዕለሀያልሀገርስለሆነች፤እነዚህንግዙፍ
አለምአቀፍድርጅቶችበሷፍላጎትናፍቃድ፣የሷንብሔራዊጥቅም
ሊያስጠብቅበሚችልመልኩማንቀሳቀስቻለች።ስለዚህእነዚህድርጅቶች፣
በአለምአቀፉመድረክየአሜሪካንጥቅምናፍላጎትየሚያስከብሩውሳኔያዎችን
ናተግባሮችንያደርጋሉ
underlyingphilosophyofsuchinstitutions,andeventhe
decision
makingproceduresareallshapedtoservetheglobalinterests
ofthe
country.
ስለዚህበዚህነባራዊሁኔታ(statusquo)መሰረት፣አሜሪካበአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትመድረክሙሉለሙሉተጠቃሚናት፣ከአጭርጊዜእስከረዥምጊዜ
ያወጣቸውንየውጭፖሊሲግቧንበአለምአቀፉማህበረሰብእንደልቧ
እየፈነጨችያለማንምከልካይታስፈፅማለች።ስለዚህበአለምአቀፉግንኙነት
ነባራዊሁኔታመሰረትአሜሪካተጠቃሚናት፣ይህጥቅሟእንዲጠበቅና
እንዲቀጥልትፈልጋለችስለዚህይህንንለአሜሪካዘብየቆመውንአለምአቀፋዊ

146. ነባራዊሁኔታ(statusquo)ባለበትእንዲቀጥልየሚናደርጉድርጊቶችና
ውሳኔዎችንታራምዳለች።ይህባህሪደግሞselfpreservationተብሎ
ይጠራል።ለዛምነው
ThesedaysU.Shasbecomethesoledefenderofthe
internationalsystemandtheliberaleconomic-political
order.(በአሁኑጊዜአሜሪካየአለምአቀፉስርዓትእናየሊበራልኢኮኖሚ-
ፖለቲካዊስርዓትብቸኛጠበቃሆናለች።)ሰውመቼምከጥቅሙአንፃርነው
ነገሮችንየሚያደርገው።
2)self-extension(revisingthestatusquoinone‘sownfavor)
ሁለተኛውየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪ(foreignpolicybehaviour)
ደግሞself-extensionይባላል።ምንይሆን?እስኪእንማረው።
#Global
Self-extensionmeansChangingtherealityforoneown
benefit.
Statusquoማለትአሁንላይያለነባራዊሁኔታማለትነውብለናል።ታዲያ
አንዲትሀገርአሁንላይያለውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታለሷጥቅም
እየሰጠካልሆነማለትምየውጭግንኙነትየአጭርጊዜየመካከለኛጊዜና
የረዥምጊዜግቧንእያሳካላትካልሆነማለትምብሔራዊጥቅሟን
ካላስጠበቀላት፤ያቺሀገርአሁንላይያለውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታ
እንዲቀጥልአትፈልግምይልቁንምየሀገሪቱንብሔራዊጥቅምበሚያስከብር
መልኩማለትምበአለምአቀፉመድረክተጠቃሚሊያደርጋትበሚችልመልኩ
አሁንላይያለውየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታ(statusquo)

147. እንዲሻሻል(revise)ትፈልጋለች።ስለዚህያቺሀገርአሁንላይእየጠቀማት
ያልሆነውንየአለምአቀፍግንኙነትነባራዊሁኔታለሷጥቅምበሚሰጥመልኩ
እንዲሻሻልማድረጓደግሞself-extensionይባላል።ቆይእናንተአንድነገር
ለእናንተጥሩጥቅምካልሰጣችሁ፣ያነገርእንዲሻሻልእንዲለወጥ
ትፈልጋላችሁአይደል።ስለዚህአንዲትሀገርአሁንላይያለውየአለምአቀፍ
ግንኙነትለሷጥቅምእየሰጣትካልሆነግቧንእያስፈፀመችበትካልሆነይህ
ሁኔታእንዲቀጥልአትፈልግምእንዲሻሻልትፈልጋለች።ይህየሀገራትየውጭ
ፖሊሲባህሪself-extensionይባላል።
ታዲያአሜሪካንየሚያህልልዕለሀያላንሀገርተፎካክሮይህንለአሜሪካ
ጥቅምዘብየቆመውንየአለምአቀፍስርአትማሻሻልበጣምከባድነው።
ለማሻሻልየግድአሜሪካንመፎካከርየሚያስችልቁመናሊኖራቸውይገባል
ሀገራት።ኢትዮጵያ፣ኬንያ፣ፊሊፒንስ፣ወዘተይህንስርአትላሻሻልቢሉ
አይችሉምአቅምየለም።ስለዚህለself-extensionጥሩምሳሌየሚሆኑ
ሀገራትእነቻይና፣ሩሲያ፣ህንድ፣ብራዚል፣ጀርመንየመሳሰሉትፈርጣማ
ሀገራትናቸው።ስርአቱንለማሻሻልአሜሪካንመፎካከርየሚያስችልአንፃራዊ
አቅምስላላቸው።
NewlyemergingpowerssuchasChina,India,Brazil,
Germanyand
othersarecompetingtorestructuretheinternational
institutionsanddifferentregimessoastocreateenabling
environmenttopromotetheirnationalinterest.(እንደቻይና፣ህንድ፣
ብራዚል፣ጀርመንእናሌሎችምያሉአዲስኃያላንመንግሥታትዓለምአቀፍ
ተቋማትንእናየተለያዩአገዛዞችንበአዲስመልክበማዋቀርብሄራዊ
ጥቅማቸውንለማስተዋወቅየሚያስችልሁኔታለመፍጠርእየተፎካከሩነው።)
3)Self-abnegation(revisingthestatus-quoinsomeelse's

148. favor)
reflectstheforeignpolicytrendsthatarebeingdisplayedin
Less
DevelopingCountries.
Suchcountriesmaysuccumbtosuchchallengesand
compromiseitslonglastingnationalinterestfortemporaryand
immediatebenefits.
ሶስተኛውየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪደግሞዕዳውለድሀሀገራትነው፣
ይህንየውጭፖሊሲባህሪአንፀባራቂዎችራሳቸውድሀሀገራትናቸው።self-
abnegationማለትራስንመናቅራስንመካድማለትነው።ድሀሀገራት
ራሳቸውንበመካድበጊዚያዊጥቅማጥቅሞች፣ዕርዳታዎች፣ብድሮችና
ድጎማዎችበመታለልበመሸነፍብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንላደጉሀገሮችአሳልፎ
መስጠትself-abnegationይባላል።
በሌላአባባልሀብታምሀገራትለድሀሀገራትጊዜያዊጥቅማጥቅሞችን
በመስጠት፣ዕርዳታበመስጠት፣ብድርበማበደርወዘተየውጭፖሊሲ
ግባቸውንድሀሀገራትላይማስፈፀምነው።ለምሳሌእነአሜሪካ፣ሩሲያ፣ቻይና
፣ፈረንሳይወዘተኬንያላይ፣ሱዳንላይ፣ማሊላይወዘተየጦርሰፈርይገነባሉ፣
የሀገራቱንየተፈጥሮሀብትናየሰውሀብትይመዘብራሉ፣በሀገራቱየራሳቸውን
የፖለቲካናየኢኮኖሚርዕዮታዊስርአትያራምዳሉወዘተ።ይህእንዲሆን
የፈቀዱትግንራሳቸውድሀሀገራትናቸውበጊዚያዊጥቅምበመታለል።ይህ
የድሀሀገራትበጊዚያዊጥቅማጥቅምበመታለልብሔራዊጥቅማቸውን
አሳልፈውየመስጠትየድሀሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪself-abnegation
ይባላል።

149. ስለዚህself-abnegationየተባለውየውጭፖሊሲባህሪየማንሀገራት
ባህሪነውየድሀሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪነው።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends.
ChapterTwo-UnderstandingForeignPolicy.
ForeignPolicyDimensions.
Theanalysisofforeignpolicybehaviorcanalsobedone
alonganumberofspecificdimensions,
keepinginmindthatbehaviorcanchangeovertimeandwith
differentstyleofleadershipsandcircumstances.
በባለፈውትምህርታችንስለሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪ(foreignpolicy
behaviour)አይተናል።ታዲያየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪቋሚአይደለም፣
ይለዋወጣል።ማለትምአንዲትሀገርበጊዜሒደትየተለያዩመሪዎችንማፈራረቋ
የማይቀርነው፤እነዚህየተለያዩመሪዎችደግሞየተለያየየአመራርሒደትና
ዘይቤሊከተሉይችላሉማለትምየተለያየየፖለቲካርዕዮትአለምሊያንፀባርቁ
ይችላሉ።በዚህምምክንያትየተለያዩመሪዎችየተለያዩየውጭግንኙነት
ፖሊሲንያፀድቃሉ፤ስለዚህአንዲትሀገርበጊዜሒደትናበመሪዎቿየተለያየ
የአመራርዘይቤናየፖለቲካርዕዮትምክንያትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲዋባህሪ
ይለዋወጣል።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያበደርግመንግስትናበኢህአዴግመንግስት
ጊዜየነበራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪየተለያየነው፣ያውታውቁታላችሁ።

150. ታዲያየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪያቸውገፅታወይምየውጭግንኙነት
ፖሊሲያቸውገፅታForeignPolicyDimensionይባላል።
Dimensionማለትገፅታማለትነው።የአንድነገርገፅታ(dimension)
ደግሞየሚገለፀውበLength,WidthናHeightነውአይደል።ለምሳሌየ
ዶርማችሁንdimension(ገፅታ)ንገሩኝብላችሁ፣ቁመቱ(height)ይህንያህል
፥ስፋቱ(width)ይህንያህል፥ርዝመቱ(length)ይህንያህልብላችሁገፅታውን
ትነግሩኛላችሁ።
የሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲገፅታየሚገለፀውምበLength,widthና
Heightነው።ስለዚህየሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትፖሊሲገፅታ(foreign
policydimensions)በሶስትይከፈላልማለትነው።
1)Alignment(Heightነው)
2)Scope(widthነው)
3)Modesofoperation(lengthነው)
ስለዚህAlignment,ScopeናModesofOperationየሀገራትየውጭ
ግንኙነትፖሊሲባህሪመገለጫወይምገፅታሲሆኑForeignPolicy
Dimensionsተብለውይጠራሉ።እያንዳንዳቸውንበዝርዝርእንመልከት።
ፈተናላይስለሚወጡበደንብተከታተሉትኩረትሰጥታችሁተረዱትም።
1)Alignment

151. -astateofagreementorcooperationamongpersons,groups,
nations,etc.,withacommoncauseorviewpoint.
-formalagreementonalliancesorneutrality.
ተመልከቱ፦Alignmentማለትበሰዎች፣በቡድኖች፣በሀገሮች፣ወዘተ
መካከልየስምምነትወይምየትብብርሁኔታማለትነው።እኛበሀገሮችመካከል
ያለውንየስምምነትሁኔታነውየምንማረው። አስተውሉAlignment
ስምምነትነውስንል፤ስምምነቱየመተባበር፣በጋራየመስራት፣የመረዳዳት
ብቻላይሆንይችላል።ገለልተኛ(Neutral)የመሆንስምምነትምአለ።ስለዚህ
Alignmentማለት
-በኅብረትወይምበገለልተኝነትላይመደበኛስምምነትማድረግማለት
ነው(formalagreementonalliancesorneutrality)።በሌላአባባል
ሀገራትእርስበርሳቸውለመተባበርየሚያደርጉትመደበኛ(ህጋዊ)ስምምነት
alignmentይባላልእንዲሁምሀገራትእርስበርሳቸውገለልተኛለመሆን
የሚያደርጉትመደበኛ(ህጋዊ)ስምምነትalignmentይባላል።በዚህም
ምክንያትAlignmentበሶስትይከፈላል።ቡሗላእናየዋለን።
Onecanfirstspeakofalignmenttendencies,inparticular
whethernationalleaderschoosetoally
withcertaincountriesortoremainneutral.
ስለትበብርሲነሳ፣አንዲትሀገርከሆነችሌላሀገርጋተመሳሳይየፖለቲካ
ርዕዮትአለምየምታራምድከሆነይተባበራሉአይደል፤ለምሳሌሩሲያና
ቻይናየcommunism(marxism)ርዕዮትአለምነውየሚያራምዱት፣
ሁለቱምእርስበርስበመተባበርይታወቃሉ።ነገርግንአንዲትሀገርከሌላየሆነች

152. ሀገርጋርተመሳሳይየሆነአቋምናአመለካከትከሌላት፣ከመተባበርይልቅ
ገለልተኛ(neutral)መሆንንትመርጣለች።ስለዚህሀገራትከሌሎችሀገራትጋ
የሚተባበሩትወይምገለልተኛየሚሆኑ፣መሪዎቻቸውእንደሚያንፀባርቁት
የፖለቲካ፣የኢኮኖሚ፣የማህበራዊወዘተርዕዮትአለምመሰረትነው።
ተመሳሳይአመለካከትካላቸውይተባበራሉ፣የተለያየአቋምካላቸውደግሞ
ከመተባበርይልቅገለልተኛመሆንንሊመርጡይችላሉ።
Acountry‘salignmentbehaviorcanvaryfromtimetotime
duringitshistoryinresponsetochangingcircumstancesand
policydecisions.(የአንዲትሀገርየAlignmentባህሪከጊዜወደጊዜ
ሊለዋወጥይችላልምክንያቱምየተለያዩመሪዎችየተለያየየውጭፖሊሲና
የተለያየየፖለቲካየኢኮኖሚርዕዮትአለምስለሚያራምዱ።የአንዲትሀገርየ
Alignmentባህሪማለትሀገሪቱከሌሎችጋየመተባበርወይምገለልተኛ
የመሆኔባህሪማለትነው።)
ከላይእንዳየንውAlignmentበሶስትይከፈላል።እነርሱም
A)Alliance
B)Neutrality
C)Non-alignment.ሶስቱንምእንመልከት።
A)Alliances
Alliancesareformalagreementstoprovidemutualmilitary
assistance(ያዟት);assuch,theycarrylegalweightandcertain
benefitsaswellasrisks.

153. ሀገራትበወታደራዊሁኔታእርስበርስለመተባበር፣ለመደጋገፍየሚያደርጉት
መደበኛ(ህጋዊ)ውልስምምነነትAllianceይባላል።ታዲያይህንንወታደራዊ
ህብረትየሚያደርጉሀገራትAlliedcountriesተብለውይጠራሉ።ታዲያ
ሀገራትይህንንህብረትናትብብርሲያደርጉጥቅምምአለውጉዳትምአለው።
ስለዚህAlliancehasitsownprons(ጥቅም)andcons(ጉዳት).ምንድን
ነውጥቅሙምንድንነውጉዳቱ
ለምሳሌአሜሪካበዚህህብረትበጣምየታወቀችናትየረዥምጊዜልምድ
አላት።ሩሲያናቻይናየአሜሪካተፎካካሪናቸው፤ስለዚህበቀጥታአሜሪካላይ
ተፅዕኖየሚያሳድርወታደራዊቁመናአላቸው።ታዲያአሜሪካምንድንነው
የምታደርገውጦርነቱበቀጥታከሷጋእንዳይመጣከሩሲያናቻይናጎረቤት
ሀገራትጋወታደራዊህብረትትፈጥራለች።ከዩክሬንናታይዋንጋህብረት
ፈጥረዋል‍♂በኛዕድሜእንኳየምናውቀውነው።
#Global
ስለዚህአሜሪካናዩክሬንወይምአሜሪካናታይዋንወታደራዊህብረትሲፈጥሩ
፤ታይዋንላይዩክሬንላይየሁለቱምሀገራትወታደሮችያሉበትወታደራዊ
ካምፕ(base)ይመሰርታሉ፤እንዲሁምለጠላትምቹነውለኛደግሞአስጊነው
ጠላትሊያጠቃንይችላልብለውያሰቡበትቦታላይምወታደራዊካምፕ(base)
ይመሰርታሉ፣ቡዙውንጊዜAtlanticናPacificውቂያኖስአካባቢወታደራዊ
ህብረትይፈጠራል።ስለዚህሀገራትወታደሮቻቸውንናወታደራዊሀብታቸውን
በማዋሀድ(militarypool)፣አስጊቦታዎችንበህብረትበመያዝ(stakeout
territories)ራሳቸውንከጠላትይከላከላሉ።የAllianceጥቅሙይሔነው።
ይኸው
Alliedcountriescanpooltheirmilitaryresources,acquire
accesstoforeignbasesandstakeoutterritoriesthatenemies

154. areonnoticewillbedeniedthembyforceifnecessary.
በተለይአሸባሪዎችንለመከላከልሀገራትወታደራዊህብረትይፈጥራሉ።
አሸባሪብቻሳይሆንጠላትንለመከላከል፣በሆነአካባቢላይየተለየጥቅም
ለማግኘትወዘተ።ለምሳሌእነፈረንሳይጅቡቲላይየጦርካምፕአላቸው
ወዘተ።
የAllianceጉዳቱደግሞ
analliancestatealsorisksinterferencebyalliesinits
domesticaffairs,thepossibilitybeingdragged.
የAllianceጉዳቱ፣ጣልቃገብነትነው።ማለትምለምሳሌ'CountryA'ና
'CountryB'በወታደራዊህብረትስምምነትቢያደርጉ፤CountryAከ
CountryBየተሻለየኢኮኖሚየቴክኖሎጂወዘተዕድገትናአቅምካለው፤
CountryAበCountryBውስጣዊሀገራዊጉዳዮችላይጣልቃየመግባት
አዝማሚያሊኖረውይችላል።አንድሀገርበሌላሀገርውስጣዊጉዳዮችላይ
ጣልቃገባማለትሉአላዊነትተጣሰማለትነው።ስለዚህየAllianceጉዳቱ
ጣልቃገብነትንሊያስከትልይችላል።በርግጥየመከሰትዕድሉበጣምአነስተኛ
ነው።
2)Neutrality
ሁለተኛውየAlignmentአይነትደግሞNeutrality(ገለልተኛነት)ነው።
Neutralityisastanceofformalnonpartisanshipinworldaffairs.

155. Neutralityማለትአንድሀገርከሌላሀገርጋርህብረትአለመፍጠር፤
ገለልተኛመሆንማለትነው።Nonpartisanshipማለትአለማሸርከትማለት
ነው።ለምሳሌአንዲትድሀሀገርከሆነሀብታምሀገርጋህብረትፈጠርኩብላ
ታሸርክታለች።Neutralityማለትአንድሀገርለሁሉምሀገሮችእኩልናሚዛናዊ
አመለካከትኑሮት፣ለአንዱወገንተኛ(partisan)ሳይሆንገለልተኛሁኖመኖር
ነው።ታዲያልክእንደAllianceሁሉNeutralityየራሱየሆነጥቅም(prons)
ናጉዳት(cons)አለው።ጥቅሙ
keepingalowprofile,neutralsmayavoidsomeofthe
problemsassociatedwithalliances,particularlythegenerating
ofpotentialenemiesandcounteralliances.
የNeutrality(ወገንተኛአለመሆን፤አለማሸርከት)ጥቅሙምን
መሰላችሁ፥ጠላትአለማፍራትነው።የዘመናችንጥሩምሳሌልስጣችሁ።
ተመልከቱ
CountryA(America)
CountryB(Russia)
CountryC(Ukraine)
እነዚህሶስትሀገራትንእንመልከት።CountryAናBማለትምአሜሪካና
ሩሲያጠላትናቸው።ዩክሬንደግሞከአሜሪካጋህብረት(alliance)ፈጥራለች።
ዩክሬንከአሜሪካጋህብረትመፍጠሯማሸርከቷ፣ሩሴያዩክሬንንእንደጠላት
እንድትመለከታትአደረጋት፣አያችሁየallianceሌላኛውጉዳትጠላት
ማፍራትነው።ዩክሬንከአሜሪካጋህብረት(alliance)መፍጠሯ፣ሩሲያ
የተባለችጠላትንአፈራባት።በዚህምምክንያትሩሲያዩክሬንንበጦርነትወጋች፤

156. አሁንላይዩክሬንንምስቅልቅሏወጥቷልእየፈራረሰችነው።አያችሁኣየ
allianceጉዳቱ፤በአንድበኩልህብረትስትፈጥሩበሌላበኩልጠላት
እያፈራችሁነው።
ነገርግንCountryCበcountryAናበCountryBመካከል
ገለልተኛ(neutral)አቋምቢኖራት፣ለcountryAወገንተኛ
ባትሆንስማትምዩክሬንበአሜሪካናበሩሲያመካከልገለልተኛ(neutral)
አቋምቢኖራት፣ማለትምዩክሬንከአሜሪካጋህብረትባትፈጥርአርፋ
ብትቀመጥስሩሲያየዩክሬንጠላትትሆንነበርይህሁሉጦርነትይፈጠር
ነበርአይፈጠርም።
አያችሁየNeutralityጥቅሙ፤ጠላትአታፈሩም።ህብረት(alliance)ግን
ጠላትለማፍራትምቹነው።
የNeutralityጉዳቱስምንድንነውይኸው
neutralsmustalsobeawarethatifwarcloudsgather,there
maybenoonecommittedtoprovidingaprotectivemilitary
umbrella.
የNeutralityጉዳቱደግሞበአደጋጊዜአጋዥአለማግኘትነው።አንዲት
ሀገርNeutralናትከማንኛውምአካልጋህብረትናትበብርየላትም።ስለዚህ
ያቺሀገርችግርበሚገጥማትጊዜ፣ጦርነትበሚገጥማትጊዜየሚረዳት
የሚያግዛትአገርአታገኝም።
Switzerlandእስከ2002ድረስለNeutralityጥሩምሳሌየምትሆንሀገር

157. ናት።ከ2002በሗላግንየውጭፖሊሲዋንአሻሽላለች።አያችሁየአገራት
የውጭፖሊሲባህሪከጊዜወደጊዜእንደመሪዎቻቸውየፖለቲካፍልስፍና
ይለዋወጣል።
የሚገርማችሁአንዳንድሀገራትNeutralለመምሰልይሞክራሉ።ምንማለት
መሰላችሁ፣አንድሀገርከሌላሀገርጋበይፋህብረት(aliance)ባትፈጥርም፤
ግንለዛችሀገርትወግናለች።ለምሳሌእስራኤልከአሜሪካጋበይፋ
ህብረት(aliance)አልፈጠረችም።Neutralናትማለትነው።ነገርግንብዙ
ጊዜከአሜሪካጎንትሰለፋለችለአሜሪካትወግናለች።ብልጥናትግን።
አሜሪካጋህብረትከፈጠረችሩሲያናቻይናጠላትሊሆኑባትነው፣ከአሜሪካ
ጎንካልቆመችደግሞአሜሪካጠላትልትሆንባትነው።
3)Non-Alignment
ሶስተኛውየAlignmentአይነትደግሞNon-Alignmentነው።
Nonalignmenthasbeentheforeignpolicypatternofmost
developingstateduringcoldwar.
Mostdevelopingcountrieshadamovement-NonAlignment
Movement(NAM)inwhichtheycalledforanewforeignpolicy
path/choice/tobefolloweddisregardingtheboththeWestand
Eastblocpoliticsandalliances.
Althoughthatwaspracticallyimpossible,NAMhadnoble
agendathatcalledfortheSouth-southcooperation.

158. #Global
Non-alignmentistheforeignpolicyorientationof
internationalactorswhichattempttoasserttheirindependence
fromthemajorpowersinthesystem,andto.
Non-Alignmentማለትበተለይደሀሀገራትበተለይበአለምአቀፍፖለቲካ
ምንምተፅዕኖየሌላቸውሚስኪንሀገራት፤ከአለምልዕለሀያላን
ሀገራት(majorpowers)ተፅዕኖራሳቸውንነፃለማውጣትየፈጠሩትህብረት
ነው። ተመልከቱ፣Non-alignmentማለትከአለምልዕለሀያላን
ሀገራት(majorpowers)ተፅዕኖራሳቸውንነፃለማውጣትድሀሀገራትአቅም
የሌላቸውሀገራትየፈጠሩትህብረትነው።ይህህብረትየተፈጠረውበቀዝቃዛው
ጦርነት(Coldwar)ወቅትነበር።በቀዝቃዛውጦርነትወቅትእነማንናቸው
ልዕለሀያላን(majorpowers)
አሜሪካ(US)ናሶቪየትህብረት(USSR)ናቸው።ስለዚህከነዚህልዕለሀያላን
ሀገራትተፅዕኖለመውጣት፤ድሀሀገራትከአሜሪካናሶቪየትህብረትጋ
ትብብርህብረትአንፈጥርምብለውየራሳቸውን"Non-alignment"ህብረት
ፈጠሩ።
አሜሪካWestBlocPoliticsናት።ሶቪየትህብረትደግሞEastBlock
Politicsናት።ስለዚህከነዚህጋህብረትአንፈጥርምከነሱተፅዕኖነፃ
መውጣትአለብንብለውድሀሀገራትየራሳቸውንህብረትፈጠሩ።ይህህብረት
ደግሞSouth-SouthCooperationየሚልስያሜተሰጠው።
ስለዚህAlignmentንበዚህእንጨረስ።

159. ፈተናእንዲህተብላችሁብትጠየቁስ
___Aformalagreementbetweenstatestoprovidemutual
militarysupport
A)Alignment
B)Aliance
C)Non-alignment
D)Neutrality
መልሱBነውኣ።እንዳትሸወዱሁሉንምበደንብተረዷቸው።
እሺአሁንደግሞሁለተኛውንForeignPolicyDimensionእንማር።
2)Scope
Asecondforeignpolicydimensionisthescopeofa
country‘sactivitiesandinterests.
Somecountrieshaveextensive,far-reachinginternational
contacts,whileothercountrieshavemore
limitedactivitiesabroad.

160. ሁለተኛውForeignPolicyDimensionScopeይባላል።Scopeን
ለመረዳትአንድምሳሌልስጣችሁ።ለምሳሌበመማሪያክፍልውስጥ፣በጣም
ተሳትፎየሚያደርግተማሪይኖራል፤የተወሰነ(መካከለኝ)ተሳትፎየሚያደርግ
ተማሪይኖራል፣ጭራሹንምንምተሳትፎየማያደርግተማሪምይኖራል።ልክ
እንደዚሁ፣በአለምአቀፍግንኙነትበጣምተሳትፎየሚያደርግሀገርይኖራል፣
የተወሰነ(የተገደበ)ተሳትፎየሚያደርግይኖራል፣ጭራሹንምንምተሳትፎ
የማያደርግይኖራል።ስለዚህሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲግባቸው(foreignpolicy
objective)ንለማሳካት፣በአለምአቀፍግንኙነትየሚያደርጉትተሳትፎ
የሚያደርጉትእንቅስቃሴእስከምንያክልድረስነውየሚለውንየሚገልፅልን
Scopeይባላል።ከላይእንዳየንውንቁተሳትፎየሚያደርግአለ፣የተገደበተሳትፎ
የሚያደርግአለ፣ምንምተሳትፎየማያደርግአለ።ስለዚህScopeንመሰረት
በማድረግማለትምየሀገራትየውጭግንኙነትተሳትፎእስከምንድረስነው
የሚለውንመሰረትበማድረግ፤ሀገራትንበሶስትይከፈላሉማለትነው፣
ተሳትፏቸውንመሰረትበማድረግነው።እነርሱም
1)GlobalActors(ንቁተሳታፊበአለምመድረክ)
2)RegionalActors(የተገደበተሳትፎ)
3)Isolationism(ምንምተሳትፎየሌላቸው)
ሶስቱንምእንመልከት።
1)GlobalActors
actinGlobalterms.
interactingregularlywithcountriesinnearlyeveryregionof

161. theworld.
Example:-MajorPowersincludingUSA.
GlobalActorsተብለውየሚጠሩሀገራት፤በአለምአቀፍመድረክንቁ
ተሳትፎየሚያደርጉሀገራትናቸው።
እነዚህበአለምአቀፍመድረክንቁተሳትፎየሚያደርጉትGlobalActors
ተብለውየሚጠሩትሀገራት፤በሁሉምየዓለምግዛቶችውስጥካሉአገሮችጋር
በመደበኛነትግንኙነትያደርጋሉ።
ለGlobalActorsጥሩምሳሌየሚሆኑትልዕለለያላንሀገራት(major
powers)ናቸው።በቀዝቃዛውጦርነትጊዜእነአሜሪካናሶቪየትህብረት
Globalactorsነበሩ።ከColdwarበሗላደግሞበተለይአሜሪካGlobal
Actorsናት።
እነዚህሀገራቶችለምንበአለምአቀፍመድረክንቁተሳታፊሆኑከሁሉም
የአለምክፍልጋግንኙነትያደርጋሉአጭርመልስ፤በአለምላይያላቸውንየ
ወታደራዊ፣የኢኮኖሚያዊናየፖለቲካየበላይነትለማስቀጠልነው።
ስለዚህየGlobalactorsየውጭግንኙነትscope(ስፋት)አለምንበሙሉ
ያካለለነውማለትነው።
2)RegionalActors
interactingprimarilywith

162. neighboringstatesinthesamegeographicalareaexceptfor
contacts,frequentlyconcerningeconomicissuessuchastrade;
withmajoractorslikeUnitedStatesandChinaoutsidetheir
region.
Mostcountriesintheworldareessentiallyregionalactors.
RegionalActorsተብለውየሚጠሩሀገራት፤በአለምአቀፍመድረክ
የተወሰነ(የተገደበ)ተሳትፎየሚያደርጉናቸው።የተገደበነውማለት፤ተሳትፏቸው
በአህጉራቸውየተገደበነው።
እነዚህRegionalActorsተብለውየሚጠሩትሀገራት፤በዋናነትግንኙነት
የሚያደርጉትከራሳቸውአህጉርጋካሉትሀገራትነውበተለይምበተለይም
በድንበርከሚዋሰኗቸውጎረቤትሀገራትጋር።ለምሳሌኬንያregionalactor
ናት፤በዋናነትግንኙነትየምታደርገውከራሷአህጉርጋካሉሀገራትነውማለትም
በአፍሪካአህጉርከሚመደቡሀገራትጋማለትነውበተለይምኢትዮጵያ፣ሩዋንዳ
፣ታንዛኒያ፣ሱዳንከመሳሰሉትጎረቤትሀገራትጋር።
አብዛሀኞቹየአለምሀገራትRegionalActorsናቸው።ማለትምበአለም
አቀፍመድረክተሷትፏቸውየተገደበነው፤ምክንያቱምአብዛሀኞቹሀገራትአቅም
ስለሌላቸውእንደነአሜሪካ።
ከRegionalactorsመካከል፤ደቡብአፍሪካከሌሎችየአፍሪካሀገራትጋ
ግንኙነትበማድረግየታወቀችናች፤ህንድከሌሎችየኢስያሀገራትጋግንኙነት
በማድረግየታወቀችናት።

163. እንግዲህRegionalActorsበዋናነትግንኙነትየሚያደርጉትከራሳቸው
አህጉርጋካሉትሀገራትነውበተለይምበተለይምበድንበርከሚዋሰኗቸው
ጎረቤትሀገራትጋርብለናል።ይህማለትግንከተቀረውየአለምክፍልማለትም
ከአህጉራቸው(region)ውጭካሉሀገራትጋግንኙነትአያደርጉምማለት
አይደለም።
#Global
ከተቀረውአለምጋግንኙነትያደርጋሉ፤በተለይበኢኮኖሚውዘርፍሀያላን
ከሚባሉትከአሜሪካናከቻይናጋየንግድግንኙነትያደርጋሉ።‍♂ቻይና
በተለይከሁሉምየአፍሪካሀገርጋማለትይቻላልየጠበቀትስስርእየፈጠረች
ነው።መንገድግንባታው‍♀፤ማዕድንቁፋሮውወዘተበቻይናነው።
3)Isolationism
isolationismisNationalpolicyofavoidingpoliticalor
economicentanglementswithothercountries.
weaknessorgeographicremoteness,maycausethescope
ofacountry‘sforeignpolicytobecomesonarrowthat
isolationismresults.
ThiswasthecasewithBurmain1960and70s.Few
countrieshaveeverbeentotallycutofffromtheoutsideworld,
andinanageofinterdependence,isolationismbecomesan
increasinglylessviableforeignpolicyorientation.Someofthe
knownglobalactorssuchasUnitedStatesofAmerica,China,

164. andtheex-USSRallhavepassedthroughperiodofrelative
isolationism.
Isolationismማለትአንድሀገርከሌሎችሀገራትጋፖለቲካዊና
ኢኮኖሚያዊቁርኝትላለመፍጠርየሚያወጣውፖሊሲነው።
አንዳንድሀገራትደካማ(ድሀ፣weak)በመሆናቸውናመልከአምድራዊ
አቀማመጣቸውከሌሎችሀገራትጋበጣምየተራራቀከሆነይህን
isolationism(መገለል)ፖሊሲንለመተግበርይገደዳሉ።isolationismከ
Neutralityጋይመሳሰላል።ያውሁለቱም፤ግንኙነትህብረትአለመፍጠር
የሚልፅንሰሀሳብነውያላቸው።
ከ1960-1970Burmaየምትባልሀገርለisolationismጥሩምሳሌናት።
ከውጪውዓለምሙሉበሙሉየተገለሉአገሮችጥቂትናቸውማለትም
isolationismምንየተገበሩሀገራትበጣምጥቂትናቸው፣በተለይእርስበርስ
በመደጋገፍዘመንማለትምበinterdependenceዘመን፣isolationism
ከጊዜወደጊዜአዋጭያልሆነየውጭፖሊሲአቅጣጫሆኗል።እንደዩናይትድ
ስቴትስኦፍአሜሪካ፣ቻይናእናየቀድሞሶቪየትህብረትያሉአንዳንድታዋቂ
ዓለምአቀፍተፅዕኖፈጣሪሀገራትአንጻራዊየመገለልጊዜአሳልፈዋል።
‍♂እነChina,America,SovietUnionያሉሀገራትምisolationism
ነበሩ፤‍♂አስባችሁታል።
ስናጠቃለውScopeሀገራትየውጭግንኙነታቸውእስከምንድረስ
የተለጠጠነው፣ተሳትፏቸውእስከምንድረስነውየሚለውንይገልፅልናል።

165. ለማንኛውምሶስተኛውንForeignPolicyDimensionእንማር።
3)ModeofOperation
themethodofoperationtoaddressdifferentissues.
ModeofOperationማለትአለምአቀፍጉዳዮችን፣አለምአቀፍ
ክስተቶችንበተለይደግሞአለምአቀፍችግሮችንየመፍቻዘዴማለትነው።
ታዲያየተለያዩሀገራትየተለያዩችግርመፍቻዘዴዎችንእንተግብርሊሉይችላሉ
፤ከModeofOperationአንፃርማለትምችግሮችንየመፍቻዘዴከመጠቀም
አንፃርየአለምሀገራትሁለትዘዴዎችንያንፀባርቃሉ።እነርሱም
A)MultilateralMeans.
B)UnilateralMeans.
A)MultilateralMeans.
greateritstendencytoseeksolutionstoproblemsthrough
diplomaticforumsinwhichseveralstatesparticipate,suchas
theUnitedNations,ratherthanutilizingpurelybilateral,country
tocountryapproaches.
እንደየተባበሩትመንግስታት(UN)ባሉበርካታሀገራትበሚሳተፉባቸው
ዲፕሎማሲያዊመድረኮችለችግሮችመፍትሄየመፈለግዝንባሌው
MultilateralApproachይባላል።ገብቷችሗልኣ፤የሆነችግርቢፈጠር፤

166. ለችግሩመፍትሔለማግኘትበተባበሩትመንግስታትምሆነበሌሎችአለም
አቀፍተቋምመሪነት(አማካኝነት)የጋራመድረክተዘጋጅቶየአለምሀገራት
በችግሩዙሪያመክረውተወያይተውመፍትሔለማምጣትየሚያደርጉትሒደት፥
Multilateralmeansይባላል።ስለዚህቸግሩበጥቂትሀገራትማለትም
በሁለትበሶስትሀገራት(bilateral)ትብብርከመፈታትይልቅአብዛሀኞቹን
የአለምሀገራትንባሳተፈመልኩችግሮችንለመፍታትየሚደረገውዘዴ
Multilateralmeansይባላል።
አስተውላችሁእንደሆነ፤የአለምሙቀትመጨመር፣የኢንዱትስሪየጋዝ
ልቀትመጨመር፣እያሉየአለምሀገራትይሰበሰባሉኣ።በተለይአፍሪካበእነዚህ
መድረኮችትታወቃለች።
Mostdevelopingcountriesusedthemultilateral
approaches(አብዛሀኞቹድሀሀገራትmultilateralapproachንይከተላሉ)
ምክንያቱም
multilateralforumwouldenhancecollectivebarragingpower
ofthese countries vis-a-vis otherdeveloped
countries.(multilateralmeansድሀሀገራትበአንድላይየጋራሀይልና
ድምፅእንዲኖራቸውበማድረግየአደጉሀገራትንተፅዕኖናወሳኔ
ይከላከልላቸዋል)
establishingbilateralrelations(establishingEmbassiesand
assigningdiplomaticstaffs)areoftenfoundtobe
costly.(የሁለትዮሽግንኙነትመመስረትማለትምከmultilateralይልቅ
bilateralapproachመጠቀምኢምባሲዎችንማቋቋምእናየዲፕሎማቲክ
ባለሙያዎችንመመደብስለሚፈልግብዙወጪይጠይቃል።ወጪማውጣት
ደግሞለደሀሀገራትይከብዳል።

167. በነዚህሁለትምክንያትድሀሀገራትmultilateralapproachምርጫቸው
ነው።
B)UnilateralMeans.
Theyplaythecarrotandstickdiplomacytoaffectthe
outcomesofeventsorinfluencethebehaviorsofothers.
likeIntervention,threatofuseofforceandsometime,useof
force.
Unilateralmeansማለትለችግሮችየጋራየሆነመፍትሔአያስፈልግም፤
በጥቂትሀገራትጥረትመፍታትይቻላልየሚልየአንዳንድሀብታምናሀያላን
ሀገራትአመለካከትነው።ከብዙሀኑአመለካከትተቃራኒመቆምማለትነው።
ለምሳሌአሜሪካብቻዋንአለምአቀፋዊጉዳዮችላይመወሰንትችላለች
የሌሎችሀገራትንመፍትሔችላበማለት።
unilateralሎች"CarrotandStick"የተባለዲፕሎማሲይጠቀማሉ።ስለ
ዲፕሎማሲስንማርበሰፊውእናየዋለን።
ጣልቃገብነት፣ዛቻናሀይልይጠቀማሉ።አሜሪካበአባይግድብምሳሌመሆን
ይችላል።
©A+

168. Alliances
ምስሉAllianceንበጥሩሁኔታለመግለፅየቀረበነው።
አስባችሁታል፤የሁለትየተለያዩሀገራትወታደሮችወታደራዊ
ውህደት(Militarypool)በማካሔድ፤ስልጠናአድርገውበአንድላይሲዋጉ።
የአሜሪካናየታይላንድወታደሮችበታይላንድሀገርኩላዩትተብሎ
በሚጠራውስፍራጥር30,2019ላይየጋራወታደራዊልምምድሲያደርጉ
የሚያሳይምስልነው።
ስለዚህአሜሪካናታይላንድAlliedCountriesተብለውይጠራሉ።
የAllianceጉዳቱጣልቃ-ገብነትናጠላትማፍራትነውብለናል።ስለዚህ
አሜሪካየፈረጠመችስለሆነችበታይላንድውስጣዊጉዳዮችላይጣልቃ
የመግባትአዝማሚያሊኖራትይችላል።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends.
ChapterTwo-UnderstandingForeignPolicyandDiplomacy.
InstrumentsofForeignPolicy.

169. InstrumentsofForeignPolicyማለትሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲያቸውን
ለማስፈፀምየሚጠቀሟቸውመሳሪያዎችማለትነው፤የውጭፖሊሲ
ማስፈፀሚያመሳሪያማለትነው።ሁለትዋናዋናForeignPolicy
instrumentቶችአሉ።
1)Diplomacy
2)Economy
እያንዳንዳቸውንበዝርዝርእንማር።
1)Diplomacy
Diplomacyistheartandscienceofmaintainingpeaceful
relationshipsbetweennations,groups,orindividuals.
Often,diplomacyreferstorepresentativesofdifferent
groupsdiscussingsuchissuesasconflict,trade,the
environment,technology,orsecurity.Peoplewhopractice
diplomacyarecalleddiplomats.
ዲፕሎማሲማለትበሀገሮች፣በቡድኖችወይምበግለሰቦችመካከል
ሰላማዊግንኙነትንየማስቀጠልጥበብእናሳይንስነው።
ብዙውንጊዜዲፕሎማሲእንደግጭት፣እንደንግድ፣እንደ
አካባቢ(environment)፣እንደቴክኖሎጂወይምእንደደህንነትባሉጉዳዮች

170. ላይየሚወያዩትንየተለያዩቡድኖችተወካዮችንያመለክታል።የዲፕሎማሲስራ
የሚሰሩሰዎችደግሞዲፕሎማትይባላሉ።
ስለዚህበተለይሀገራትበግጭት፣በንግድ፣በቴክኖሎጂውዘርፍ፣
በአካባቢጥበቃጉዳዮች፣በደህንነታቸውዙሪያወዘተባሉጉዳዮች
በተወካዮቻቸውአማካኝነትውይይትየማድረግሒደትDiplomacyይባላል።
Diplomacy-isaprocessbetweenactors(diplomats,usually
representingastate)whoexistwithinasystem(international
relations)andengagein
privateandpublicdialogue.
✓diplomacycanpromoteexchangesthatenhancetrade,
culture,wealthandknowledge.
Diplomacyማለትበአለምአቀፍግንኙነትስርአትውስጥያሉሀገራቶች፤
ዲፕሎማትተብለውበሚጠሩትተወካዮቻቸውአማካኝነትበግልምምበሕዝባዊ
መድረክምየሚያደርጉየግንኙነትሒደትነው።
ዲፕሎማሲንግድን፣ባህልን፣ሀብትንናእውቀትንየሚያጎለብቱ
ልውውጦችንበማድረግረገድከፍተኛአስተዋዕፆአለው።
Diplomacyisnotforeignpolicybutpartofforeignpolicy.(
DiplomacyማለትForeignPolicyማለትአይደለም፣ነገርግንForeign
Policyንማስፈፀሚያመሳሪያነው።ስለዚህDiplomacyአንዱየForeign
PolicyአካልነውእንጂDiplomacyማለትForeignPolicyማለት

171. አይደለም።)
የሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲደግሞሁለትከሁለትመሰረታዊነገሮችነው
የተሰራው
state‘sforeignpolicyhastwokeyingredients;itsactionsand
itsstrategies.(ፖሊሲውንተግባራዊማድረግናፖሊሲውንተግባራዊ
ለማድረግሀገራትየሚጠቀሙትዘዴወይምስትራቴጂለውጭፖሊሲቁልፍ
ሚናይጫወታሉ።)
forachievingitsgoals
➢Theinteractiononestatehaswithanotherisconsideredthe
actofitsforeignpolicy.Thisacttypicallytakesplacevia
interactionsbetweengovernmentpersonnelthroughdiplomacy.
ሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲግባቸውንለማሳካት፣የውጭፖሊሲያቸውንባማከለ
መልኩከሌሎችሀገራትጋግንኙነትያደርጋሉ።ይህግንኙነትደግሞ
የሚካሔደውበDiplomacyአማካኝነትነው።ስለዚህዲፕሎማሲየግንኙነት
ማስፈፀሚያመሳሪያነው።
Diplomacyisacomplexgameofmaneuverinwhichthegoal
isto
influencethebehaviorsofothersinonesinterest.

172. Diplomacyብስለትየሚጠይቅ፣ከስሜታዊነትይልቅአስተዋይነትን
ጥበበኛነትንየሚጠይቅውስብስብየሆነአለምአቀፍጨዋታነው።
ምክንያቱምዋናአላማው፤ሌሎችንአሳምኖሌሎችላይተፅዕኖፈጥሮከ
ሌሎችአስፈላጊውንጥቅምማግኘትስለሆነ።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያከአሜሪካ
መድሀኒቶችንበቅናሽዋጋማስገባትአንዱየውጭፖሊሲአላማነው፤ይህን
ለማድረግግንበሳልየሆነዲፕሎማሲያዊአካሒያድይፈልጋል፤ምክንያቱም
የኢትዮጵያንጥቅምባስከበረመልኩ፣ተጠቃሚልትሆንበምትችልበትመልኩ
አሜሪካንበዲፕሎማሲበማሳመንከአሜሪካአስፈላጊውንጥቅምማግኘት
ስለሆነአላማው።የብልፅግናመንግስትበዲፕሎማሲየከሰረነው።
የጥንቱዲፕሎማሲናየአሁኑዘመናዊውዲፕሎማሲምንእንደሚመስል
በትንሹእንመልከት።
Pastdiplomacy
➢practicedinformalisticandsomewhatrigidmannerthatwas
limitedtothebilateralrelationsofcountriesasbeing
representedthrough
theambassadorshostedinforeignsoil.
Thebargainingprocessandotherdiplomaticprocess,such
asexchangeofideaswerethebusinessofambassadors,
undertakenunderclosedandsecretmanner.
በድሮጊዜየነበረውዲፕሎማሲበአገሮችየሁለትዮሽግንኙነትላይየተገደበ
መደበኛእናበተወሰነደረጃግትር(rigid)በሆነመንገድየሚተገበርነበር።

173. በአገሮችየሁለትዮሽግንኙነትየተገደበነበርማለት፣በድሮጊዜሁለት
ሀገራትዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነትሲያደርጉግንኙነትሁለቱንሀገራትበሚወክሉት
አምባሳደሮችብቻነበር፣ለዛውምአምባሳደሮቹውይይትሲያደርጉ
ሚስጥራዊናዝግበሆነሁኔታውስጥነው።
ስለዚህበድሮጊዜዲፕሎማሲበመንግስታትብቻየተገደበነበር፤
መንግስታትብቻነውዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነትየሚያደርጉት።ስለዚህየድሮው
ዲፕሎማሲአክተሮች(ተዋናዮች)መንግስታት(states)ብቻናቸው።
የአሁኑ፣ዘመናዊውበተለይምየ21ኛውክፍለዘመንዲፕሎማሲግንከድሮው
ይለያል
Nowdaysdiplomacy
involvespowerfulactorsthatarenotstateslikeinternational
non-governmentalorganizations(INGOs)andinternational
governmentalorganizations(IGOs),Theseactorsregularlytake
partinareasofdiplomacyandoftenmateriallyshapeoutcomes.
#Global
የድሮውዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነትበሀገራት(መንግስታት)መካከልብቻ
የሚደረግነበርብለናል፤የአሁኑዘመንዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነትግንከሀገራት
መንግስታትበተጨማሪ፤አለምአቀፋዊመንግስታዊያልሆኑድርጅቶች(INGOs)
፥አለምአቀፋዊመንግስታዊድርጅቶች(IGOs)ንምያካትታል።ለምሳሌከ
INGOsመካከልUNICEF,WFPምንመጥቀስይቻላል፤ከlGOsመካከል

174. ደግሞUN,IMFወዘተ።ስለዚህእነዚህድርጅቶችምዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነት
ያደርጋሉ።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያከአለምአቀፍየገንዘብአበዳሪተቋም(IMF)
ብድርትበደራለች።ይህብድርየሚመጣውኢትዮጵያናIMFበሚያደርጉት
ዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነትየሚመጣነው።ሌላምሳሌድሀሀገራትከUNICEF,
WFPስንዴዘይትወዘተርዳታይሰጣቸዋል፤ይህየዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነት
ውጤትነው።
ስለዚህINGOsናIGOsበአሁኑዘመንዲፕሎማሲውስጥንቁተሳትፎ
ያደርጋሉ።በተለይየብድርናዕርዳታ(materially)ላይንቁተሳትፎያደርጋሉ።
Therearosemultilateraldiplomacy,publicdiplomacy,leader-
to-leader(summitrydiplomacy)insharpcontrasttosecret
diplomacyandbilateraldiplomacy.
የድሮውዲፕሎማሲበሁለትሀገራትብቻየሚደረግየሁለትዮች
ግንኙነት(bilateral)ነበር፣ግንኙነቱምሚስጥራዊ(secretdiplomacy)
ነበር።
የአሁኑዘመናዊውዲፕሎማሲደግሞበሁለትሀገራትብቻ
የሚገደብ(bilateral)አይደለም፣አንዲትሀገርከበርካታሀገራትጋ
ዲፕሎማሲያዊግንኙነትታደርጋለች(multilateraldiplomacy)፣የአሁኑ
ዘመናዊውዲፕሎማሲሚስጥራዊሳይሆንይፋዊነው(publicdiplomacy)
ነው፤የድሮውዳፕሎማሲሀገራቱንበሚወክሉአምባሳደሮችመካከልየሚደረግ
ወይይትነበር፤የአሁኑዘመናዊውዳፕሎማሲግንከአምባሳደሮችበተጨማሪ
በሀገራቱመሪዎችመካከልየሚደረግውይይትንምያካትታል(Summitry
diplomacy)።

175. የDiplomacyዋናውጥቅሙ(essence)ምንይመስላችሗል
Theessenceofdiplomacyisbargaining.
የዲፕሎማሲዋናጥቅሙ(ፍሬነገሩ)Bargaing(መደራደር)ነው።
Bargaing(Haggling)ማለት
Bargainingisameansofsettlingdifferencesoverpriorities
betweencontestantsthroughanexchangeofproposalsfor
mutuallyacceptablesolutions.
Bargaing(ድርድር)ማለትሀገራትቅድሚያበሚሰጧቸውጉዳዮችላይ
የሚፈጠሩልዩነቶችን፤በጋራተቀባይነትያላቸውንየመፍትሄሃሳቦች
በመለዋወጥየመፍታትዘዴነው።ገብቷችሗልኣ፤ለምሳሌሁለትሀገራት
በውጭፖሊሲያቸውቅድሚያየሰጧቸውጉዳዮችቢኖሩ፤እነዚህሁለቱሀገራት
ቅድሚያየሰጧቸውጉዳዮችልዩነትቢኖራቸውየማይስማሙከሆኑ፤በሁለቱ
ሀገራትመካከልዲፕሎማሲይካሔዳል፤የዲፕሎማሲውመካሔድዋናጥቅሙ
ሁለቱምሀገራትየሚስማሙባቸውበጋራየሚቀበሉትመፍትሔበማቅረብ
እነዚህንልዩነቶችየመፍታትዘዴነው።ይህዘዴBargaining(ድርድር)ይባላል።
ለBargaingጥሩምሳሌልስጣችሁ።ለምሳሌአንተሱሪለመግዛትልብስ
ቤትሔድክ፤ሱሪሻጩነጋዴየሱሪውዋጋ1500ብርእንደሆነነገረህ።
ሱሪውንወደኸዋልመግዛትትፈልጋለህነገርግን1500ብርአልፈለክም።
አሁን፥በሻጭናበገዢመካከልልዩነትተፈጠረ።ሻጭ1500ብርብሏል፣
ገዢደግሞ1500ብርመሆንየለበትምብሏል።ስለዚህሁለቱምማለትም
ገዢምሻጭምልዩነታቸውንአጥብበው፣ሁለቱንምተጠቃሚሊያደርግየሚችል
የመፍትሔሀሳብ(ስምምነት)ያቀርባሉ። ይሕየመፍትሔሀሳብ

176. Bargaining(ድርድር)ይባላል።አሁንሻጭናገዢይደራደራሉ፣ገዢ1,000ብር
ልግዛህሲለው፣ሻጭደግሞእጎዳብሀለሁአያዋጣምበቃ1,400ውሰድ
እየተባባሉይደራደራሉ፣በመጨረሻምሁለቱምልዩነታቸውንእያጠበቡ
እያጠበቡያወጣናልበሚለውዋጋተስማምተውሁለቱምተጠቃሚያደርገናል
በሚሉትዋጋተደራድረው ይገበያያሉማለትነው። በቃ
Bargaining(Haggling)ማለትይህነው።
ልክእንደሱሪሻጩናገዢው፣ሀገራትምልዩነታቸውንእያጠበቡብሔራዊ
ጥቅማችንንያስጠብቅልናልብለውባሰቡትመንገድይደራደራሉ፤ዙሮዙሮ
ጥቅምለማግኘትነውየሚደራደሩት።ታዲያDiplomaticbargain
የመሪዎችንብስለት፣ጥበበኛነት፣አስተዋይነትናአሳማኝነትይጠይቃል
ምክንያቱምበድርድሩአሳማኝናጥበበኛሁነውካልቀረቡከሚጠቀሙትነገር
ይልቅየሚጎዱበትነገርያመዝናል፤ሆደሰፊመሆንምያስፈልጋል።የብልፅግና
መንግስትየዘቀጠዲፕሎማሲበማካሔድየታወቀነው።
በአለምታሪክውስጥለDiplomacybargainጥሩምሳሌየሚሆኑት"
NelsonMandela"ናቸውአንብቡት።
Diplomaticbargainingisusedprimarilytoreachagreements,
compromises,andsettlementswheregovernmentsobjectives
conflict.
ከላይእንዳየንውDiplomaticBargainዋናጥቅሙ፤ሀገራት(መንግስታት)
በውጭፖሊሲያቸውላይልዩነትቢኖር፣በመደራደርልዩነቶችንፈቶስምምነት
ላይመድረስነውዋናጥቅሙ።
ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያከቻይናመኪኖችንለማስመጣትፈልጋ፣መኪኖቹውድ

177. ቢሆኑ፣ስለዚህኢትዮጵያከቻይናጋድርድርአድርጋቻይናንአሳምናመኪኖቹን
በተመጣጣኝዋጋስታስመጣይህdiplomaticbargainይባላል።በንግድብቻ
ሳይሆንበፖለቲካውምበቴክኖሎጂውምበትምህርቱምወዘተተመሳሳይሒደት
አለ።
DiplomaticBargainማለትየሀገራትን(መንግስታትን)ሀሳብሊያስቀይር
የሚችልድርድርማድረግነውብለናል።ይህማለትደግሞ
የሀገራትን(የመንግስታትን)የውጭፖሊሲግብን፣ተግባርንናአመለካከትን
ማስቀየርማለትነውአይደል።ለምሳሌየኢትዮጵያየውጭፖሊሲከአሜሪካ
የውጭፖሊሲጋልዩነትካለውለአሜሪካየማይጠቅምከሆነ፣ኢትዮጵያ
የውጭፖሊሲዋንእንዲታሻሽልእንድትለውጥድርድርታደርጋለች።ኢትዮጵያም
እንደዛው።
አስቡት፣ታዲያአንዲትሀገርየውጭፖሊሲግቧንናአመለኳከቷንበቀላሉ
ታሻሽላለችትለውጣለችወይ?ኢትዮጵያለአሜሪካብላፖሊሲዋንታሻሽላለች?
አሜሪካለኢትዮጵያብላፖሊሲዋንታሻሽላለች?በቀላሉአያሻሽሉም
አይለውጡም።
ስለዚህድርድሩ(bargain)በቀላሉአይካሔድም።ስለዚህበድርድሩ
አማካኝነትአንዲትሀገርየውጭፖሊሲዋንእንድታሻሽልለማድረግ፣የተለያዩ
ዘዴዎችንመጠቀምግድነው።ለምሳሌበማሳመን(persuasion)፣ጥቅማ
ጥቅምበመስጠትበተለይድሀሀገራትን፣በማስፈራራትበዛቻማዕቀብ
በመጣልወዘተ።ይኸው
Theattempttochangethepolicies,actions,attitudesand
objectivesofothergovernmentandtheirdiplomatsby
persuasion,offeringrewards,exchangeconcessions,ormaking
threats.

178. #Global
Thus,likeanyforeignpolicyinstruments,diplomatic
bargainingalsoespousesanelementofpowerorinfluence.(
ድርድሩበሀሳብማሳመንካልተሳካ፣ሀይልመጠቀምሊኖርይችላል።)
እሺአሁንደግሞ፤ሀገራትበዲፕሎማሲውዘርፍውጤታማእንዲሆኑ
የዲፕሎማሲያዊባህሪያቸውምንምንመሆንአለበትየሚለውንእንማር።
RulesofEffectiveDiplomacy
ውጤታማፍሬያማዲፕሎማሲለማካሔድ፣ሀገራትመከተልያለባቸውና
ማድረግያለባቸውመመሪያዎች
Berealistic-havegoalsthatmuchyourabilitytoachieve
them.
Berealisticማለትከእውነታውጋርአብሮመጓዝማለትነው።እውነታው
ምንድንነው ሀገራትያሉበትንነባራዊእውነታባገናዘበመልኩማለትም
አቅማቸውንመሰረትያደረገየውጭፖሊሲግብሊቀርፁይገባል።አቅማቸውን
መሰረትያደረገየውጭፖሊሲግብከቀረፁፖሊሲውንማሳካትይችላሉ፤
ከአቅማቸውበላይየሆነፖሊሲግብከቀረፁግንፖሊሲውንማሳካት
አይችሉም።ስለዚህሀገራትሊያሳኩትየሚችሉትአቅማቸውንመሰረትያደረገ
ፖሊሲሊቀርፁይገባል፣ይህደግሞRealisticruleተብሎይጠራል።
ለምሳሌየቻይናናሱዳንነባራዊዕውነታምንድንነውአቅማቸውበጣም
የተለያየነው፤ስለዚህሱዳንከቻይናጋሊስተካከልየሚችልፖሊሲማውጣት

179. አትችልም።አቅሟንያገናዘበፖሊሲነውማውጣትያለባት።አቅምንአውቆ
መኖርታላቅችሎታነውብሏልዘፋኙ።
Becarefulaboutwhatyousay-plansoutandweighswords
carefully.
ሀገራትስለሌሎችሀገራትስለሚናገሩትነገርመጠንቀቅአለባቸው።ሀገራት
ስለሌሎችሀገራትለመናገርካሰቡ፥እቅድአውጥተውየሚናገሩትንነገር
በጥንቃቄመርምረውመዝነውነውመሆንያለበትምክንያቱምቃልይገነባልም
ያፈርሳልም።አንዲትሀገርስለሆነችሀገርመጥፎንግግርከተናገረችከዛች
ሀገርጋፀብውስጥትገባለች፤ስለዚህዲፕሎማሲያዊክስረትያስከትላል።
ዶናልድትራምፕጥሩምሳሌነውሀገራትንበመዝለፍ።
Seekcommonground-maintainadegreeofflexibility.
Seekcommongoodማለትስግብግብነትንናራስወዳድነትንማስወገድ
ማለትነው።ሀገራትበተለያዩዘርፎችግንኙነትሲያደርጉ፣ግንኙነቱየጋራ
ጥቅምን(commongood)ሊያስጠበቅበሚችልመልኩእንዲሆንማድረግ
ማለትነው።ማለትምእኔብቻልጠቀምእኔብቻላግኝከሚልየስግብግብነትና
የራስወዳድነትአስተሳሰብንበመተው፣የጋራጥቅምእንዲኖርመፈለግማለት
ነው።በግንኙነቱአንዲትሀገርእኔብቻልጠቀምካለችዲፕሎማሲያዊክስረት
ይገጥማታልምክንያቱምእሷንብቻየሚያስጠቅምግንኙነትማንምሀገርጋ
አይፈቅድላትም።ለምሳሌህንድናብራዚልበግብርናዘርፍግንኙነትቢያደርጉ፣
ህንድበግንኙነቱእኔብቻተጠቃሚልሆንብላግትርየምትልከሆነብራዚልእሺ
የምትልይመስላችሗል?አትልም።ስለዚህእኔብቻልጠቀምየሚልግትር(rigid)
አስተሳሰብንበመተውበጋራእንጠቀምየሚልተራማጅ(flexible)አስተሳሰብን
ሀገራትማራመድአለባቸውስኬታማዲፕሎማሲእንዲኖራቸው።

180. Understandtheotherside-Likeappreciateanopponent‘s
perspectiveevenifyoudonotagreewithit.
ሌላኛውንሀገር(ወገን)መረዳት።ምንማለትመሰላችሁ፣ለምሳሌሁለት
ዲፕሎማቶችበሁለቱሀገራትዙሪያእየተወያዩነውእንበል፥እናየአንድኛውሀገር
ዲፕሎማትበዛኛውሀገርዳፕሎማትሀሳብአልተስማማምእንበል።ታዲያ
ምንምእንኳንበሀሳቡባይስማማ፣ሀሳቡንማድነቅአለበት።ይሔየድርድሩ
አንድአካልነው።"ያነሳኸውንሀሳብአደንቃለሁ"ማለትአለበት። አይ
በሀሳብህአልተስማማሁምብሎዘራፍካለግንከሀገሪቱየሚፈለገውንጥቅም
ማግኘትአይቻልም።ይህበኛዕለትተዕለትህይወትምብናደርገውጥሩ
ይመስለኛልየዳኒምክርነው።የምትፈልጉትንጉዳይለማስፈፀምብልህ
ተደራዳሪሁናችሁመቅረብአለባችሁ።
Bepatient-Beingoverlyanxiouscanleadtoconcessions
thatare
unwiseandmayconveyweaknesstoanopponent.
ታጋሽነትያስፈልጋል፤ከመጠንበላይቀዥቃዣመሆንግንኙነቶቹንበችኮላ
ማስኬድጥበብየጎደለውእናደካማለሆነስምምነትሊያጋልጥይችላል።
ስለዚህሰከንብሎ፣አውጥቶአውርዶ፣ግራቀኙንአይቶበመረጋጋትያለችኮላ
ስምምነቶችንማድረግያስፈልጋል።
Leaveavenuesofretreatopen-itisimportanttoleave
yourselfandyouropponentan“Out”.
ይኸኛውደግሞማፈግፈግነው።ግንኙነቱንአይቶ፣መርምሮአገናዝቦ፣
አውጥቶአውርዶ፤ግንኙነትከጥቅሙይልቅጉዳቱየሚያመዝንከሆነወደሗላ

181. ማፈግፈግራስንከግንኙነቱማራቅማለትነው።
እንግዲህእነዚህከላይየተዘረዘሩትስድስቱመመሪያዎች፣ሀገራት
ውጤታማየሆነዲፕሎማሲለማካሔድሊከተሏቸውየሚገቡህጎችናቸው።
Ingeneral,statesmakeconsiderableuseofwhatareknown
tobe“carrotandstick”approaches.
በጥቅሉሀገራትCarrotandStickየተባለየዲፕሎማሲዘዴን
ይጠቀማሉ።Carrotምንድንነው?Stickምንድንነው?የሚለውንእንማር።
#Global
CarrotandStickApproachማለት፥በተለይፈርጣማሀገራትወይም
ፈርጣማአለምአቀፍድርጅቶች(UN,EU)፤የሌሎችሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲ
ለነዚህፈርጣማሀገራትየማይስማማየማይመችየሚቃረንከሆነ፣ሀገራቱ
ፖሊሲያቸውንእንዲያሻሽሉእንዲለውጡእነዚህፈርጣማሀገራትዛቻ(threat)፣
ቅጣት(punishment)፣ሽልማት(reward)ናቃልመግባት(promise)እነዚህ
አራቱንዘዴዎችመጠቀም"CarrotandStick"Approachይባላል።
ዛቻናቅጣትstickapproachይባላሉ፤ሽልማትናቃልመግባትደግሞ
carrotapproachይባላሉ።ያዟቸውፈተናላይስለሚወጡ።እስኪሁለቱንም
እንማራቸው።
➢stickapproach

182. አንዳንድሀገራትወይምአለምአቀፍመንግስታዊድርጅቶችየሌሎችሀገራት
የውጭ ፖሊሲ ካልተመቻቸው ፣ፖሊሲያቸውንእንዲቀይሩ
ዛቻ(ማስፈራሪያ)ሲጠቀሙእንዲሁምከማስፈራራትበዘለለቅጣትሲጠቀሙ
stickapproachይባላል።ስለዚህstickapproachዛቻ(threat)ና
ቅጣት(punishment)ንየያዘነው።
✓Threats-involvehypotheticalaction.
✓Punishmentinvolve-areaaction.
LogicላይHypotheticalsyllogismተምረናልኣ።እንደዛማለትነው።
if...thenየሆነconditionalsentenceማለትነው።Hypothetical
actionማለት፤"ይህንነገርካደረክብድርአልሰጥህምማዕቀብእጥልብሀለሁ
ወታደራዊእርምጃእወስድብሀለሁወዘተመዛትማስፈራራትነው።"
ለምሳሌየሩሲያናዩክሬንጦርነትከመጀመሩበፊት፣ሩሲያዩክሬንላይዝታ
ነበር።ዩክሬንየNATOአባልየምትሆኚከሆነወታደራዊእርምጃ
እወስድብሻለሁብላሩሲያዝታነበር።ስለዚህዩክሬንየውጪፖሊሲዋን
እንድትቀይርሩሲያዛቻ(threat)ተጠቀመች።ይህዛቻthreatበመባል
የሚጠራstickapproachሲሆን፤ዛቻው(threat)ደግሞHypothetical
actionነውማለትምይህንካደረክይህንአደርግብሀለሁብሎመዛት።
ሀገሪቱየማትሰማከሆነ፤ከዛቻውበሗላወደተግባርማለትምወደርምጃ
ነውየሚኬደው።ይህደግሞpunishmentተብሎይጠራል።
Punishmentሁለተኛውየstickapproachአይነትሲሆንareaaction

183. ነው።areaactionነውማለትተግባራዊየሚሆንነው።
ለምሳሌሩሲያዩክሬንላይዝታነበር፣የኔቶአባልከሆንሽወታደራዊእርምጃ
እወስዳለሁብላዝታነበር።ዩክሬንሩሲያንአልሰማችም፣የኔቶአባልለመሆን
ተንቀሳቀሰች።በዚህጊዜከዛቻባለፈሩሲያዩክሬንላይወታደራዊእርምጃ
በመውሰድበጦርወረረቻት።ይህወታደራዊርምጃደግሞPunishment
ይባላል።በተግባርየሚፈፀምነው(areaaction)።
አስተውላችሁእንደሆነእነአሜሪካበኢራን፣በደቡብኮሪያ፣በሩሲያ፣
በቱርክላይወዘተማዕቀብይጥላሉ።ማዕቀቡቅጣት(punishment)ነው።እነ
የአውሮፓህብረት(EU)፣የተባበሩትመንግስታት(UN)በተለያዩሀገራትላይ
ማዕቀብይጥላሉ።ይህማዕቀብቅጣት(punishment)ነው።
ስለዚህStickApproachየምንላቸውዛቻ(threat)ና
ቅጣት(punishment)ሲሆኑ፣ዛቻhypotheticalactionነውማለትም
ይህንካደረክይህንአደርግብሀለሁብሎማስፈራራትመዛትማለትነው።ቅጣት
ደግሞareaactionነውማለትምበተግባርየሚፈፀምነው።
CarrotApproach
አንዳንድሀገራትወይምአለምአቀፍመንግስታዊድርጅቶችየሌሎችሀገራት
የውጭፖሊሲካልተመቻቸው፣ፖሊሲያቸውንእንዲቀይሩ፤ይህንካደረክ
እንደዚህአደርግልሀለሁብለውቃልመግባት(promise)ናሽልማት(reward)
መስጠትcarrotapproachይባላል።ስለዚህcarrotapproachቃል
መግባት(promise)ንናሽልማት(reward)ንየያዘነው።

184. ✓Promise-ishypotheticalaction,aimsatinfluencingthe
behaviors
basedonthefuturehopeofgivingsomething.
✓Promiseinvolveshypotheticalaction.
Promiseማለትይህንንነገርካደረክወይምይህንንነገርካላደረክ፤
እንደዚህአይነትነገሮችንአደርግልሀለሁብሎቃልመግባትማለትነው።
ለምሳሌብርእሰጥሀለሁ፣ወታደራዊመሳሪያእሰጥሀለሁ፣ቴክኖሎጂ
አቀርብልሀለሁወዘተብሎቃልመግባትነው። በጥቅማጥቅምመደለል
ማለትነው።ለምሳሌአሜሪካለሱዳንእንዲህአለቻት"ከቻይናጋያለሺን
ግንኙነትከቸውሽ፣ያለብሽንብድርሙሉለሙሉእሰርዝልሻለሁበተጨማሪም
ወታደራዊናኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፍአደርግልሻለሁብላቃልገባችላት"ይህ
የአሜሪካለሱዳንቃልመግባትpromiseይባላል፤ይህpromiseደግሞ
carrotapproachይባላል።
Promisehypotheticalactionማለትነው፤ማለትምይህንካደረክ
ይህንአደርግልሀለሁየሚልconditional(if....then)ይዘትያለውነው።
conditionalማለትበሁኔታዎችየሚወሰንማለትነው።
✓Reward-isapromiseinaction.
✓Rewardinvolvesreal(area)action.
Rewardደግሞapromiseinactionማለትነው።ምንማለት
ነውRewardማለትየተገባውቃልተግባራዊሲሆንማለትነው።

185. ለምሳሌሱዳንከቻይናጋያላትንግንኙነትብታቆምናአሜሪካለሱዳን
የገባችውንቃልተግባራዊካደረገችrewardይባላል። ሱዳንከቻይናጋ
ግንኙነችስላቆመችሽልማትእየተሰጣትማለትነው።
Rewardarea(real)actionነውማለትምተግባራዊየሚሆንነው።
ፈተናላይእንዲህብትጠየቁስ
Inacarrotandstickapproach,thestickapproach
represents____
A)Economicaid
B)Offeringprojectgrants
C)EconomicSanction
D)All.
መልሱCነውኣ።Sanctionማለትማዕቀብማለትነው።ማዕቀብመጣል
ደግሞpunishmentነው።punishmentደግሞstickapproachነው።
AናBግንcarrotapproachናቸው።ኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፍማድረግ፣ትላልቅ
ፕሮጀክቶችንመስራት ማታለያጥቅማጥቅምናቸው፤rewardናቸው።
ስለዚህፈተናበዚህመልኩተዘጋጁ።

186. ስለDiplomacyይህንካዬንበቂነው።ሁለተኛውየውጭፖሊሲ
ማስፈፀሚያመሳሪያ(foreignpolicyinstrument)ደግሞEconomyነው።
እሱንወደቡሗላላይእንቀጥላለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
ተመልከቱ❗CarrotandStickApproach❗
"የሚወዱትንእያሳየህወደምትፈልገውቦታንዳቸው‍♂።"የCarrot
andStickApproachዲፕሎማሲያዊመርህነው።
አያችሁኣ፣የፈረጠሙሀገራትየኢኮኖሚድጋፍ፣የመሳሪያድጋፍ፣
የቴክኖሎጂድጋፍናየትላልቅፕሮጀክቶችድጋፍበማድረግበሌላአባባልለድሀ
ሀገራትናለመካከለኛሀገራትጥቅማጥቅምበመስጠት፣የፈረጠሙሀገራት
በሚፈልጉትመልኩየድሀናየመካከለኛሀገራትንየውጭፖሊስማስፈቀረፅነው
አላማው።
አያችሁኣዲፕሎማሲበብስለት፣በጥበበኛነትናበብልሀትመመራት
የሚገባውውስብስብየአለምመድረክጨዋታነው።መሪዎችበዲፕሎማሲው
ብስልካልሆኑ፣ሀገራቶችብሔራዊጥቅማቸውንአሳልፈውእስከመስጠት
ይደርሳሉ።
ፈተናላይስለሚወጣ፣CarrotandStickApproachበደንብተረዱት።
የሰጠሗችሁንኖትበትኩረትአንብቡት።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends

187. ChapterTwo-UnderstandingForeignPolicyandDiplomacy.
EconomicInstrumentofForeignPolicy.
ሀገራት የውጭ ፖሊሲያቸውን የሚያስፈፅሙባቸው
መሳሪያዎች(instruments)ሁለትናቸውብለናል።እነርሱምDiplomacyና
Economyናቸው።ስለdiplomacyተምረናል።አሁንደግሞስለEconomy
እንማራለን፤ማለትምሀገራትኢኮኖሚንተጠቅመውእንዴትነውየውጭ
ፖሊሲያቸውንየሚያስፈፅሙትየሚለውንእንማራለን።
Justasmodernstatesarepoliticallyandtechnologically
interdependent,sodotheyrelyuponeachotherforresources
andcommoditiesthatenablethemtodevelopandsustain
viableeconomies.
የአሁኑዘመንሀገራቶችበቴክኖሎጂናበፖለቲካውዘርፍእርስበርስ
እንደሚረዳዱትሁሉ፤በኢኮኖሚውምይረዳዳሉማለትምሀገራት
ኢኮኖሚያቸውንለማሳደግናየኢኮኖሚዕድገታቸውቀጣይነትእንዲኖረው
ለማድረግሸቀጦችንሀብቶችንወዘተይለዋወጣሉ።በዚህምምክንያት
Therehardlyexistsastatethatisselfsufficient.Thereisa
considerabledegreeofdependenceupontradeamongstates.
Butthedegreeofdependenceandinterdependencevaries
acrossstates.Somestatesarestrongandcapableas
comparedtootherstates.

188. አንዱሀገርከሌላውሀገርበኢኮኖሚመተሳሰርግዴታውነው፣በዚህ
ምክንያትራሱንየቻለ(selfsufficient)ሀገርየለምማለትይቻላል
፤ምክንያቱምአንዲትሀገርያመረተችውንምርትለሌላሀገርexport
ካላደረገችኢኮኖሚዋአያድግምስለዚህከሌሎችሀገርጋግዴታመተሳሰር
አለባትማለትነው።ስለዚህበሀገራትመካከልበንግድላይከፍተኛጥገኝነትአለ
፤ማለትምአንዱሀገርለሌላውሀገርምርቱንሲሸጥበንግድአማካኝነትበዛ
ሀገርላይጥገኛእየሆነማለትነውምክንያቱምምርቱንካልሸጠማደግ
ስለማይችል።ነገርግንሀገራቶችያላቸውየጥገኝነትመጠንይለያያል።አንዳንድ
ሀገራቶችከሌሎችሀገራቶችጋርሲወዳደሩጠንካራእናአቅምያላቸውናቸው።
አሜሪካናኢትዮጵያንብናወዳድርአሜሪካከኢትዮጵያአንፃርየጥገኝነትመጠኗ
አናሳነው።
በአጭሩ፤ሀገራትበንግድአማካኝነትበኢኮኖሚውዘርፍእርስበርስየተሳሰሩ
ናቸው።ብቻውንራሱንችሎየሚኖርሀገርየለም።ቻይናያመረተችውንመኪና
ኢትዮጵያካልገዛቻት፤ኢትዮጵያያመረተችውንቡናቻይናካልገዛቻትየሁለቱም
ሀገርኢኮኖሚአያድግም።
AsHolistiargued"needsthatcannotbefilledwithinnational
frontiershelpcreatedependenciesonotherstates".
Cognizanceofsuchdependencysituation,statesoftenuses
theireconomicmuscletoinfluencethebehavior(action,
perceptionandrole)ofothers.
ታዋቂውየውጭፖሊሲፀሀፊHolistiእንደተናገረውከሆነ“በሀገራትአቅም
ሊሟሉየማይችሉፍላጎቶች፤ሀገራቱበሌሎችሀገሮችላይየኢኮኖሚጥገኛነት
እንዲሆኑያደርጋል”።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያለዜጎቿመድሀኒትአምርታማቅረብ
አትችልም።ይህንንየዜጎችፍላጎትለማሟላትከሌሎችሀገራትመድሀኒት

189. ታስመጣለች።ስለዚህኢትዮጵያበነዚህመድሀኒትአቅራቢሀገራትጥገኛሆነች
ማለትነው።
የእንደዚህአይነትጥገኝነትሁኔታንበመገንዘብ፤ሀገራትብዙውንጊዜ
የኢኮኖሚጡንቻቸውንተጠቅመውየሌሎችሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲባህሪ
(ድርጊት,ግንዛቤእናሚና)ላይተጽዕኖያደርጋሉ።ስለዚህኢኮኖሚአንዱ
የውጭፖሊሲማስፈፀሚያመሳሪያነውማለትነው።ማለትምኢኮኖሚን
ተጠቅሞሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲድርጊታቸውንእንዲለውጡማድረግ፣የውጭ
ፖሊሲግንዛቤያቸውንእንዲለውጡማድረግ፣እንዲሁምበውጭፖሊሲላይ
ያላቸውንሚናእንዲለውጡማድረግነው።
Holististatesthateconomic,particularlytradeinstruments
offoreignpolicyarenormallyusedforthreepurposes.
እንደፀሀፊውHolistiገለፃ፤ኢኮኖሚንተጠቅሞበተለይንግድንተጠቅሞ
የውጭፖሊሲንማስፈፀምሶስትዋናዋናአላማዎችአሉት።እነርሱም
1)toachieveanyforeignpolicyobjectivebyexploitingneed
anddependenceandofferingeconomicrewards,orthreat,
endingorimposingeconomicpunishments.
የመጀመሪያውአላማ፤ሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲግባቸውንለማሳካትነው።
ባለፈውእንደተማርንውሀገራትየአጭርጊዜ፣የመካከለኛጊዜናየረዥምጊዜ
የውጭፖሊሲግብአላቸው።ይህንንግብለማሳካትየፈረጠመኢኮኖሚያቸውን
ይጠቀማሉ።እንዴትመሰላችሁ

190. አብዛሀኛውሀገርበኢኮኖሚድሀናቸው፣ለዜጎቻቸውበራሳቸውመሰረታዊ
ፍላጎትማሟላትአይችሉም።ስለዚህሀብታምሀገራትለነዚህድሀሀገራት
የኢኮኖሚድጋፍበማድረግማለትምብርበመስጠትምርቶችንዕቃዎችን
ጥቅማጥቅሞችንበመስጠትእንዲሁምብድርበመሰረዝሀብታሞሀገራት
የውጭፖሊሲግባቸውንድሀሀገራትላይተፈፃሚያደርጋሉ።አንዳንድድሀ
ሀገራትሀብታምሀገራትንየሚሳፈጡከሆነደግሞ፤የኢኮኖሚቅጣትበድሀ
ሀገራትላይያደርጋሉለምሳሌየኢኮኖሚማዕቀብመጣል፣ምርቶችወደሀገራቱ
እንዳይገቡማድረግ፣ብድርናእርዳታበመከልከል፤ድሀሀገራትሀብታም
ሀገራትንእንዳይሳፈጡበማድረግሀብታምሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲግባቸውን
ያስፈፅማሉ።
2)toincreaseastate‘scapabilityordepriveapotential
enemy‘scapabilities.
ሁለተኛውአላማ፤ተፎካካሪሀገርላይየበላይነትለመውሰድነው።ለምሳሌ
ቻይናናአሜሪካተፎካካሪሀገራትናቸው።አሜሪካቻይናንለመብለጥወይም
ቻይናአሜሪካንለመብለጥኢኮኖሚያቸውንተጠቅመውየሌሎችሀገራትየውጭ
ፖሊሲላይተፅዕኖያሳድራሉ።ለምሳሌከቻይናጋጥብቅቁርኝትያላቸውን
ሀገራቶች፤አሜሪካእነዛንሀገራቶችበኢኮኖሚበማሽመድመድወይምደግሞ
በኢኮኖሚበመደገፍከቻይናጋያላቸውግንኙነትእንዲላላታደርጋለች።እንደዚህ
ሲሆንደግሞየአሜሪካአቅም(capacity)እየጨመረየቻይናአቅምእየቀነሰ
ይመጣልምክንያቱምቻይናከነዛሀገራቶችየምትጠቀመውበርካታነገርስላለ።
ስለዚህየራስንአቅምማሳደግየጠላትንአቅምደግሞማኮሰስ(increasea
state'scapacityordepriveapotentialenemy'scapacity)ነው
ሁለተኛውአላማው።
#Global
3)tocreateeconomicsatellites(guaranteedmarketsand

191. resourcesofsupply)orhelpmaintain politicalobediencein
satellitesbycreatingarelationshipofeconomicdependence.
ሶስተኛውአላማ፤የኢኮኖሚሳተላይትመፍጠርነው።የኢኮኖሚሳተላይት
ማለትአስተማማኝየሆነየገበያስርአትናየሀብትአቅርቦትመፍጠርማለትነው።
ምንማለትመሰላችሁ፤የኢኮኖሚጥገኝነትግንኙነትንበመፍጠር
በሳተላይቶችውስጥየፖለቲካታዛዥነትንማስጠበቅነው።የኢኮኖሚጥገኝነት
ግንኙነትመፍጠርማለትሀብታምሀገሮችከሌሎችሀገራትጋበኢኮኖሚው
ዘርፍግንኙነትበመፍጠር፤ሀገራቱበዛግንኙነትጥገኛእንዲሆኑማድረግነው።
ሀገራቱደግሞጥገኛከሆኑለሀብታሞሀገሮችበፖለቲካውዘርፍታዛዥ
ይሆናሉ።በፖለቲካውታዛዥሆኑማለትየውጭፖሊሲያቸውንሀብታሞች
እንደሚፈልጉትያሽከረክሩታልማለትነው።ስለዚህየኢኮኖሚሳተላይት
በመፍጠርማለትምለሀገሮቹአስተማማኝየገበያስርአትናየሀብትአቅርቦት
በማድረግጥገኛእንዲሆኑበማድረግየፖለቲካታዛዥእንዲሆኑማድረግነው።
ታዲያሀገራትከላይየተዘረዘሩትንሶስቱንአላማዎችለማስፈፀም፤የተለያዩ
የኢኮኖሚድጋፍናየኢኮኖሚቅጣትማድረጊያዘዴዎችንይጠቀማሉ(Toserve
the
aboveobjectives,statesoftenemploydifferenttechniquesof
economicrewardandpunishment.)
ኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፍማለትበብርማንበሽበሽ፣ለሀገራቱየተለያዩምርቶችን
መስጠት፣ለሀገራቱትላልቅፕሮጀክቶችንመስራት፣ያለባቸውንዕዳመሰረዝ
ወዘተነው።ኢኮኖሚያዊቅጣትማለትደግሞብድርመከልከል፣ምርቶችን
አለማስገባት፤ኢኮኖሚያዊማዕቀብመጣልወዘተነው።

192. Whenrewardsareofferedoreconomicpunishmentare
threatened,atleasttwoconditionsmustbefulfilledtomakethe
exerciseofinfluenceeffective:
ታዲያሀገራትኢኮኖሚያድጋፍሲያደርጉወይምኢኮኖሚያዊቅጣት
ሲያደርጉ፣ውጤታማለመሆንሁለትነገሮችመሟላትአለባቸው።እነርሱም
(1)thetargetoftheinfluenceoractmustperceivethatthereis
agenuineneedfortherewardorfortheavoidanceofthe
punishment.
ሀገራቱኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፍለመቀበልእውነተኛፍላጎትእንዳላቸውወይም
እንደሌላቸውማረጋገጥያስፈልጋልእንዲሁምሀገራቱኢኮኖሚያዊቅጣት
እንዳይደርስባቸውእውነተኛፍላጎትእንዳላቸውወይምእንደሌላቸውማረጋገጥ
ያስፈልጋል።እውነተኛፍላጎትካላቸው፣በርግጥምፖሊሲያቸውንለማሻሻል
ለመቀየርአያመነቱምምክንያቱምኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፉንይፈልጉታልእንዲሁም
ኢኮኖሚያዊቅጣትእንዳይገጥማቸውይፈልጋሉ።
(2)noalternativemarketorsourceofsupplymustbeeasily
availabletothetarget.
ሌላኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፍየሚያደርግላቸውአማራጭአካልመኖርየለበትም።
ለምሳሌአሜሪካለኢትዮጵያየኢኮኖሚድጋፍበማድረግየኢትዮጵያየውጭ
ፖሊሲለአሜሪካእንዲመችለማድረግብትፈልግ፤ቻይናለኢትዮጵያየኢኮኖሚ
ድጋፍማድረግከቻለች፣የአሜሪካየኢኮኖሚድጋፍለኢትዮጵያስለማያስፈልግ
አሜሪካበፈለገችውመንገድየኢትዮጵያንፖሊሲማስኬድአትችልምማለት
ነው።ምክንያቱምቻይናድጋፍስለምታደርግላትአሜሪካንአትሰማም።

193. ስለዚህቻይናአማራጭድጋፍአድራጊአካልናት።ግንለኢትዮጵያከአሜሪካ
ውጭሌላኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፍየሚያደርግላትአካልከሌለ፤በአሜሪካተፅዕኖ
ውስጥትገባላች።
Thespecifictechniquesthatcanbeusedtorewardorpunish
constitutevariouscontrolovertheflowofgoodsbetween
countriesincluding,tariffs,quotas,boycotts,andembargos.
Loans,credits,andcurrencymanipulationcanbeusedfor
rewardaswell.
እንግዲህሀገራትኢኮኖሚያዊድጋፍወይምኢኮኖሚያዊቅጣትሲያደርጉ፣
የተለያዩሒደቶችንየተለያዩዘዴዎችንይጠቀማሉ።እነሱንእንመልከት።
Tariff
Almostallforeignmadeproductscomingintoacountryare
taxedforthepurposeofraisingrevenue,protectingdomestic
producersfromforeigncompetition,orotherdomestic
economicreasons.
ከሞላጎደልሁሉምወደሀገርውስጥየሚገቡየውጭምርቶችቀረጥ(ታክስ)
ይጣልባቸዋል፤ከቀረጥየሚገኝገቢንለመጨመር፣የሀገርውስጥአምራቾችን
ከውጭአምራቾችውድድርለመጠበቅወይምሌሎችየሀገርውስጥ
ኢኮኖሚያዊምክንያቶችንበማድረግነውታክስ(ቀረጥ)ያስፈለገው።የውጭ
ሀገርምርቶችወደሀገርውስጥለማስገባትየሚጣለውቀረጥTarrifተብሎ

194. ይጠራል።ታዲያTarrifየሀገራትየውጭፖሊሲላይተፅዕኖመፍጠር
ይችላል
Thetariffstructurecanbeusedeffectivelyasaninducement
orpunishmentwhenacountrystandstogainorloseimportant
marketsforitsproductsbyitsupwardanddownward
manipulation.
አንዲትሀገርምርቶቿንለሌላሀገርስትሸጭ፤ቀረጥበመቀነስ(reward)
ወይምቀረጥበመጨመር(punishment)ሌሎችሀገራትላይተፅዕኖመፍጠር
ትችላለች።
Quota
Tocontrolimportsofsomecommodities,governmentsmay
establishquotasratherthan
tariffs(tariffsmayofcoursebeappliedtotheitemsenterunder
quota).
Undersucharrangement,thesupplierusuallysendshis
goodsintothecountryatafavorableprice,butisallowedtosell
onlyacertainamountinagiventimeperiod.
ወደሀገርውስጥየሚገቡአንዳንድሸቀጦችንለመቆጣጠርመንግስታት
ከታሪፍይልቅኮታሊጠቀሙይችላሉ(በእርግጥታሪፍበኮታበሚገቡትእቃዎች
ላይሊተገበርይችላል)።

195. Quotaማለትአምራቹሀገርአብዛኛውንጊዜእቃዎቹንበተመጣጣኝዋጋ
ወደሀገርውስጥይልካል፤ነገርግንበተወሰነጊዜውስጥየተወሰነመጠንብቻ
እንዲሸጥይፈቀድለታል።
ስለዚህኮታውን(የእቃውንመጠን)ከፍበማድረግ(reward)ወይም
ኮታውን(የዕቃውንመጠን)ዝቅበማድረግ(punishment)ሌሎችሀገራትላይ
ተፅዕኖመፍጠርይቻላል።
#Global
Boycott
Boycottማለትመታቀብ፣ማግለልማለትነው።ከውድድሩራሴን
አግልያለሁምናምንይባላልኣ፤Boycottነውእሱ።
eliminatestheimportofeitheraspecificcommodityorthe
total
rangeofexportproductssoldbythecountryagainstwhichthe
boycottisorganized.
Boycottማለትአንዲትሀገርየምትሸጠውን(የምታመርተውን)አንድ
የተወሰነምርትወይምአጠቃላይየወጪንግድምርቶቿንወደሀገርውስጥ
አለማስገባትማለትነው።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያየፈረንሳይምርቶችንወደሀገር
ውስጥአላስገባምብትል፣Boycottይባላል።

196. አንዲትሀገርየአንዲትሀገርንምርትወደሀገርውስጥአላስገባምብላ
boycottብታደርግእንኳን፣ለግልነጋዴዎችፈቃድበመስጠትበግልነጋዴዎች
አማካኝነትየዛችንሀገርምርትወደሀገርእንዲገባልታደርግትችላለች።
በዛምሆነበዚህBoycottበሀገራትፖሊሲላይአንዱተፅዕኖማድረጊያ
በትርነው።
Embargo
Agovernmentthatseekstodepriveanothercountryof
goodsprohibitsitsownbusinessmenfromconcludingits
transactionswithcommercialorganizationinthecountry
againstwhichtheembargoisorganized.
የሌላሀገርእቃወደሀገሯእንዳይገባየምትፈልግሀገር፤የሀገሪቱነጋዴዎች
ከዛችኛዋሀገርካሉየንግድድርጅቶችጋርምንምአይነትግብይትእንዳይፈፅሙ
ማገድEmbargoይባላል።እገዳውበተወሰኑእቃዎች(strategicmaterials)
ላይወይምአጠቃላይየምርትአቃዎችላይሊሆንይችላል
Anembargomaybeenforcedeitheronspecificcategoryof
goods,suchasstrategicmaterials,oronthetotalrangeof
goodsthatprivatebusinessmennormallysendtothecountry
beingpunished.
BoycottናEmbargoልዩነታቸውምንድንነው።Boycottላይአንዲት
ሀገርየሌላሀገርንምርትወደሀገርውስጥአለማስገባትቢሆንምየግል

197. ነጋዴዎችግንየዛችሀገርንምርትወደሀገርውስጥእንዲያስገቡትፈቅዳለች።
Embargoላይግንአንዲትሀገርየሌላሀገርንምርትወደሀገርውስጥ
አለማስገባትብቻሳይሆንየግልነጋዴዎችምየዛችሀገርንምርትወደሀገር
ውስጥእንዲያስገቡአትፈቅድምእንዲሁምየግልነጋዴዎች፣የቢዝነስሰዎች
ከዛችሀገርየንግድተቋማትጋምንምአይነትግብይትእንዳይፈፅሙ
ትከለክላለች።
Loans,CreditsandCurrentlyManipulation.
grantingloans(favorablerewardofferedbythemajor
powerstodevelopingcountries)orextendingcreditarerewards.
ብድርማበደርበተለይሀብታምሀገራትለድሀሀገራትብድርማበደር
የሚገርምሽልማት(reward)ነው።ረብጣብርይበደራሉከዛብሔራዊ
ጥቅማቸውንአሳልፈውይሰጣሉ፤SelfAbnegationየሚለውንየሀገራት
የውጭፖሊሲባህሪአስታወሳችሁ።
ብድርማበደርብቻሳይሆንብድሩንየሚመልሱበትንጊዜ(extending
credit)ማራዘምራሱሌላኛውሽልማት(reward)ነው።በነዚህ
ጥቅማጥቅሞችሀብታምሀገራትነውጭፖሊሲግባቸውንያስፈፅማሉ።
Themanipulationofcurrencyratesisalsousedtocreate
moreorlessfavorabletermsoftradebetweencountries.
ብድርከመስጠትናብድሩንየሚከፍሉበትንጊዜከማራዘምበተጨማሪ
በሀገራቱመካከልያለውንየብርምንዛሬመጠን(currencyrate)ማስተካከል

198. አስተዋዕፆአለው።
ለምሳሌየብርምንዛሬመጠኑከፍካለበሁለቱሀገራትመካከልየሚደረገው
የንግድልውውጥይቀንሳል።ለምሳሌአንድዶላር‍♂በኢትዮጵያ300ብር
ቢመነዘር፤ኢትዮጵያየአሜሪካምርቶችንወደሀገርውስጥማስገባት
ይከብዳታል(lessfavourable)፤ምንዛሬውግንተመጣጣኝከሆነየንግድ
ልውውጡግሩይሆናል(morefavourable)።
ForeignAid
Thetransferofmoney,goods,ortechnicaladvicefrom
donortorecipient-isaninstrumentofpolicythathasbeenin
internationalrelation.Therearemaintypeofaidprogram
including,militaryaid,technicalassistance,grantsand
commodityimportprogram,and
developmentloans.
የገንዘብርዳታ፣የዕቃዎችንርዳታወይምየቴክኒክ(አስተዳደራዊ)ምክሮችን
ሀብታምሀገራትለድሀሀገራትመስጠትበዓለምአቀፍግንኙነትውስጥየቆየየ
ፖሊሲመሣሪያነው።ዋናዋናየእርዳታፕሮግራሞችአሉእነርሱምወታደራዊ
ርዳታ፣ቴክኒካልድጋፍ፣የእርዳታእናየሸቀጦችማስመጫመርሃግብርእና
የልማትብድርናቸው።
እናስተውልሀብታምለገራትርዳታየሚያደርጉት፣ለድሀሀገራትህዝቦች
አስበውሰብአዊነትተሰምቷቸውብቻአይደለም፤ፖለቲካዊናኢኮኖሚያ
ፍላጎታቸውንለማሳካትነውበዋናነት።

199. Foreignaidisoftenusedforachievingpoliticaland
economicobjectivesofthedonors.Mostaidprogramsare
obviouslynotundertakensolelyforhumanitarianpurpose.
አብዛለኞቹርዳታዎቹየሚሰጡትፖለቲካዊጂኦግራፊያዎኢኮኖሚያዊ
ስትራቴጂላላቸውጥቂትሀገራትብቻነውእነግብፅህንድፓኪስታንወዘተነው
ርዳታውየሚሔደው፤ርዳታመሰጠትለሚያስፈልጋቸውሀገራትግንእምብዛም
አይረዱም።
Donorscaneasilymanipulateeconomicandmilitaryaid
programtochangetheinternalandexternalpoliciesofa
government.
ሀብታምሀገራትየኢኮኖሚያዊናወታደራዊድጋፍየሚያደርጉት፣የሌሎች
ሀገራትንውስጣዊናውጫዊፖሊሲለማስለወጥነው።እስኪወታደራዊ
ድጋፍ(militaryaid)ንእንመልከት።
MilitaryAid.
probablytheoldesttypeofaidwhichhadbeenusedfor
buttressingalliances.
militaryaidየጥንትነው፣ሀገራትወታደራዊህብረትየሚያደርጉበትነው
#Global

200. Inthisaidscheme,thedonorssupplymoneyandmaterial,
whiletherecipientprovidedmostofthemanpower.
MilitaryAidላይ፤ሀብታምሀገራትመሳሪያናገንዘብይረዳሉለድሀ
ለገራት።ድሀሀገራትደግሞያላቸውንሰውአሰልጥነውመሳሪያውን
ያስታጥቁታል።
Byhelpingrecipientsbuildupmodernforces,thedonors
hopeto
obtainsomeimmediatepoliticalorsecurityobjective.
militaryaidisusedtocreatelocalpowerbalancesor
preponderances,thusreducingthelikelihoodthatthedonorwill
havetostationtroopsabroadorintervenemilitarilytoprotect
itsinterests.
የMiliyaryAidዋናጥቅም
ሀብታምሀገሮችለድሀሀገሮችመሳሪያናብርበመስጠትድሀሀገሮች
ዘመናዊወታደራዊተቋምእንዲገነቡያደርጋሉ፣በዚህምምክንያትሀብታም
ሀገሮችፖለቲካዊወይምየደህንነትዓላማዎችንያሳካሉ።ማለትም
ሀብታምሀገሮችወታደርወደውጭአገርየመላክዕድልይቀንሳሉወይም
በወታደራዊጣልቃገብነትጥቅሙንለማስጠበቅያለውንእድልይቀንሳል።

201. ቻፕተር2ተጠናቀቀ።አንድየቀረክፍልአለ፤እርሱምOverviewof
EthiopianForeignPolicyየሚለው።ከአፄቴዎድሮስእስከኢህአዲግ
ድረስኢትዮጵያየነበራትንየውጭፖሊሲየሚተርክነው።ፈተናላይአንድወይ
ሁለትጥያቄይወጣልስለዚህአንብቡት።ከአፄቴዎድሮስእስከኢህአዲግ
ድረስያሉትመሪዎችየውጭፖሊሲያቸውምንይመስላል፣ደካማናጠንካራ
ጎናቸውምንድንነበርየሚለውንአንብቡ። መቼምቲቶርያልእንዲሰራላችሁ
አትጠብቁ፤ታሪክቲቶርያልአያስፈልገውምራሳችሁአንብቡ።ForeignPolicy,
NationalinterestናDiplomacyእንዳይምታቱባችሁአደራ፤
የእያንዳንዳቸውንdefinitionበደንብያዙ።ፈተናላይይወጣሉ።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends
ChapterThree-International
PoliticalEconomy(IPE).
MeaningandNatureofIPE.
ዛሬበይፋየቻፕተርሶስትትምህርትንመማርእንጀምራለን።ይህቻፕተር
አለምአቀፋዊየፖለቲካዊ-ኢኮኖሚያዊጉዳዮችንይዳስሳል፤እስኪእንማረው።
InternationalPoliticalEconomy(IPE)ንበቀላሉdefineማድረግ
አልተቻለም።ሁሉንምሙህራንንየሚያስማማአንድወጥየሆነ
definition(ትርጉም)አልተገኘለትም።ነገርግንየተሻለየሚባለውንdefinition

202. እንመልከት።
እስኪከስሙእንነሳ
International+Political+Economy.
Internationalማለትድንበርተሻጋሪ፣አለምአቀፋዊማለትነው።
Politicalማለትያውእንደምታውቁትነው፤መንግስታትናመንግስታዊ
ያልሆኑድርጅቶችእንዲሁምህዝቦችያላቸውአስተዳደራዊፖሊሲዎችና
ውሳኔዎችማለትነው።
Economyማለትደግሞየንግድልውውጦች፣የቢዝስነስተቋማት፣
ኢንቨስትመንት፣ዕድገትድህነትወዘተንያጠቃልላል።
ስለዚህIPEማለትበአለምአቀፍደረጃመንግስታትናመንግስታዊያልሆኑ
ድርጅቶችእንዲሁምህዝቦችበኢኮኖሚውዘርፍየሚያደርጉትግንኙነት፣ውሳኔ
፣እንቅስቃሴየሚያጠናሳይንስነው።
IPEisthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweengovernments,
businessesandsocialforces.
thefieldthusconsistsoftwocentraldimensionsnamely:the
politicalandeconomicdimension.
ታዲያIPEሁለትመሰረታዊዘርፎችንይይዛል።

203. የፖለቲካውዘርፍ(PoliticalDimension).
የኢኮኖሚውዘርፍ(EconomicsDimension).
politicaldimension:accountsfortheuseofpowerbya
varietyofactors,includingindividuals,domesticgroups,states,
IOs,NGOs,andTNCs.
እንደIPEጥናትመሰረትየፖለቲካውዘርፍዋናተዋናዮች(actors)
የሚባሉትግለሰቦች፣ሀገርበቀልቡድኖች(ተቋማት)፣ሀገራት(states)፣አለም
አቀፍድርጅቶች(IOs)፣መንግስታዊያልሆኑድርጅቶች(NGOs)እናድንበር
ተሻሪድርጅቶች(TNCs/MNCs)ናቸው።ስለዚህእነዚህአካላትኢኮኖሚን
በተመለከቱጉዳዮችበአለምአቀፍደረጃበፖለቲካውዘርፍንቁተሳትፎ
የሚያደርጉዋናተዋናዮችናቸው።ተሳትፏቸውም
❖Alltheseactorsmakedecisionsaboutthedistributionof
tangiblethingssuchasmoneyandproductsorintangible
thingssuchassecurityandinnovation.
መጀመሪያሁለትነገሮችንእንረዳ፤Tangiblethingsናintangible
things።TangibleThingsማለትየሚጨበጡየሚዳሰሱየሚታዩነገሮች
ማለትነው፤ለምሳሌገንዘብናምርቶች፣100ብርይዳሰሳልይታያል
ይጨበጣልኣ።ደብተርልብስሽጉጥወዘተምርቶችናቸውኣ፣ይታያሉይዳሰሳሉ
ይጨበጣሉ።ስለዚህገንዘብናምርቶችTangibleThingsናቸው።
IntangibleThingsማለትደግሞየማይዳሰስየማይጨበጥየማይታይማለት
ነው፤ለምሳሌደህንነት(security)ናየፈጠራሀሳብአይዳሰሱም
አይጨበጡም።

204. ስለዚህአንደIPEጥናትመሰረት፤የፖለቲካውዘርፍተዋናዮችዋናስራቸው
ከላይየዘርዘርናቸውንየሚዳሰሱናየማይዳሰሱነገሮችንስርጭትናክፍፍልላይ
ውሳኔመወሰንነው።ስለዚህእነዚህነገሮችላይውሳኔመወሰንፖለቲካዊስራ
ነው።ለምሳሌየመኪናምርትከቻይናሱዳንብታስገባ፣በዚህዙሪያውሳኔውን
የሚወስኑትየሁለቱሀገራትመንግስታትናቸው።ሌላምሳሌIMFለኢትዮጵያ
ብድርቢያድር፤በዚህዙሪያውሳኔየሚወስኑትIMFናየኢትዮጵያመንግስት
ነው።IMFአለምአቀፍተቋም(IOs)ነው።
አሁንደግሞየኢኮኖሚውንዘርፍ(EconomicDimensions)እንመልከት።
Theeconomicdimension:
dealswithhowscarceresourcesaredistributedamong
individuals,groups,andnation-states.
እንደIPEጥናትመሰረት፣የኢኮኖሚውዘርፍ፣ውስንየሆኑ
ሀብቶች(እንደልብበብዛትየሚይገኙሀብቶች) ንበግለሰቦች፣በቡድኖችእናበ
ሀገራትመካከልእንዴትመከፋፈልመዳረስእንዳለባቸውይመለከታልይወስናል።
ስለIPEይህንካየን፤አሁንደግሞስለIPEሳይንሳዊምልከታናትንተና
የሰጡትንንድፈ-ሀሳቦች(Theories)እንመልከት።ስለIPEሀሳብየሰጡትሶስት
TheoryዎችሲሆኑእነዚህTheoryዎችአለምአቀፋዊፖለቲካዊየኢኮኖሚን
ገፅታውንናተግባሩንዳስሰዋል።
Therearethreemajortheoretical(oftenideological)
perspectivesregardingthenatureandfunctioningofthe

205. InternationalPoliticaleconomy:
A.liberalism
B.Marxismand
C.nationalism(mercantilism).
እነዚህሶስቱስለአለምአቀፉፖለቲካዊኢኮኖሚያዊ(IPE)ግንኙነትምንነት
ናተግባርሀሳብናምልከታየሰጡናቸው።ሶስቱንምእያንዳንዱንእንመልከት።
Nationalism(Mercantilism)
isatheoreticalandideologicalperspectivewhichdefendsa
strong
andpervasiveroleofthestateintheeconomy–bothin
domesticandinternationaltrade,investmentandfinance.
Nationalism(Mercantilism)በተለይምከ16ኛው-18ኛውክፍለ
ዘመንበአውሮፓሀገሮችበስፋትይተገበርየነበረርዕዮትአለምነው።ከ16ኛው
-18ኛውክፍለዘመንማለትደግሞአውሮፓውያኖችሌሎችሀገራትንበቅኝግዛት
የያዙትጊዜነበር።ስለዚህMercantilismከcolonialismጋግንኙነት
ነበረውማለትነው።አሁንበዋናነትመረዳትያለብንነገርየMercantilismዋና
አስተሳሰብናእምነትምንድንነውየሚለውንማወቅነው።ይኸው
Mercantilismበኢኮኖሚውውስጥየመንግስት(state)ንጠንካራእናሰፊ
ሚናየሚደግፍየንድፈሀሳባዊእናርዕዮተዓለምእይታነው።ማለትምበአገር

206. ውስጥእናበዓለምአቀፍንግድ፣በኢንቨስትመንትእናበፋይናንስበአጠቃላይ
ኢኮኖሚውመመራትያለበትመዘወርያለበትበመንግስት(state)ነውብሎ
Mercantilismያምናል። በቃዋናሀሳቡ፤ኢኮኖሚመመራትያለበት
በመንግስትቁጥጥርስርነውብሎያምናል።ስለዚህየMercantilismምን
ርዕዮትየሚያራምዱሀገራት፤የMercatilismሀሳብንተግባራዊያደርጋሉ
ማለትነው።
#Global
Inarenaofinternationaltrade,forinstance,mercantilism
emphasizestheimportanceofbalance-of-paymentsurplusesin
tradewithothercountriesandtothisenditoftenpromotesan
extremepolicyofautarkytopromotenationaleconomicself-
sufficiency.
Autarkyማለትራስንመቻል፤ጥገኛአለመሆንማለትነው።self-
sufficiencyወይምindependenceማለትነው።Mercantilismፅንፍ
የሆነያፈነገጠየAutarkyፖሊሲንይከተላል።ተመልከቱ
ሜርካንቲሊዝምበአለምአቀፍንግድመስክ፣ሀገራትከሌሎችሀገራትጋር
ባላቸውየንግድልውውጥየክፍያትርፍአስፈላጊነትንያጎላልእናለዚህምበ
አገራዊኢኮኖሚራስንመቻልንለማበረታታትብዙጊዜጽንፈኛየautarky
ፖሊሲይከተላል።ምንማለትነው ተመልከቱ
የMercantilismዋናአስተሳሰብምንመሰላችሁ፤አንዲትሀገርከሌላ
ውጭሀገርጥቂትምርቶችንበማስገባትየምታስገባቸውምምርቶችላይቀረጥ
በመጣል፤በአንፃሩወደሌሎችሀገራትምርቶቿንበብዙትርፍ(payment
surplus)በመሸጥበኢኮኖሚራስንመቻልነው።ሜርካንቲሊዝምንፅፍየረገጠ
ራስንየመቻል(Extremeautarkypolicy)ፖሊሲይከተላልለምን

207. ተባለይኸው
ሀገሪቱከሌሎችሀገራትየምታስመጣቸውምርቶችአናሳናቸውይህም
ሌሎችሀገራትእንዳይጠቀሙያደርጋልበዛላይከፍተኛየሆነቀረጥትጥላለች፤
በዛላይሀገሪቱወደሌሎችሀገራትየምትሸጣቸውምርቶችበብዙክፍያነው።
በተለይበcolonialismጊዜበጉልበትእያስገደዱነውየሚሸጡት፤
በወርቅነበርየሚለውጧቸው።ስለዚህሜርካንቲሊዝምሌሎችሀገራት
እንዳያድጉሌሎችንበመጨቆንራስንበኢኮኖሚበማበልፀግራስንየመቻል
ፖሊሲስለሚከተል፤Mercantilismፅንፈኛራስንየመቻልፖሊሲ(Extreme
policyofautarky)ንያራምዳልይባላል።
የመጀመሪያውየጥንቱየMercantilismአስተሳሰብClassical
MercantilismወይምMercantilismይባላልበተለይምበColonialism
ጊዜያለውንአስተሳሰቡንያንፀባርቃል፤የተሻሻለውለውጥየተደረገበትየአሁኑየ
21ኛውክፍለዘመንየMercantilismአስተሳሰብደግሞNeo-
Mercantilismይባላል፤በ21ኛውክፍለዘመንደግሞኢንዱትስትሪዎች
የተስፋፉበትዘመንነው።Neo-Mercantilismይህንሀሳብያንፀባርቃል
Asitdevelopedinthe21stcentury,mercantilism(orneo-
mercantilism)defendedevenamuchmoresophisticatedand
interventionistroleofthestateintheeconomy-forexample,the
roleofidentifyinganddevelopingstrategicandtargeted
industries(i.e.industriesconsideredvitaltolong-term
economicgrowth)throughavarietyofmeans,includingtax
policy,subsidization,bankingregulation,laborcontrol,and
interest-ratemanagement.
Neo-mercantilismልክእንደClassicalMercantilism፤

208. መንግስት(state)በኢኮኖሚያዊጉዳዮችጣልቃበመግባትኢኮኖሚውን
መምራትመቆጣጠርአለበትብሎያምናል።ለምሳሌ፤ኢንዱስትሪዎችየረዥም
ጊዜየኢኮኖሚዕድገትንለማምጣትአስፈላጊነታቸውንበማሰብ፤የተለያዩ
መንገዶችንበመጠቀምማለትምየግብርፖሊሲበማውጣት፥ለኢንዱስትሪው
ዘርፍድጎማበማድረግ፥ባንኮችለኢንዱስትሪውድጋፍብድርእንዲሰጡ
በማድረግ፥የተቀጣሪሰራተኞችንቁጥጥርበማድረግ፥የወለድተመንን
በማስተዳደር፤ስትራቴጂካዊእናየታለሙኢንዱስትሪዎችንየመለየትእና
የማሳደግሚናየመንግስት(state)ነውብሎያምናል። ስለዚህ
የኢንዱስትሪውንዘርፍመንግስትመምራትአለበትነውዋናሀሳቡ።
Accordingtomercantilists,statesshouldalsoplaya
disciplinaryroleintheeconomytoensureadequatelevelsof
competition.(እንደመርካንቲሊስቶችገለጻ፣በቂየውድድርደረጃን
ለማረጋገጥሀገራትበኢኮኖሚውውስጥየዳኝነትሚናመጫወትአለባቸው።)
Theproofoftherelevanceofmercantilistthoughtinthe
contemporaryinternationalpoliticaleconomyisfoundinthe
recentexperienceoftheJapanese,SouthKorean,Taiwanese
andChinesenationalpoliticaleconomieswhosestatesfulfilled
theabovestatedrolesalmostperfectly.
HoweverInsteadofthetermmercantilism,thesestatesthe
EastAsianeconomies(especiallyJapan,SouthKorea,and
Taiwan)usedtheterm"developmentalstateapproach"(aless
politicallyladenterm)todescribethenatureoftheirnational
politicaleconomysystem.
በአለምአቀፍፖለቲካዊኢኮኖሚ(IPE)ስርአትውስጥ፤የ

209. Mercantilismአስተሳሰብንበትክክልየሚተገብሩሀገራትበአሁኑጊዜጃፓን፣
ታይዋን፣ኮሪያናቻይናናቸው።ስለዚህየነዚህሀገራትመንግስታትኢኮኖሚውን
በበላይነትይመሩታልማለትነው።
ነገርግንእነዚህሀገራትበተለይምጃፓን፣ደብቡኮሪያ፣ታይዋን
የሀገራቸውንየፖለቲካኢኮኖሚስርአትንለመግለፅ"DevelopmentalState
Approach"ንየሚለውንቃልይጠቀማሉከMercantilismይልቅ።ስለ
developmentalstateበቀጣይእንማረዋለን።
ስለMercantilismይህንካየንይበቃል።ስለLiberalismናMarxismወደ
ቡሗላእንቀጥላለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#Global
Liberalism/Idealism
እሺአሁንደግሞስለLiberalismእንመልከት፤ቻፕተር1ላይስለ
Liberalismርዕዮትምንነትተምረናል፤አሁንደግሞLiberalismበ
ኢኮኖሚውዘርፍያለውአመለካከትምንድንነውየሚለውንእንማር
LiberalismisamainstreamperspectiveinInternational
politicaleconomyanditdefendstheideaoffreemarketsystem
(i.efreetrade/tradeliberalizationandfreefinancialandForeign
DirectInvestment(FDI)flows).
ከሶስቱየIPETheoryዎችመካከልLiberalism፤ዋና

210. ምሰሶ(mainstream)ቲዎሪበመባልይጠራል።ሊበራሊዝምስለአለምአቀፉ
ኢኮኖሚምንአለይኸው
ሊበራሊዝምየነፃገበያኢኮኖሚስርዓትንይደግፋል፤ማለትምነፃንግድ፤
ነፃየፋይናንስእናየውጭቀጥተኛኢንቨስትመንት(FDI)ፍሰትንይደግፋል።
በደንብያዟትይቺን፤ሊበራሊዝም"FreeMarketEconomic
system"ንይደግፋል።
FreeMarketEconomicSystemወይምነፃየገበያስርአትማለት
ደግሞያለመንግስትጣልቃገብነትገበያውየሚመራውየሚወሰነውበሻጭና
በገዢስምምነትነው፤ማለትምየሸቀጦችናየምርቶችዋጋተመንየሚወሰነው
በሻጭናበገዢስመምነትነው፤መንግስትጣልቃመግባትአይችልምማለትም
መንግስትየዕቃዎችንዋጋተመንማውጣትአይችልም።ሁሉነገርየሚወሰነው
የሚመራውበሻጭናበገዢግለሰቦችመካከልነው።
ሊበራሊዝም፤ሀገራትነፃየገበያኢኮኖሚስርአትንእንዲያራምዱበእጅጉ
ያበረታታል፤ይህማለትደግሞነፃንግድ፣ነፃፋይናንስናየውጭቀጥተኛ
ኢንቨስትመንትፍሰትንይደግፋል።ምንማለትነውነፃንግድነፃ
ፋይናንስየውጭቀጥተኛኢንቨስትመንት
ነፃንግድ፦ማለትከTariff,Quotaናሌሎችገደቦችነፃየሆነንግድማለት
ነው።ማለትምአንድትሀገርከሌላሀገርምርቶችንስታስገባ፤ያለቀረጥ
ማስገባትነፃንግድይባላል።አስባችሁታልከውጭየምናስገባቸውምርቶች
ያለቀረጥቢሆኑ፤ኑሮእንደዚህባላጦዘንነበር።ሊበራሊዝምነፃየንግድ
ስርአትን(freetrade)ያበረታታል።

211. ነፃፋይናንስ(free-finance)፦በሌላስሙinterestfreeወይም0%
financedealይባላል።ነፃፋይናንስማለትከወለድነፃየሆነብድርማለት
ነው።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያከአሜሪካብድርብትበደር፤ከወለነፃየሆነየሆነብድር
ማግኘትአለባትበሊበራሊዝምአስተሳሰብ።ሊበራሊዝምነፃየፋይናንስስርአትን
ያበረታታል።
የውጭቀጥተኛኢንቨስትመንት(FDI):-ማለትደግሞየውጭባለሀብቶችና
ኢንቨስተሮችወደሀገርውስጥእንዲገቡበማድረግየተለያዩድርጅቶችን
እንዲከፍቱዕድሉንማመቻቸትማለትነው።ለምሳሌግብርመቀነስወይምግብር
አለማስከፈል(taxholidayይባላል)፤መሬትናሌሎችሀብቶችን
ማከራየት(Leaseይባላል)፤ትርፋቸውንወደሀገራቸውእንዲልኩ
መፍቀድ(Remittanceይባላል)ወዘተ።ለምሳሌኢትዮጵያበFDI
ትታወቃለች፤የአበባምርትናሌሎችፋብሪካዎችበውጭሀገርኢንቨስተሮች
የተቋቋሙናቸው።
so,FreeEconomySystemየምንለውነፃየሆነየገበያስርአትነው
ማለትምምርቶች፣ሸቀጦችናሌሎችአገልግሎቶችከአንዱሀገርወደሌላው
ሀገርያለምንምመሰናክልያለምንምየሚያግድነገርያለምንምእንቅፋት፤
በነፃነትመዘዋወርማለትነው።ቀረጥ፣ወለድ፣ኮታየመሳሰሉት፦ምርቶች
ከሀገርሀገርበነፃነትእንዳይዘዋወሩየሚያግዱእንቅፋቶችናቸው።ስለዚህ
እነዚህንእንቅፋቶችማስወገድየሊበራሊዝምዋናመርህናየአስተሳሰብመሰረት
ነው
Accordingly,removingimpediments(barriers)tothefreeflow
ofgoodsandservicesamongcountriesisthefoundational
valueandprincipleofliberalism.
በአገሮችመካከልየሸቀጦችእናአገልግሎቶችንበነፃዝውውርላይ

212. እንቅፋቶችን(barriers)ማስወገድየሊበራሊዝምመሰረታዊእሴትእናመርህ
ነው።
ሊበራሊስቶችነፃየገበያኢኮኖሚስርአት(freemarketsystem)ን
ያቀነቅናሉ፤ጥቅሙምንድንነውተብለውሲጠየቁ፤መልሳቸው
Theconsensusamongadvocatesoffreetradeisthatit
reducesprices,raisesthestandardoflivingformorepeople,
makesawidervarietyofproductsavailable,andcontributesto
improvementsinthequalityofgoodsandservices.
እንደሊበራሊዝምአመለካከት፤ነፃየገበያኢኮኖሚስርአትጥቅሙ
የሸቀጦች(ምርቶች)ዋጋንይቀንሳል፣የብዙሰዎችንየኑሮደረጃከፍያደርጋል
ምክንያቱምኑሮስለማይወድድየሸቀጦችዋጋስለሚቀንስ፣የተለያዩምርቶች
እንዲቀርቡእናለሸቀጦችእናአገልግሎቶችጥራትመሻሻልአስተዋጽኦ
ያደርጋል።‍♂እውነታቸውንነውቀረጥኮታከሌለከላይየተጠቀሱትነገሮች
ይኖራሉ።
በሌላአነጋገር፣እንደሊበራልፖለቲካልኢኮኖሚስቶችአመለካከትሀገራት
ከሌሎችሀገራትጋባላቸውግንኙነትእንዲሁምበሀገራቸውውስጥምነፃ
የኢኮኖሚስርአትንበማራመድ፣ማለትምየሸቀጦችናአገልግሎቶችንበነፃነት
እንዳይዘዋወሩእንቅፋቶችንበማስወገድ፣አገሮችየተወሰኑሸቀጦችንበማምረት
ረገድልዩሙያእንዲኖራቸውያደርጋል(የሆኑምርቶችላይspecialize
ያደርጋሉነውሀሳቡለምሳሌSAMSUNGየጃፓንምርትነውspecialize
አድርገውበታል)፤በዚህምየተነሳእንደመሬት፣ጉልበት(የሰውሀይል)፣
ካፒታል(የገንዘብመጠን)እናየስራፈጠራችሎታንየመሳሰሉትንሀብቶች
በአግባቡበመጠቀምለአለምማህበረሰብትልቅአስተዋዕፆያደርጋሉ።
ገብቷችሗልኣነፃየገበያኢኮኖሚስርአትሀገራትBest(የተሻሉ)የሚባሉ

213. ነገሮችን(ምርቶችን)እንዲያደርጉይረዳቸዋልያላቸውንሀብታምበአግባቡ
እንዲጠቀሙያደርጋቸዋል።ይኸው
Inotherwords,liberalpoliticaleconomistsbelievethatby
removingbarrierstothefreemovementofgoodsandservices
amongcountries,aswellaswithinthem,countrieswouldbe
encouragedtospecializeinproducingcertaingoods,thereby
contributingtotheoptimumutilizationofresourcessuchas
land,labor,capital,andentrepreneurialabilityworldwide.
Ifcountriesfocusedonwhattheydobestandfreelytrade
theirgoodswitheachother,allofthemwouldbenefit.The
conceptthatcapturesthisideaisalsoknownascomparative
advantage.
#Global
እንደሊበራሊዝምአመለካከት፤ሀገራትየተሻለ(best)ነገርመስራትላይ
ቢያተኩሩእናእቃዎቻቸውንበነፃነትእርስበእርስቢገበያዩሁሉምተጠቃሚ
ይሆናሉ።ይህጥቅምደግሞComparativeadvantage(አንፃራዊጥቅም)
ተብሎይጠራል።
ስለዚህእንደሊበራሊስቶችአመለካከት፤ሀገራትFreemarket
economicsystemከተገበሩ፤ሁሉምተጠቃሚይሆናሉ።አንዱተጠቃሚ
አንዱተገጂአይሆንም።ይህየሁሉምመጠቀምደግሞComparative
advantagetheoryይባላል።ስለዚህcomparativeAdvantageበfree
marketsystemየሚገኝነውማለትነው።

214. ነገርግንእውነታውንአምኖመቀበልግድነውIloveRealists።
እውነታውምንድንነውአንዱከአንዱበኢኮኖሚየበላይለመሆንፉክክርአለ።
በተለይየአሁኑዘመንየኢኮኖሚትስስር(Economyglobalization)ብልጠት
የተሞላበት፣ትርፋማለመሆንልቅለመገኘትፉክክርያለበትነው።አንዱ
ተጠቃሚአንዱተጎጂየሚሆንበትስርአትነው።
However,thetheoryofcomparativeadvantagehasbeen
underminedbythecurrentwaveofeconomicglobalization.The
growthoftransnationalormultinationalcorporations(MNCs)
complicatesglobaltrading.Theproductionofgoodsand
servicesisstronglyinfluencedbycosts,arbitraryspecialization,
andgovernmentandcorporatepolicies.
ይሁንእንጂComparativeAdvantageአሁንባለውየኢኮኖሚ
ግሎባላይዜሽንማዕበልተበላሽቷልተፅዕኖውስጥገብቷል።የ
TransnationalCorporations(TNCs) ወይምMultinational
Corporations(MNCs)ድርድቶችማደግ፤አለማቀፋዊንግድን
አወሳስቦታል።የሸቀጦችእናአገልግሎቶችምርትበዋጋ፣በዘፈቀደ
ስፔሻላይዜሽን፣በመንግስትእናበድርጅትፖሊሲዎችላይከፍተኛተጽዕኖ
ይደረግበታል።ስለዚህየምርቶችናሸቀጦችዋጋበነዚህአካላትጣልቃ
ስለሚገባበትነፃአይሆንም።እነዚህአካላትጣልቃየሚገቡትበኢኮኖሚው
የበላይየበለጠአትራፊተጠቃሚለመሆንነው።ስለዚህፉክክርውድድርአለ።
ስለዚህአንዱሀገርይጠቀማልሌላውአይጠቀመም።ይህደግሞ
CompetitiveAdvantage(የውድድርጥቅም)ይባላል።
TNCsየሚባሉትየትኞቹድርጅቶችናቸውበኢኮኖሚውላይያላቸው
ተፅዕኖበተለይበደሀሀገራትላይያላቸውተፅዕኖምንድንነውየቤትስራ
ሰጥቻችሗለሁ❗

215. Thesedevelopmentsthusmarkashiftfromthe
conventionaltheoryofcomparativeadvantagetowhatisknown
ascompetitiveadvantage.
ስለዚህከላይበተጠቀሱትምክንያቶችየኢኮኖሚስርአቱከComparative
advantageወደcompetitiveadvantageተሸጋግሯል።
Marxism
ስለMercantilismናLiberalismተማርን።አሁንደግሞስለMarxism
እንማራለን።አለምአቀፍግንኙነትንበተመለከተስለMarxismቻፕተር1
በሰፊውተምረናልስለዚህእዚጋበትንሹእንማረዋለን።አሁንMarxismስለ
ኢኮኖሚውያለውምልከትምንድንነውየሚለውንእንማር።ያውየታወቀነው
ማርክሲዝምየካፒታሊዝምጠላትነው፤ቻፕተር1ላይተምረንዋልከዚህ
መድገምአይጠበቅብንም።ማርክሲዝምነጭነጯንእንቅጭእንቅጯን
እውነታውንስለሚናገርበብዙየአውሮፓሀገራትናበአሜሪካየሚጠላቲዎርነው
ምክንያቱምስራቸውንተንኮላቸውንስለሚነቅፍ።ለማንኛውምእንማረው።
MarxismadvocatesGlobalandnationalincomeinequality,
forexample,remainsextreme:therichest20percentofthe
world‘spopulationcontrolled83percentoftheworld‘sincome,
whilethepoorest20percentcontrolledjust1.0percent.
በሀብታምሀገሮችናበድሀሀገራሮችመካከልያለውየሀብትአለመመጣጠን
፤የገቢአለመመጣጠንእንዲሁምሀብታምሀገሮችበብድርናበዕርዳታመልክ
የድሀሀገራትንየተፈጥሮናየሰውሀብትመበዝበዛቸውMarxismምንበእጅጉ

216. ያሳስበዋል። ሀብታምሀገራትድሀሀገራትንመጠቀሚያመሳሪያ
ማድረጋቸውተገቢአይደለምኢ-ፍትሀዊስርአትነውበማለትሀብታምሀገራትን
በአደባበይየሚቃወምናየሚዘልፍደፋርቲዎርነው።እዋዋንማርክሲዝም
ማንንምአይሰማም።
እንደማርክሲዝምቀኖናመሰረት፤በሀብታምናበድሀሀገራትመካከልያለው
የገቢመጠንልዩነትበጣምየሰፋፅንፍየረገጠነው።ከአለምገቢውስጥ83%
ቱየሀብታምሀገራትየገቢመጠንነው፤1%ቱየድሀሀገራትየገቢመጠንነው።
ተመልከቱልዩነቱን።ይህንንኢ-ፍትሀዊየሀብትክፍፍልነውማርክስ
የሚቃወመው።ማርክስቀጠለ
Exploitationoflaborshowsnosignoflessening;theproblem
ofchildlaborandevenchildslavelaborhasbecomeendemic
andsoonandsoforth.
የጉልበትብዝበዛየመቀነስምልክትአይታይም;የሕፃናትጉልበትብዝበዛና
የሕፃናትባርነትጉልበትሳይቀርእየተስፋፋመጥቷልወዘተ.
የዚሁሁሉችግርምንጩአንድናአንድነውአለማርክስ፤እርሱምለትርፍ
ብቻየተቋቋመውየካፒታሊዝምስርአትነው።
Marxiststhentellusthatallofthesecrisesarecutfromthe
samecloth.Inparticular,theyallreflecttheinherentinstability
andvolatilityofaglobalcapitalistsystemthathasbecome
increasinglyreliantonfinancialspeculationforprofitmaking.

217. የማርክሲዝምንስርአትየሚቀበሉትሀገራትCommunismን
የሚራምዱሀገራትናቸው፤ለምሳሌእነሶቪየትህብረት(የአሁኗሩሲያ)፣ቻይና፣
ኩባ፣ሰሜንኮሪያወዘተጥቂትሀገራትናቸው።ስለ
Communism/socialismስርአትcivicsላይስለተማርነውከዛማንበብ
ትችላላችሁ።ታዲያበቀዝቃዛውጦርነትሶቪየትህብረትተሸነፈችተበታተነች
ወደቀች።ታዲያየሶቪየትህብረትንመውደቅተከትሎ፤የማርክሲዝምስርአትን
አብሮሞቷልየሚልአስተሳሰብአለ።ይኸው
FollowingthecollapseoftheSovietUnioninthe1990‘sand
theapparentembraceofthefreemarketeconomybya
significantnumberofdevelopingcountries,therewasawidely
heldbeliefthatsuchphenomenonmarksaclearfailureand
hencedeathofMarxism.
#Global
ነገርግንከላይየዘረዘርናቸውችግሮችማለትምበሀብታምናበድሀሀገራት
መካከልያለውኢ-ፍትሀዊየሀብትከፍፍልናያልተመጣጠነየገቢመጠን(83%
ና1%)እንዲሁምየጉልበትብዝበዛናባርነትአሁንምያለየቀጠለነው።ስለዚህ
እነዚህንችግሮችየሚቃወመውማርክሲዝምስለሆነ፤እነዚህችግሮችእስካሉ
ድረስማርክሲዝምአለ።ስለዚህማርክሲዝምሞቷልየሚለውሀሳብየተጋነነ
ነው።የጠላትወሬነው።
እንግዲህሶስቱንየIPEቲዎሪዎችማለትምስለMercantilism,
LiberalismናMarxismአየን።
Mercantilismየመጀመሪያውየጥንቱዕድሜጠገቡቲዎሪነው።በ
ኢኮኖሚውውስጥየመንግስታንጣልቃገብነትይደግፋል።የዚህቲዎሪ
መስራች/አባትደግሞFriedrichListይባላል።

218. LiberalismበሌላስሙClassicaleconomicsበመባልይጠራል።
በኢኮኖሚውውስጥየመንግስትንጣልቃገብነትአይደግፍም፤ከጣልቃገብነት
ነፃየሆነየገበያኢኮኖሚስርአትንይደግፋል።የዚህቲዎሪመስራችደግሞ
AdamSmithይባላል።
Marxismኢ-ፍትሀዊየሀብትክፍፍልንናየገቢአለመመጣጠንንየሚቃወም
ሲሆንበKarlMarxየተመሰረተነው።
ከሶስቱቲዎሪዎችመካከል፤MercantilismናMarxismየclassical
economics(liberalism)ንየሚቃወሙናቸው።እንዴትመልሱት።
Sincethemid-1980s,therelevanceofthethreeperspectives
haschangeddramatically.
ከ1980ዎቹአጋማሽጀምሮ፤የሶስቱቲዎሪዎችተቀባይነትበሚገርምሁኔታ
ተለዋውጧል።
Withtheendofcommunism,therelevanceofMarxism
greatlydeclined,andliberalismhasexperiencedarelatively
considerablegrowthininfluence.Aroundtheworld,moreand
morecountriesareacceptingliberalprinciplesastheyopen
theireconomiestoimportsandforeigninvestment,scaledown
theroleofthestateintheeconomy,andshifttoexport-led
growthstrategies.

219. የCommunismስርአትመውደቅ፤የማርክሲዝምተቀባይነትእንዲወቅ
ሁኗል፤በአንፃሩሊበራሊዝምበብዙሀገሮችተቀባይነትአግኝቷልምክንያቱም
ሀገራትምርቶችንወደሀገራቸውማስገባትመጀመራቸው፣የውጭቀጥተኛ
ኢንቨስትመንትንመተግበራቸውእንዲሁምበኢኮኖሚውየመንግስትጣልቃ
ገብነትንመቀነሳቸውናምርቶችንወደውጭሀገርየመላክመርህመከተላቸው
ሊበራሊዝምተቀባይነትእንዲኖረውአድርጓል።
Marxismhasbeendiscreditedbutasanideologicalcritique
ofcapitalismitsurvivesandwillcontinuetosurviveaslongas
thoseflawsofthecapitalistsystemremain-e.g.thewideningof
gapbetweenrichandpoor.
ማርክሲዝምተቀባይነትአጥቷል።ነገርግንየካፒታሊዝምስርአትተቃዋሚ
እስከሆነድረስናየካፒታሊዝምስርአትስህተቶችእስካሉድረስማለትምበድሀና
በሀብታምሀገራትመካከልያለውየገቢልዩነትእስካለድረስማርክሲዝምአለ
አልሞተም።
እንግዲህሶስቱንየIPEቲዎሪዎችተማርን።
Inadditiontotheabovementionedfoundationaltheoriesof
InternationalPoliticaleconomy,thefollowingthree
contemporarytheoriesofInternationalpoliticaleconomyare
alsoworthconsidering.
ከላይካየናቸውከሶስቱመሰረታዊየIPEቲዎሪዎችበተጨማሪበአሁኑ
ሰአትሌሎችሶስትተጨማሪየIPEቲዎሪዎችአሉ።እነርሱም

220. HegemonicStabilityTheory(HST).
Structuralism.
DevelopmentalStateApproach.
ሶስቱንምበቀጣይእናያለን።
©A+TutorialClass.
#GlobalTrends.
ChapterThree-InternationalPoliticalEconomy(IPE).
በባለፈውትምህርታችንሶስቱንየIPEቲዎሪዎችተምረናል፤ማለትም
Mercantilism,LiberalismናMarxism።
ከሶስቱየIPEቲዎሪዎችበተጨማሪበአሁኑዘመን(contemporary)የ
IPEቲዎሪበመሆንብቅያሉሶስትቲዎሪዎችአሉ።እነርሱም
1)HegemonicStabilityTheory(HST)
2)Structuralism.
3)DevelopmentalStateApproch.
ሶስቱንምእንማር።

221. 1)HegemonicStabilityTheory(HST).
የዚህንቲዎሪሀሳብከስሙመረዳትይቻላል፤እንዴትተመልከቱ
Hegmonicማለትልዕለሀያል፤የሁሉየበላይ፤የሁሉገዢማለትነው።
ካስታወሳችሁስለunipolar,bipolarናmultipolarsystemስንማርስለ
Hegemonyነውየተማርነው።ስለዚህHegemonicማለትሁሉንምየሚገዛ
የሚቆጣጠርማለትነው።
Stabilityማለትደግሞየተረጋጋማለትነው።
ስለዚህHegemonicStabilityTheoryየሚለው፤የአለምአቀፉ
ገበያየተረጋጋእንዲሆንማለትምአለምአቀፋዊየኢኮኖሚመዋዠቅ
እንዳይፈጠር፤የአለምኢኮኖሚበአንድልዕለሀያል(Hegemonic)
ሀገር/ድርጅትመመራትመዘወርአለበትይላል።
HegemonicStabilityTheory(HST)isahybridtheory
containingelementsofmercantilism,liberalism,andeven
Marxism.
HegemonicStabilityTheory(HST)hasclosestassociation,
however,iswithmercantilism.(ያዟት)
HegemonicStabilityTheory(HST)ከሶስቱዋናየIPEቲዎሪዎች
ማለትምከMercantilism,LiberalismናMarxismየተዳቀለ፤የተመሰረተ
ቲዎሪነው።ስለዚህከMercantilismሀሳብወስዷል፣ከLiberalismሀሳብ

222. ወስዷልእንዲሁምከMarxismሀሳብወስዷል።ስለዚህከሶስቱምየተዋሀደ
የተዳቀለቲዎሪነው። በዋናነትግንHegemonicStability
Theory(HST)ከMercantilismጋበጣምየተቀራረበሀሳብንያንፀባርቃል፤
ጥብቅቁርኝትምአለው።
ለመሆኑHegemonicStabilityTheoryምንድንነውየሚለው
ThebasicargumentofHSTissimple:therootcauseofthe
economictroublesthatbedeviledEuropeandmuchoftheworld
intheGreatDepressionofthe1920sand1930swasthe
absenceofabenevolenthegemon—thatis,adominantstate
willingandabletotakeresponsibility(inthesenseofactingas
aninternationallenderoflastresortaswellasaconsumerof
lastresort)forthesmoothoperationoftheinternational
(economic)systemasawhole.
GreatDepression-ታላቁየኢኮኖሚድቀት።
መጀመሪያGreatDepreesionየሚለውንእንረዳ።GreatDepression
በጥቅምት1929ዓ.ምላይየተፈጠረክስተትነበር።ለ10ዓመታትማለትም
እስከ1939ዓ.ምድረስየቆየሚሊዮኖችንለድህነትየዳረገአደባባይያስወጣ
ትልቅየኢኮኖሚመቅሰፍትነበር።GreatDepressionማለትበአለማችን
በተለይምደግሞበኢንዲስትሪሀገራትላይየተከሰተትልቅየኢኮኖሚድቀትና
ውድመትነው።
ለGreatDepressionመፈጠርእንደምክንያትየሚቀርቡትነገሮች፤የ
ምርትገበያመቀዛቀዝ፥በቀረጥምክንያትየአለምንግድመቀዛቀዝ፥

223. የመንግስታትፖሊሲ፥የባንኮችመክሰር፥የገንዘብአቅርቦትማነስእንደ
ምክንያትይጠቀሳሉ።
ታዲያHegemonicStabilityTheory(HST)በዋናነትስለዚህGreat
Depressionያነሳል።HSTበGreatDepression(በታላቁየኢኮኖሚ
ድቀት)ጉዳይምንአለይኸው
የHSTመሰረታዊሀሳብ፦እ.ኤ.አ.በ1920ዎቹእና1930ዎቹአውሮፓንእና
አብዛኛውየአለምንክፍልለከፋየኢኮኖሚችግርየዳረገውታላቁየኢኮኖሚ
ድቀት(GreatDepression)መንስኤውፈቃደኛሁኖሀላፊነትወስዶየአለምን
ኢኮኖሚየሚቆጣርዕውነተኛናልባዊልዕለሀያልወይምየበላይአካል/ሀገር
(BenevolentHegmon)አለመኖሩነው።
ስለዚህየHSTዋናሀሳብ፤ሀላፊነትወሶዶየአለምንኢኮኖሚየሚቆጣጠር
ፈቃደኛ፥ዕውነተኛ፥ልባዊ፥አቅምያለውልዕለሀያልወይምየበላይ
አካል/ሀገር(Benevolenthegmon)አለመኖሩ፤ታላቁየኢኮኖሚ
ድቀት(GreatDepression)እንዲፈጠርሁኗል።
BenevolentHegmonማለትሀላፊነትወሶዶየአለምንኢኮኖሚ
የሚቆጣጠርፈቃደኛ፥ዕውነተኛ፥ልባዊ፥አቅምያለውልዕለሀያልወይም
የበላይአካል/ሀገርማለትነው።
ይህማለትደግሞአቅምያለውየበላይየሆነሀገር(dominant
state/hegemonic)በፍቃደኝነትእንደዓለምአቀፍአበዳሪእናእንደ
ተጠቃሚምበመሆንበአጠቃላይለዓለምአቀፉኢኮኖሚያዊስርዓት
የተመቻቸ(ከክፉፉክክርየፀዳ)አሠራርእንዲኖርኃላፊነትመወሰድመቻልነው።
ነገርግንእንደHSTአመለካከትበወቅቱይህንንሀላፊነትየወሰደየለም፤

224. ሀገራትእርስበርሳቸውበኢኮኖሚውከመፎካከርበዘለለሀገራቱንሊያስማማ
የሚችልፈቃደኛናልባዊሀያልሀገርባለመኖሩGreatDepression
እንዲፈጠርሁኗል።በወቅቱይህየኢኮኖሚድቀትሲያጋጥም፤አቅምያለው
ሀገር(hegemonicstate)ልባዊሁኖሀላፊነትወስዶእንደመጨረሻአማራጭ
ሁኖለተጎዱሀገራትብድርቢያበድርይህድቀትአይፈጠርምነበር።(actingas
aninternationallenderoflastresort).
ለምሳሌበክላሳችሁRepresentative(Rep)ይመረጣልአይደል።ሪፑመሪ
ነውተቆጣጣሪነው።ዋናስራውምትምህርቱበአግባቡእንዲሳለጥበተማሪዎች
ናበመመህራኖችመካከልድልድይሁኖያገለግላል።የአለምአቀፉኢኮኖሚም
ልክእንደሪፑአይነትአንድዕውነተኛልባዊመሪአለመኖሩነውለGreat
DepressionመንስኤውእንደHSTአመለካከት።በወቅቱGreatBritain
ከሌሎችሀገራትየተሻለአቅምያላትሀገር(hegemonicstate)ነበረች።ነገር
ግንአለምአቀፉንስርአትመቆጣጠርአልቻለችምነበር።ከሷበመቀጠልሀያል
ሁናብቅያለቺውUSAምብትሆንአለምአቀፉንስርአትእንዴትመምራት
እንዳለባትገናአላወቅበችምነበር።
#Global
DuringitsexplanatorypowertotheGreatDepression,HST
hasthusinfluencedtheestablishment
oftheBrettonWoodsinstitutions(IMFandWB)-bothbeingthe
productsofAmericanpowerandinfluence.Onthispoint,itis
specificallyworthnotingthatGreatBritainwasgivenan
importantroletoplaybutBritishinterestsanddesireswere
clearlysecondary.U.S.dominancewasmanifested,inparticular,
bytheadoptionoftheU.S.blueprintfortheIMF.
ታላቁየኢኮኖሚድቀትለመፈጠሩመንስኤውአለምአቀፉንየኢኮኖሚ

225. ስርአትየሚመራየበላይአካል/ተቋም/ሀገርአለመኖሩነውብሏልHST።ይህንን
የተገነዘቡአካላት፤ብሬተንውድስበመባልየሚጠሩትንIMFናWBየተባሉ
አለምአቀፍየኢኮኖሚተቋማትንመሰረቱ።ስለዚህለIMFናWBተቋማት
መመስረት፤HSTትልቅአስተዋዕፆወይምተፅዕኖአድርጓል።
በርግጥሁለቱምተቋማትማለትምIMFናWBየአሜሪካሃይልእናተፅእኖ
ውጤቶችናቸው፤ማለትምእነዚህተቋማትበዋናነትየሚንቀሳቀሱትበአሜሪካ
ፈላጭቆራጭነትነውማለትምየአሜሪካንጥቅምናፍላጎትባስቀደመመልኩ
ነውየሚንቀሳቀሱት።በርግጥበነዚህተቋማትላይታላቋብሪታንያትልቅሚና
ተሰጥቷልነገርግንየብሪታንያፍላጎቶችእናጥቅሞችበግልጽሁለተኛደረጃ
እንደነበሩልብሊባልየሚገባውጉዳይነው።በነዚህድርጅቶችላይየUSA
የበላይነትየተገለጠውበተለይ፤USAየIMFንድፍበመንደፍናበማፅደቋነው።
‍♂ስለዚህየድርጅቱአሰራርየተነደፈውበአሜሪካከሆነ፤የአሜሪካንፍላጎት
ናጥቅምማስቀደሙግልፅነው።
IMF-InternationalMonetaryFundማለትሲሆንአለምአቀፍአበዳሪ
የገንዘብተቋምነው።በሰሜኑኢትዮጵያበተካሔደውየርስበርስጦርነት
ምክንያትይህድርጅትለኢትዮጵያሲሰጥየነበረውንገንዘብመስጠትአቁሟል።
ለምንይመስላችሗል ‍♂አንዲትሀገርበተለይእንደኛያሉድሀሀገራት
አሜሪካመንጋጋውስጥመግባትናስጋአንበሳመንጋጋውስጥመግባትነው።
እምሽክያደርጉሀል።‍♂የብልፅግናመንግስትየዲፕሎማሲችግርነው።
WB-WorldBankማለትሲሆንየአለምባንክነው።ወደፊትስለነዚህ
በስፋትእንማራቸዋለን።
ስለHSTይህንካየንበቂነው፤አሁንደግሞስለStructuralismእንማር።

226. 2)Structuralism
Structuralism:isavariantoftheMarxistperspectiveand
startsanalysisfromapracticaldiagnosisofthespecific
structuralproblemsoftheinternationalliberalcapitalist
economicsystemwhosemainfeatureiscentre-periphery
(dependency)relationshipbetweentheGlobalNorthandthe
GlobalSouthwhichpermanentlyresultedinanunequal(trade
andinvestment)exchange.
StructuralismሌላኛውየMarxismtheoryነው፤ተመሳሳይናቸውበፅንሰ
ሀሳብደረጃመሰረታዊልዩነትየላቸውም።አልሸሹምዘወርአሉነውነገሩ።
Structuralismየአለምአቀፉንየካፒታሊዝምኢኮኖሚመዋቅራዊችግር
ላይተግባራዊምርመራ(practicaldiagnosis)ምርመራከማድረግ
ይጀምራል።እንደStructuralismምርመራመሰረትየCapitalismችግር
Capitalismስርአትበሀብታምናበድሀሀገራትመካከልየጥገኝነት(መሀል
-ዳር)ግንኙነትየፈጠረስርአትነው።
ሀብታምሀገራትGlobalNorthተብለውይጠራሉ።
ድሀሀገራትደግሞGlobalSouthተብለውይጠራሉ።
መሀል-ዳር(center-periphery)ማለትደግሞአንዱበይአንዱተመልካች
ማለትነው።

227. እንደStructralismእሳቤ፤የካፒታሊዝምስርአትአንዳንዱንሀገር
ሀብታም(በይ)፤ሌላውንሀገርደግሞድሀ(ተመልካች)በማድረግ፤ድሀሀገራት
በሀብታምሀገራትጥገኛእንዲሆኑበማድረግበሀብታምናድሀሀገራትመካከል
የጥገኝነትግንኙነትእንዲፈጠርያደረገስርአትነው።
ይህየጥገኝነትግንኙነትደግሞበሀብታምናበድሀሀገራትመካከልኢ-
ፍትሀዊናእኩልያልሆነየንግድናየኢንቨስትመንትልውውጥእንዲኖር
አድርጓል።
እኩልያልሆነየንግድልውውጥማለት፥ድሀሀገራትበብዙቀረጥ፣ኮታና
ታሪፍምርቶችንከሀብታምሀገራትያስገባሉበአንፃሩደግሞድሀሀገራትወደ
ሀብታምሀገራትየሚልኳቸውምርቶችበጣምትንሽነው ዶላርኮ
የሚወደድብንበዚህምክንያትነው።አንዲትሀብታምሀገርወደአንዲትድሀ
ሀገር100ምርቶቿንብትልክ፤በአንፃሩግንያቺድሀ ሁለት/ሶስትምርቷን
ወደዛችሁብታምሀገርትልካለች(ያልተመጣጠነ/እኩልያልሆነየንግድ
ልውውጥማለትይህነው)።ይህእንዲሆንደግሞያደረገውየካፒታሊዝም
ስርአትነው።
ያልተመጣጠነየኢንቨስትመንትልውውጥማለትደግሞሀብታምሀገራት
ድሀሀገራትላይብዙኢንቨስትያደርጋሉብርስላላቸው።የድሀሀገራትን
የተፈጥሮሀብትተጠቅመውድሀሀገራትላይፋብሪካገንብተውድርጅት
አቋቁመውየሚያተርፉትንምርትወደሀገራቸውይልካሉ።በአንፃሩግንድሀ
ሀገራት፤ሀብታምሀገራትላይኢንቨስትማድረግአይችሉምቢያደርጉምኢምንት
ነው(እኩልያልሆነየኢንቨስትመንትልውውጥማለትይህነው)።ይህእንዲሆን
ያደረገውየካፒታሊዝምስርአትነው። እኔአይደለሁምያልኩት
Structuremalismነውያለው፤በርግጥእውነትነው።ስለዚህድሀሀገራት
በሀብታምሀገራትጥገኛሆኑማለትነው።

228. አንድምሳሌልስጣችሁ፤አንድየተቸገረብርየሌለውሰውልጆቹን
ማብላትያልቻለሰው፤ያለውንሀብት(ስልክምልብስምወርቅምይሁንወዘተ)
በትንሽብርሽጦምቢሆንለጊዜውችግሩእንዲቀረፍለትያደርጋል።የተቸገረውን
ሰውበድሀሀገራትእንወክለው።ከተቸገረውሰውስልክ፥ልብስ፥ወርቅበትንሽ
ብርየገዛውደግሞበሀብታምሀገራትእንወክለው።
አያችሁኣሀብታምሀገራትየተቸገሩድሀሀገራትንብርናዕርዳታእየሰጡ
የድሀሀገራትንዕንቁተፈጥሯዊሀብትናየሰውሀብትይመዘብራሉ፤ስለዚህ
እኩልልውውጥየለም።ቻይናቀላልመዘበረችንእንደ።
ተመልከቱማፈጣሪያሳያችሁ፤ሀብታምሀገራትኮበኛድሀገራትላይዕቃቃ
ነውየሚጫወቱብን።እንዴትበሉኝ ጎሽይኸውላችሁ
ሀብታምሀገራትለድሀሀገራትረብጣቢሊዮንዶላርብድርያበድራሉ፤ረብጣ
ቢሊዮንዶላርይሰጣሉ።
#Global
ከዛእኛደግሞባበደሩንዶላር፤የነሱንዕቃገዝተንወደሀገርውስጥ
እናስገባለን።‍♂አያችሁኣእነሱዶላርያበድሩናል፤ባበደሩንዶላርየነሱን
ዕቃእንገዛለን።የምንጠቀማቸውአብዛሀኞቹዕቃዎችከምትፅፉበትስኪብሩቶ
እስከየምትውጡትፓራስታሞልበዶላርከውጭየተገዛነው።
ስለዚህድሀሀገራትበሀብታምሀገራትጥገኛእንዲሆኑየሚያደርጋቸው
ስርአትየካፒታሊዝምስርአትነውብሎStructuralismይቃወማል።ስለ
Capitalismቻፕቸር1ላይስለተማርንከዚህመድገምአይጠበቅብንም።

229. Theperspectiveisalsoknownasthe"Prebisch-Singer
thesis"(namedafteritsLatinAmericanproponentsPresbish
andSinger)anditadvocatesforanewpatternofdevelopment
basedonindustrializationviaimportsubstitutionbasedon
protectionistpolicies.
Duringthe1950s,thisLatinAmericanmodelspreadtoother
countriesinAsiaandAfricaandthenthedomesticpromotion
ofmanufacturingoveragriculturalandothertypesofprimary
productionbecameacentralobjectiveinmanydevelopment
plans.
Structuralismበሌላስሙ"Prebisch-Singerthesis"በመባል
ይጠራል።PrebischናSingerከተባሉሁለቱየላቲንአሜሪካየ
Structuralismአቀንቃኞችስምየተወሰደነው።
PrebischናSingerየተባሉ ሁለቱላቲንአሜሪካውያንወይምPrebisch-
Singerthesis(structuralism)፤ድሀሀገራትከሀብታምሀገራትምርቶችን
importበማድረግጥገኛእንዳይሆኑ፤ድሀሀገራትከውጭሀገር
የሚያስገቧቸውንምርቶች(imported)፥ራሳቸውድሀሀገራትየራሳቸውን
ኢንዱትስሪአቋቁመውእነዛንምርቶችየማምረትአዲስኢንዱስትሪመርፖሊሲን
አስተዋውቋል።ይህከውጭበሚገቡዕቃዎችምትክ፤ራሳቸውድሀሀገራት
በኢንዱስትሪመርዕቃዎችንየማምረትፖሊሲProtectionistPolicy
ይባላል።መከላከል(protect)ማድረግነውማለትምimportየሚሆኑ
ዕቃዎችንእንዳይገቡመከላከልነው።እንዴት?importየሚያደርጉሀገራት
ምርቶቹኝራሳቸውበማምረት።ይህፖሊሲበመጀመሪያበላቲንአሜሪካሀገሮች
ላይተግባራዊሆነ።

230. በ1950ዎቹይህየላቲንአሜሪካፖሊሲ(ሞዴል)ወደሌሎችየኢስያና
አፍሪካሀገራትተዛመተተስፋፋተግባራዊሆነ።በዚህምረገድ፤ድሀሀገራት
ግብርናናሌሎችየመጀመሪያደረጃምርትንበመጠቀምበራሳቸው
ማምረት(Domesticproduction)በብዙየልማትዕቅዶችውስጥዋናግብ
ሆነ።
በአጭሩStructuralismየሚለው፤የካፒታሊዝምስርአትድሀሀገራትና
ሀብታምእንዲፈጠሩአድርጓል፤በዚህምድሀሀገራትበሀብታምጥገኛ
እንዲሆኑአድርጓል፤በሀብታምናድሀሀገራትመካከልእኩልያልሆነየንግድና
የኢንቨስትመንትልውውጥአለ።
ስለዚህድሀሀገራትከዚህጥገኝነትለመላቀቅ፤ከሀብታምሀገራት
የሚያስገቧቸውንምርቶችበራሳቸውማምረትአለባቸውየሚልፖሊሲ
structuralismአወጣ።ይህፖሊሲProtectionalistpolicyይባላል።
ስለStructuralismይህንካየንበቂነው፤አሁንደግሞስለ
DevelopmentalStateApproachእንማር።
3)DevelopmentalStateApproach.
Realizingthefailureofneo-liberaldevelopmentparadigm(in
the1980‘s)insolvingeconomicproblemsindeveloping
countries,variouswriterssuggestedthedevelopmentalstate
developmentparadigmasanalternativedevelopmentparadigm.
ስለNeo-liberalየኢኮኖሚስርአትእዚጋማስተማርአይጠበቅብኝም።

231. ለዕውቀትከፈላጋችሁትአንብቡት፤ Neo-liberalየሚለውየኢኮኖሚ
ስርአቱነፃመሆንአለበት፤በኢኮኖሚውውስጥመንግስትጣልቃመግባት
የለበትም።ይህየNeo-liberalእሳቤምንምእንኳንበማደግላይያሉሀገራት
ላይቢተገብርም፤በማደግላይያሉሀገራት(Developingcountries)ን
የኢኮኖሚችግርመቅረፍአልቻለምማለትምማደግአልቻሉም።
የNeo-liberalየኢኮኖሚስርአትበማደግላይያሉአገሮችንኢኮኖሚያዊ
ችግሮችመፍታትአለመቻሉንየተገነዘቡትየተለያዩጸሃፊዎችDevelopmental
StateApproachንእንደአማራጭየዕድገትየልማት፥የዕድገትዘዴ
አቅርበዋል።DevelopmentalStateApproachምንማለትነው
Theconceptofthedevelopmentalstateisavariantof
mercantilismanditadvocatesfortherobustroleofthestatein
theprocessofstructuraltransformation.
DevelopmentalStateApproachከMercantilismጋበጣም
ተቀራራቢሀሳብያንፀባርቃል።እንደውምDevelopmentalStateApproach
ሌላኛውየMercantilismtheoryነውይባላል።ስለMercantlism
ባለፈውተምረናል።አሁንደግሞDevelopmentalStateApproachምን
እንደሚልእንማር።ከMercantilismጋርምእንዴትእንደሚቀራረቡበዛውም
ማነፃፀርትችላላችሁ።
Thetermdevelopmentalstatethusreferstoastatethat
intervenesandguidesthedirectionandpaceofeconomic
development.
DevelopmentalStateApproachየሚለው፤መንግስትበሀገሪቱ

232. ኢኮኖሚውስጥጣልቃመግባትአለበትእንዲሁምየኢኮኖሚዕድገቱን
አቅጣጫመምራትአለበት።በአጭሩDevelopmentalStateApproach
የሚለውበአንዲትሀገርኢኮኖሚውስጥመንግስትጣልቃመግባትና
ኢኮኖሚውንመምራትአለበት።ይህንንየሚከተሉሀገራትደግሞ
Developmentalstateይባላሉ።በተለይእነጃፓንበዚህይታወቃሉ።
#Global
DevelopmentalStateApproachንየሚከተሉሀገሮች
DevelopmentalStateይባላሉ።ታዲያየነዚህሀገራትማለትም
DevelopmentalStateመገለጫቸው/ባህሪያቸውምንድንነውይኸው
Someofthecorefeaturesofdevelopmentalstateinclude;
1)Stronginterventionism:Interventionheredoesnotimply
heavyuseofpublicownershipenterpriseorresourcesbut
state‘swillingnessandabilitytouseasetofinstrumentssuch
astaxcredits,subsidies,importcontrols,exportpromotion,and
targetedanddirectfinancialandcreditpoliciesinstruments
thatbelongtotherealmofindustrial,trade,andfinancialpolicy.
1ኛ)Developmentalstateንየሚከተሉሀገራት፤መንግስት
በኢኮኖሚውውስጥጠንካራጣልገብነት(Stronginterventionalism)
አለው።ምንማለትነውእንደDevelopmentalStateApprochገለፃ
መሰረትመንግስትበኢኮኖሚውውስጥጠንካራጣልቃገብነትአለውሲል፤
Publicownershipenterpriseወይምየህዝብንብረትየሆነተቋማትላይ
ለምሳሌአየርመንገድ፤መብራትሀይል፤በህብረተሰቡየተቋቋመ
ድርጅት/ፋብሪካወዘተንይቆጣጠርአለአግባብይጠቀምይገልገልማለት
አይደለም።ነገርግን

233. ግብርንበተመለከተ፥ድጎማዎች(subsidies)ንበተመለከተ፥ወደሀገር
ውስጥየሚገቡምርቶችላይቁጥጥርበማድረግ፥ወደውጭሀገርየሚላኩ
ምርቶችንከማስተዋወቅአንፃር፥መንግስትበነዚህጉዳዮችጣልቃይገባል፤
እንዲሁምበኢንዱስትሪው፤በንግድናበፋይናንስዘርፍየታለመለት(targeted)
፥ቀጥተኛየፋይናንስናየብድርፖሊሲዎችንያወጣልያስፈፅማል፤ይህነው
Stronginterventionalismየሚባለው።
2)Existenceofbureaucraticapparatustoefficientlyand
effectivelyimplementtheplannedprocessofdevelopment.
መቼምአንዲትሀገርየዕድገትዕቅድማውጣቷየማይቀርነው።ታዲያ
DevelopmentalStateቶች፤የታቀደውንየእድገትሂደትበብቃትእና
በውጤታማነትለመተግበርየቢሮክራሲያዊመሳሪያዎች(Bureaucratic
apparatus)አሏቸው።
Bureaucracticapparatusማለትየልማትዕቅዱንየመምራትና
የመቆጣጠርስርአት(system)ማለትነው።
3)Existenceofactiveparticipationandresponseofthe
privatesectortostateintervention.
PrivateSectorማለትበግልባለሀብቶችየሚንቀሳቀሱትላልቅድርጅቶች
ማለትነው።ሳፋሪኮምአንዱምሳሌነው።ቴሌንያክልትልቅተቋምለግል
ባለሀብትመሸጥግንጥሩነው

234. ታዲያDevelopmentalapproachየሚከተሉሀገራት፤በግልባለሀብቶች
የሚንቀሳቀሱድርጅቶች(privatesector)ላይመንግስትቁጥጥርበማድረግ
ንቁተሳትፎአለው።
4)Regimelegitimacybuiltondevelopmentresultsthat
ensuredthebenefitsofdevelopmentareequitablysharedand
consequentlythepopulationisactivelyengagedintheprocess
offormulatingandexecutingcommonnationalprojectof
development....etc.
በኢኮኖሚያውዕድገትላይየመንግስትንጣልቃገብነትየሚቀበሉ
ሀገራት(DevelopmentalStates)፤ሁሉምዜጎችበዕድገቱተጠቃሚ
እንዲሆኑያደርጋልበዚህምምክንያትዜጎችትላልቅሀገራዊየልማትፕሮጀክቶች
ንበመወጠንናበማስፈፀምንቁተሳትፎያደርጋሉ። ተጠቃሚከሆኑ
የባይተዋርነትስሜትአይሰማቸውም።ስለዚህንቁቸሳትፎያደርጋሉ።
ስለHST,StructuralismናDevelopmentalStateይህንካየንበቂ
ነው።
HSTTheoryናMercantlismየሚያመሳስላቸውምንድንነው
DevelopmentalStateApproachናMercantilism
የሚያመሳስላቸውምንድንነው
በኢኮኖሚውውስጥየመንግስትንጣልቃገብነትስለሚደግፉነው።
StructuralismለምንየLiberalCapitalismጠላትሁኖብቅአለ

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