Grade 12 Lesson about Biomolecules - Biology

Lesson about Biology and Biomolecules

1. BIOMOLECULES

2. BIOMOLECULES
chemical building blocks
that make up a living
things.

3. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain carbon and are also called
macromolecules.
Macromolecules are made of monomers
linked together to form polymers.

4. 4 types of Macromolecules
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

5. PROTEINS The most abundant organic compounds
in living organisms.
Made of amino acids; important for
structure & function of cells.

6. 7 Major Classes of Proteins 1.Structural - hair, tendons, and
ligaments
2.Contractile- muscular movement
3.Storage - e.g. ovalbumin in egg white
4.Defensive - antibodies.

7. 7 Major Classes of Proteins 5. Transport - e.g hemoglobin
6. Signal - hormones
7. Enzymes - catalysts for chemical
reactions.

8. AMINO ACIDS 20 amino acids are essential to humans.
(9 are essential, 11 are non-essential).
Each has a central carbon, amino
group, carboxyl group, and R group.
Linked by peptide bonds (amide
bonds), releasing water as by-product.

9. 4 STRUCTURES OF PROTEIN 1.Primary - sequence of amino acids
2.Secondary - alpha helix or beta helix
strand ( hydrogen bonds)
3.Tertiary- 3D folding of polypeptides
4.Quaternary - multiple polypeptide
chains

14. CARBOHYDRATES are organic compounds made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
the body’s main source of energy.
They are classified as: monosaccharide,
disaccharide, and polysaccharide.

15. MONOSACCHARIDES
simple sugar made of one sugar unit.
examples: glucose, fructose, galactose.
highly soluble and used as a quick
energysource.

16. DISACCHARIDES
monosaccharides joined chemically.
examples:
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

17. POLYSACCHARIDES
made of long chains or brances of
monosaccharides
Examples:
Starch: plant storage (potatoes, rice corn)
Glycogen : animal storage (liver, muscles)
Cellulose: plant cell wall
Chitin: exoskeleton of insects/crustaceans

18. LIPIDS from greek word ‘lipos’ meaning fat.
Includes fat, oils, waxes, steroids, and
more.
consist of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen.
Funtions: energy storage, insulation,
protection, and water loss prevention.

19. SATURATED UNSATURATED
no double bonds
in the carbon
chain
solid at room
temperature
mostly found in
animals
one or more
double bonds
liquid at room
temperature
mostly found in
plants
healthier than
saturated fats

20. EXAMPLES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
1. Palmitoleic acid - Monounsaturated, common in human
adipose tissue
2. Oleic acid - Monounsaturated, found in animal and vegetable
oils
3. Linoleic acid - Polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid
4. Trans fat - Unsaturated with trans isomer, unhealthy
5. Cis fat - Hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond
6. Omega-3 fatty acid - Health benefits including heart and
brain health

21. OTHER TYPES OF LIPIDS:
1.Waxes - Protective coating, waterproof
2.Triglycerides - Long-term energy storage,
three fatty acids + glycerol
3.Phospholipids - Major cell membrane
component, have hydrophilic head and
hydrophobic tail

22. NUCLEIC ACIDS organic compounds that serves as genetic
information storage molecules.
provide information to make proteins.
Nucleotides is the monomer of nucleic acids. It is
made of five carbon sugar, phosphate group
nitrogenous base, arranged in two stands that
form a spiral that is called the double helix.

23. a double-stranded helix molecule that serves as
a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases.DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)