Grade 12 Lesson 1 (WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY).pptx

philosophy

1. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

2. Objectives 1. Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate reflection 2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective in life At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: 3. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective

3. RED means STOP : If learning this subject stresses you, you can always stop- BUT NEVER QUIT! To stop is to give time to yourself. To stop is to free your mind from pre-occupied thoughts, so new ideas shall come in. YELLOW means CAUTION : Be cautious of you life. Be aware of yourself-on how to deal with things and with people around you. Being cautious means being well-prepared towards your life-long journey. Cautious decision-making is the key! GREEN means GO : Go and learn new things! This module is about YOU. Always relate the topic to yourself, because we do not study for grades- we study for life! GO for LIFE! Live to the fullest!

4. What is PHILOSOPHY ?

5. Philosophy Philos means Love Sophia means Wisdom Love of Wisdom Applied to a science or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes , reasons , and principles that govern all things.

6. PYTHAGORAS “ Philosopho ” which means “a lover of wisdom”

7. What developments led to the emergence of Western Philosophy? Western Philosophy is primarily concerned with uncovering the truth through systematic argumentation and theory. There is a greater emphasis on the use of reason rather than faith, and an increased focus on man as an individual. Greece was home to one of the great civilizations during the ancient period. The most notable characteristics of Ancient Greek civilization was their love of learning. For a Greek to claim himself a wise and learned person, he must know a lot of things from various disciplines.

8. What is permanent in existence? What is the universe made up of?

9. The first Philosophers are called the “ Pre-Socratics ” . Thales earliest philosopher to inquire about the world explain the composition of things and the changes in physical reality. Father of Western Philosophy

10. After the Pre-Socratics; Sophists Influenced learning in ancient Greece Taught a style of argumentation called eristic, which aimed to win arguments rather than arrive at the truth. Excellent public speakers and they travelled throughout Greece and taught young people a wide array of subjects such as grammar, mythology, political virtue, and rhetoric.

11. Teaching and learning should be an opportunity to learn the truth of all things in this world, and all real wisdom should strive to achieve the truth apart from knowledge. Their central belief was that man need not know all things in the world, but one must continue to inquire and seek to understand and learn about the human condition.

12. How are the Pre-Socratics different from the Sophists? What did it mean to be a "lover of wisdom"? What characteristics or traits defined a philosopher?

13. Most Notable Ancient Greek Philosophers

14. Thales He believed that the ultimate composition of all things is water. Thales believed that all things take nourishment from water and he considered heat as being generated and maintained by the amount of moisture in an object. (624 BCE to 546 BCE)

15. Anaximander (610 BCE to 546 BCE) Anaximander agreed with his teacher that everything comes from a single, basic material. He argued that matter is not composed of water or any other element. It is his view that all things are created and emerged from an indefinite and boundless realm called apeiron .

16. Anaximenes He was a young associate of Anaximander who followed Thale's view of matter being created from a single element. He believed that it is air that makes up all things and that different elements and substances are merely different phases of air He also considered air as the source of all life. ( 1586 BCE to 528 BCE)

17. Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE) A mathematician and scientist, he was credited with the formulation of the Pythagorean theorem . His work earned him many followers, and he established a community of learners who were devoted to the study of religion and philosophy.

18. Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE) He proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan which he called logos . Change is a permanent aspect of the human condition. "You cannot step twice into the same river, for fresh waters are ever flowing upon you."

19. Democritus (46) BCE to 370 BCE) He devoted himself to studying the causes of natural phenomena. He was among the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.

20. Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE) He was a known advocate of a simple and virtuous life. One should not only talk of virtue but should show it in words and actions. His emphasis on austerity and simplicity often went to the extreme. He was also known to be a vocal critic of well-known philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. His teachings and views were later developed by his followers and influenced the development of Cynicism .

21. Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE) He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. He denounced certain pleasures of the body that were unnatural and stated that continuous indulgence in bodily pleasure often leads to dissatisfaction. His views gave rise to Epicureanism - a school of philosophy which believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free from fear and pain.

22. Socrates (470-399 BCE) He was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times and made great contributions to the field of ethics. Critic of intellectuals during his time, but he himself did not claim to be "wise" and merely considered himself a "midwife" who helped inquiring minds achieve wisdom. believed that philosophy could enable a man to live a life of virtue . He was credited with formulating the Socratic method.

23. Plato (427-347 BCE) His teachings and writings are considered the foundation of Western philosophy. He proposes that everything that exists is based on an idea or template that can only be perceived in the mind. He also focused on political theory and wrote The Republic Plato is also known for his dialectic-a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge. Plato's lasting contribution to learning was his founding of the Academy.

24. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Aristotle, however, disagreed with Plato's theory of forms and took a different view in interpreting reality. all ideas and views are based on perception, and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive . Aristotle was involved in a great variety of disciplines, such as zoology, psychology, ethics, and politics. He also proposed a system for the classification of plants and animals . His studies in logic led to the formulation of a formal process of analyzing reasoning, which gave rise to deductive reasoning .

25. Aristotle founded his own school called the Lyceum .

26. Archimedes (287-212 BCE) A mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer, Archimedes' inquiries into mathematics led to earlier developments that gave rise to modern calculus . He pioneered the use of mathematics to analyze natural phenomena. was credited with several inventions, such as the Archimedes screw, a device for raising water, and a method for determining volume using displacement.

27. These and other ancient philosophers contributed greatly to the development and spread of philosophy in Greece and throughout Europe. Many of their ideas survived through the centuries, and these formed the basis for the development of modern and contemporary Western philosophy.

28. 1. Which ancient philosopher, in your opinion, made the greatest contribution to the development of philosophy? Explain your answer. 2. Which ideas of ancient philosophers do you find most interesting? Explain your answer.

29. Ancient Philosophers Significant Ideas/Contributions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Choose five (5) ancient philosophers who interest you the most and describe their significant ideas and contributions. Write your answer in the table below.

30. How did Western philosophy develop into a modern science? St. Thomas Aquinas Petrarch Rene Descartes

31. How did Western philosophy develop into a modern science? Soren Kierkegaard Edmund Husserl Michel Foucault

32. The development of Western philosophy is defined by the emergence of various schools of thought in various periods of history. Western Philosophy

33. What developments and characteristics define Eastern philosophy? Eastern philosophy consists of schools of thought that are often closely tied to religious beliefs . Eastern philosophies are often described as "wisdom" literature , where stories, sayings, and texts encourage people to adopt an ethical and harmonious way of life. There is great emphasis on social relations, and the family and community are considered central aspects of life.

34. Eastern philosophies are classified according to theistic and non theistic philosophies. There are also a variety of indigenous philosophies or belief systems among small indigenous communities throughout Asia.

35. The written Torah is an important text for Judaism and world history, which by definition, means the ''law'' or ''teachings'' of Judaism. It contains the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The written Torah is the first part of the Tanakh, the Jewish Hebrew Bible or Christian Old Testament.

36. Brahman- the Creator Shiva- the Destroyer Vishnu- the Preserver

37. Shintoism- the oldest Japanese religion, centers around nature, worshiping ancestors, and kami — sacred powers in the cosmos that are worshiped in shrines. This animistic and polytheistic faith believes in the sanctity of all living beings, from humans and animals to trees and oceans.

38. Jainism teaches that the path to enlightenment is through nonviolence and reducing harm to living things (including plants and animals) as much as possible. Mahavira

39. The Four Noble Truths the truth of suffering the truth of the cause of suffering the truth of the end of suffering the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. Siddhartha Gautama

40. Confucius

41. Lao Tzu

42. Yin represents feminine forces, such as the moon, water, darkness, passivity, intuition, softness, contraction, and yielding in the universe. Yang represents masculine forces, such as the sun, fire, light, activity, rational thought, hardness, expansion, and assertiveness.

43. Shia , a term that stems from shi'atu Ali, Arabic for “partisans of Ali,” believe that Ali and his descendants are part of a divine order. Sunni , meaning followers of the sunna , or “way” in Arabic, of Mohammed, are opposed to political succession based on Mohammed's bloodline.

44. Guru Nanak

45. Instructions: Compare and contrast aspects of Western and Eastern philosophy using the Venn Diagram. Discuss your work in class.

46. One way of looking at philosophy is to consider it a way of analyzing frameworks- a way of thinking about the world and is composed of the views and beliefs of a person. Questions dealing with our own correctness and values are considered internal questions that can be addressed using our own reasoning from our personal frameworks. There are external questions that seek to question the very frameworks upon which people base their own beliefs and views. How do we characterize the study of philosophy?

47. Philosophy is often divided into several branches that deal with a particular area. There is a philosophy of the human person, which looks into the nature of man. Aesthetics- The philosophy that deals with beauty and what makes things " beautiful ". Logic is the branch of philosophy that deals with correct reasoning. Epistemology discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing.

48. Ethics is the branch that deals with moral questions, dilemmas, and standards for human behavior. Political philosophy studies governments and deals with questions of justice, power, the rights and obligations of citizens, and right governance. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that deals with question regarding the nature of reality and existence.

49. However complex and varied the perceptions are, they suggest two important facts about philosophizing: philosophy is a reflective and meditative activity , and that it is a way of exercising critical thinking on any type of experience.

50. Why is there a need for man to philosophize? Philosophers have often wondered and argued about the role of philosophy in a man's life. One view is that each one of us is a philosopher, whether or not we have studied philosophy as a science.

51. Plato traced man's need to philosophize to his sense of wonder . 1. Where did we come from? 2. Why do we exist? 3. For what purpose were we created? Consider a small child's curiosity about all the things around him, since many of the things he or she sees he or she encounters for the first time. This perspective drives the need for a philosopher to question, examine, and learn more.

52. Rene Descartes , traced the need to philosophize to doubt . Descartes was famous for rejecting or questioning traditional or dogmatic ideas, and he even went as far as doubting his own ideas. His method of examining ideas and perspectives became the basis of critical thinking and analysis in the sciences. In the sciences, there is a need to verify information or an explanation before it is accepted as truth.

53. Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because of experience . Jaspers believed that man is often confronted by experiences that challenge his ideas and frameworks. Jaspers called these experiences " limit situations ," and these are often accompanied by feelings of helplessness, anxiety, or dread.

54. Socrates- "I only know that I know nothing," and it is in accepting this state of ignorance that one can begin to learn and understand. Socrates is also recognized for his motto: " The unexamined life is not worth living ." And nowhere is it more appropriate to embark on philosophy than in an examination of our own lives.

55. Discuss: What are the reasons that compel a person to engage in philosophical thinking? 2. How can philosophizing benefit you as a person?

56. Plato "Know thyself; to be enlightened is freedom."