GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS FINALE FOR A LEVEL STUDENTS.pptx

Glucose homeostasis explanation in simple terms for A level students

1. GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS GROUP FIVE PRESENTATION NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER MUBIRU ADRIAN NDIWALANA 2023/DLT/095/PS ISAJJAH ALLAN HAGGAI 2023/DLT/021/PS OMUNA ISRAEL 2023/DLT/048/PS NAHURIRA JANET 2023/DLT/113/PS

2. SUGAR REGULATION This is a body process through which blood sugar (glucose) levels dissolved in blood plasma are maintained within a narrow range. Device used to measure the glucose levels is known as a glucometer.

3. Organs involved in Blood sugar Regulation The brain . This is involved in the nervous control of blood sugar levels through the hypothalamus which sends electrical impulses to the pancreas. Pancreas . This is involved in hormonal control of blood sugar levels by producing hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Liver . This acts as the storage organ of sugars inform of glycogen.

4. CONT………. Occurs by a negative feedback loop/ mechanism. The normal blood glucose is expected to be between 3.9mmol/L and 5.6mmol/L. Levels above 6.9mmol/L may lead to hyperglycemia. Sugar regulation may be either Nervous or hormonal control.

5. Definition of terms Hyperglycemia ; Is a condition in which the blood glucose levels are higher than normal. Hypoglycemia ; Is a condition in which blood sugar levels are lower than their standard range. Glycolysis ; Is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy.

6. CONT………………………………… Glycogenesis ; Is the process of glycogen synthesis in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage. Glycogenolysis ; Refers to the metabolic process of converting glycogen in the liver and muscle cells to glucose for use during respiration. Gluconeogenesis ; Refers to the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such as amino acids, glycerol, lactate.

7. Processes Involved during Regulation of blood glucose levels. Nervous Control of Blood Glucose Levels

8. Nervous Control of Blood Glucose Levels This is primarily mediated by the CNS and the PNS through involvements of various mechanisms as follows. Detection of glucose levels is done by gluco -receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain which detect changes in blood glucose levels and send signals to the CNS. The hypothalamus responds to the changes in glucose levels and coordinates physiological processes that restore glucose homeostasis.

9. When blood Glucose levels fall , the hypothalamus may activate the sympathetic nervous system which releases hormones like adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. This response promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. The brain may also directly send nervous signals to other organs like the Adipose tissue to increase fat metabolism and the liver, which in turn produce glucose. When the blood glucose levels normalize, the activity of gluco -receptors decrease, reducing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, reducing insulin and glucagon production thus providing a feedback loop that maintains balance.

10. Hormonal Control of Blood glucose levels

11. This primarily involves the actions of insulin and glucagon produced from the pancreas, but other hormones may also play a supportive role in the process. When glucose levels increase: The pancreas detects this through its beta cells of islet of Langerhans which respond by producing insulin. Insulin binds to liver cells promoting glycogenesis and suppressing gluconeogenesis. Insulin also increases rate of glucose uptake by cells and promotes synthesis of fatty acids for storage while inhibiting lipolysis.

12. When blood glucose levels decrease: The pancreas through alpha cells, in the islets of Langerhans detect the decrease and respond by producing glucagon hormone. Glucagon binds to liver cells thereby increasing glycogenolysis and promoting gluconeogenesis. Glucagon also promotes lipolysis in the adipose tissue which releases free fatty acids for energy use. Hence, through the actions of insulin and glucagon, blood sugar levels are kept at a normal range in the body.

13. Other hormones involved in blood glucose regulation. Hormone Produced by Role in glucose regulation. Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Adrenal medulla during stress situations or anxiety. Increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. It also inhibits insulin secretion. Cortisol Adrenal cortex of the kidney Increases blood sugar levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and reducing glucose utilization in tissues. Growth Hormone Pituitary gland Increases blood sugar levels by decreasing uptake of glucose in tissues and promoting lipolysis.

14. Stages of Glucose Homeostasis Absorptive state ; Occurs after a meal rich in carbohydrates which increases glucose levels in blood. Pancreas releases insulin. Post- absorptive state ; Occurs several hours after eating when glucose levels have began to decline. The pancreas reduces insulin secretion and increases glucagon secretion.

15. Fasting state ; During this phase, blood glucose levels are maintained by production of glucose from gluconeogenesis. Glucagon continues to play its role. Response to hypoglycemia ; Continuous drop in glucose triggers a quick response, pancreas increases secretion of glucagon. The adrenal glands also further release epinephrine to further boost glucose levels. Hyperglycemia ; Occurs in cases where blood levels are consistently high such as in diabetes. The body may either be resistant to insulin or unable to produce enough insulin. Chronic high blood glucose may lead to further complications.

16. COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS 1. DIABETES MELLITUS Is a health condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to the body’s inability to produce enough insulin or effectively use insulin. They include, a) Type 1 diabetes . This results from failure of the pancreas to produce enough insulin in blood. Treated by insulin injection. b)Type 2 diabetes . This results from failure of the cells to respond to insulin despite its sufficient secretion from the pancreas hence sugar levels remain high. Its regulated through proper diet, oral medications, and exercise.

17. Cont.…… c) Gestational diabetes mellitus . This occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that affect insulin production. It is common after child birth and increases risks of the mother developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. Regulated through exercise, diet and insulin injections to lower blood glucose levels.

18. Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Presence of glucose in urine(glycosuria) Frequent urination(polyuria) Increased thirst(polydipsia) Excessive hunger( polyphagia) Unintentional loss of weight. Blurry vision Feeling tired and weak Slow healing sores Getting a lot of infections like gum, skin or vaginal Irritability or having mood changes

19. Symptoms of hypoglycemia Severe sweating Shakiness Dizziness or light headedness Confusion Rapid heart rate Irritability or anxiety Looking pale Hunger and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Headache Hypoglycemia can be treated by eating sugary foods or drinks like dextrose tablets, fruit juice respectively.

20. Other complications: Due to high blood sugar levels; Cardiovascular disease. Diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) Gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying) Due to low blood sugar levels; Insulinoma (tumor of the pancreas) Seizures and brain damage Hypoglycemic unawareness Kidney damage Eye problems and skin conditions Stroke