Grade 9 Tissues chapter CBSE for revision

This is a presentation of grade 9 tissues chapter

1. 8/14/2025 1
CLASS – IX
SUBJECT – SCIENCE
CHAPTER – 6 (TISSUE)
CONCEPT – PLANT TISSUE and ANIMAL TISSUES

2. TISSUE
8/14/2025 2

3. TISSUES
▪Tissues are a group of cells that combine together to perform a particular function.
▪In simple terms, tissue can be defined as a group of cells with similar shape and function are
termed as tissues.
▪They form a cellular organizational level, intermediate between the cells and organ system.
Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues.
▪The study of tissue is known as histology and study of disease-related to tissue is known as
histopathology.
▪TISSUE IS ARRANGED AND DESIGNED SO AS TO GIVE THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE
EFFICIENCY OF FUNCTION.
▪
BLOOD AND PHLOEM ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF A TISSUE
▪
8/14/2025 3

4. TISSUES
8/14/2025 4
▪HOW IS IT CONNECTED?
▪CELLS = BASIC UNIT OF
LIFE
▪Cells came together to form
tissue.
▪Tissues came together to form
ORGANS
▪ORGANS came together to form
SYSTEM.
▪SYSTEM came together to form
A HUMAN BODY/
ORGANISM.
DO PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVESAME TISSUES?
PLANTS AND ANIMALS DO NOT SHARE/HAVE THE SAME TISSUES.
They are very different ; following are some reasons why do aren’t made up
of the same tissues.
1.Plants are stationary or fixed - they don’t move, since they have to be
upright. They have a large quantity of SUPPORTIVE TISSUE.
SUPPORTIVE TISSUES ARE GENERALLY HAVE DEAD CELLS
Animals whereas move around in search of food etc. They consume more
energy as compared to plant. So THERE MOST OF THE TISSUES ARE
LIVING.
1.The Growth - The growth in plants are limited to certain regions, while this
is not so in animals. Therefore, Some tissues are localised in Certain region
(in plants). Based on dividing capacity of the tissue, various plants tissues can
be classified in two categories:- 1) MERISTEMATIC TISSUE 2)
PERMANENT TISSUE

5. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 5

6. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 6

7. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 7

8. 2. Geologicages
The classification of plant tissues are mainly based on the two important criteria:
1.Based on the different part of plants.
2.Based on the different types of cells.
Plant Tissuesare broadly categorized into three tissue systems. This classification ison the basis of
parts of the plants they are present.
•Epidermis Tissues – cellsformed from the outermost surface of the leaves.
•Vascular Tissues –involved intransporting fluid and nutrients internally.
•Ground Tissue – involved inproducing nutrients by photosynthesis and preserve nutrients.
PLANT TISSUES
8/14/2025 8

9. 2. Geologicages
Plant tissue is divided into two types. This classification ison the basis of the types of cells, they
comprise.
•Meristematic tissues.
•Permanent tissues.
PLANT TISSUES
8/14/2025 9

10. 8/14/2025 10

11. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 11

12. 2. Geologicages
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
▪They are the group of young cells, which consists
of continually dividing cells and helps in the
increase of length and width of the plant.
▪There are different types of meristematic tissues,
which are classifiedon the basis
ofpositions,functions, plane of divisions,origin
and development.
▪The three main types of meristematic tissues
depending on the occurrence of the meristematic
tissue on the plant body are:
1.Apical Meristem.
2.Lateral Meristem.
3.Intercalary Meristem.
8/14/2025 12

13. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 13
FEATURES OF MERISTEMATIC CELLS:
•Continuous Cell Division: for Allow sustained plant growth.
•Immature and Undifferentiated:
•Not yet specialized for specific functions, allowing them to differentiate into various cell types.
•Thin Cell Walls: Meristematic cells have thin, flexible cell walls primarily composed of cellulose, which
facilitates their division and expansion.
•Dense Cytoplasm and Prominent Nucleus: They possess a dense cytoplasm and a large, prominent
nucleus, indicating high metabolic activity and a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio.
•Small or Absent Vacuoles: Vacuoles, if present, are small or absent, as they are not involved in
storage.
•Lack of Intercellular Spaces: Meristematic cells are closely packed together, with no intercellular
spaces.
•High Metabolic Activity: These cells exhibit high metabolic activity, essential for their continuous
division and differentiation.
•Absence of Ergastic Substances (Non living non-protoplasmic): They do not contain ergastic
substances like tannins or resins.

14. 2. Geologicages
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
▪Apical meristem
Apical meristem are present on the apex of the plant shoot and root. They are rapidly growing
tissues and aid in increasing the height of the plant.
8/14/2025 14
Cell Division and Differentiation:
They contain actively dividing cells, which differentiate
into different cell types, forming the various tissues
(epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue) and
organs (leaves, stems, flowers, and root cap) of the
plant.

15. 2. Geologicages
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
▪Lateral meristem
Lateral meristem are present on the lateral walls of the stem. They help in the horizontal growth
of the plant and increasing the stem girth.
8/14/2025 15

16. 2. Geologicages
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
▪Intercalary meristem
Intercalary meristem can be found between the nodes of the stem and the base of the leaf. They
help in branching.
8/14/2025 16
Intercalary meristems are the internodal meristems that
present between the mature tissues. They are actually
the portions of the apical meristems that are left behind
at the nodal regions during tissue differentiation.
They are responsible for the elongation of the
internodal regions and are seen mostly at the stem
nodes of many monocots such as sugarcane, paddy,
wheat and many grasses.

17. 2. Geologicages
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Functions of Meristematic Tissue
1.It is responsible for the growth of the new organs.
2.Involved in the movement of water and nutrition within the plants.
3.These tissues are responsible for both primary and secondary growth of the plant.
4.It is the outermost tissue, functions by providing protection from mechanical injury.
5.It gives rise to epidermis layer, cortex, endodermis, ground tissue and vascular tissue.
8/14/2025 17

18. 2. Geologicages
PERMANENT TISSUES
A group of cells which are similar in origin, structure and in function. They are involved in
complete growth and differentiation during the ineffective of meristematic activity.There are three
types of permanent tissues:
1.Simple Permanent Tissues.
2.Complex Permanent Tissues.
3.Special or Secretory Tissues.
8/14/2025 18

19. 2. Geologicages
PERMANENT TISSUES
Simple permanent tissues
These are tissues that are made up of only one type of cells. They usually have structural role.
8/14/2025 19
Sclerenchyma
Collenchyma
Parenchyma

20. 8/14/2025 20

21. 2. Geologicages
PERMANENT TISSUES
Parenchyma
Parenchyma tissues are made up of loosely packed cells with thin cell walls and large intercellular
spaces. They are live cells and help in support and storage. Two types; Chlorenchyma and Arenchyma.
Collenchyma
Collenchyma tissues are made up of live cells which have irregularly thickened corners and thus, have
decreased intercellular spaces. They help in bending of various parts of the plant without breaking.
Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma tissues make up the hard and stiff parts of the plant. They are made up of dead, long and
narrow cells. They almost have no intercellular space as the walls are thickened due to the presence of
lignin.
8/14/2025 21

22. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 22
➢Parenchyma : cells have active protoplast.
➢Pith, mesophyll of leaves, endosperm of seeds, cortex of stems and roots and other
organs of plants consist mainly of parenchyma. The parenchyma cells also occur in
xylem and phloem that are involved in the radial conduction of water and storage of
food materials respectively.
➢Functions: Photosynthesis
➢Storage: Parenchyma cells store various substances, including starch, oils, and proteins in
roots and tubers.
➢Wound Healing
➢Support:
➢Transport:Parenchyma cells play a role in the movement of nutrients and water within the
plant. In some cases, they help in the lateral movement of substances between vascular
tissues and other parts of the plant.
➢Gas Exchange: parenchyma cells in the leaf's spongy mesophyll help with gas exchange
by providing air spaces that facilitate the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
NOTE:
➢Parenchyma cells can dedifferentiate and revert to a meristematic state in response
to injury or stress.
➢Even when parenchyma cells dedifferentiate, they are not considered a primary
meristem like the apical meristem.
➢They can contribute to secondary growth, but they don't have the same
developmental potential as the cells in the root or shoot apical meristems.
➢Secretory Parenchyma: Secretory Parenchyma cells are involved in the secretion of
substances such as resins, essential oils, or nectar. Can have specialized structures like
secretory cavities or canals. Example: Cells in citrus fruits that produce essential oils.

23. 8/14/2025 23
Plant Tissues : Collenchyma
Characteristics of Collenchyma:
The cells often adopt an elongated, spherical, oval or polygonal shape.
Cells remain alive even at maturity.
A primary cell wall is a key characteristic.
The primary cell wall is unevenly thickened, primarily at the corners.
The cell wall thickens due to the deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and
pectin.
Cells are arranged compactly, with intercellular spaces mostly absent.
Often, they contain chloroplasts and store food.
They are commonly found beneath the epidermis of most dicot plants, such as in
the young stem, midrib, and petiole of leaves.
They can stretch and adapt to the growth of organs like the stem and leaves.
During secondary growth, collenchymatous tissues get crushed with the
development of secondary tissues.
They provide mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant, such as the
petiole and young stem.
It prevents leaf margins from tearing.

24. 8/14/2025 24
Sclerenchyma
Common Characteristics of Sclerenchyma
cells are long and narrow. Cell walls are lignified with the presence of pits.
Cells are dead. Protoplast is absent. Sclerenchyma cells are the chief
mechanical tissue in the plants. It helps the plants to withstand
compression, bending and shearing forces.
Types of Sclerenchyma Cells
Two types of sclerenchyma cells are present based on structure, origin and
development. They are as follows:
Fibres
Fibres are thick walled and elongated cells with pointed ends. The ends of
adjacent fibres are interlocked. They generally occur in groups.
Sclereids
Sclereids are short and highly thick walled cells. They are spherical, oval,
cylindrical or irregularly shaped. They possess narrow cavities or lumen.
They are commonly found in the fruit walls of nuts, pear, sapota and guava
pulp. They are also present in the seed coats of legumes and tea leaves.

25. 2. Geologicages
PERMANENT TISSUES
Complex permanent tissues
Complex permanent tissues are made by combination of different types of cells. These cells work
together to perform a specific task.
8/14/2025 25
XYLEM PHLOEM

26. 2. Geologicages
PERMANENT TISSUES
Phloem
Phloem is made up of the following components – sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma
and phloem fibres. Phloem conducts food in both directions. Among all the components, phloem fibres
are the only dead cells.
8/14/2025 26

27. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 27
Sieve tubes
Sieve tubes are long, tube-like structures arranged longitudinally in the form of channels.
They are associated with companion cells. The end walls have large pores or sieve pits
and are known as sieve plates. Mature sieve tube elements have peripheral cytoplasm,
large vacuoles and they lack nuclei. Sieve pores become impregnated with callose at
maturity. Functions of sieve tube elements are controlled by the nucleus of companion
cells.
Companion cells
Companion cells are specialised parenchymatous cells. They are closely associated with
sieve tube elements. They are non-conducting cells. Longitudinal walls between companion
cells and sieve tubes are connected by pit fields usingplasmodesmata. They help in
maintaining the pressure gradient in sieve tubes.
Phloem Parenchyma
Phloem parenchyma are elongated cells, tapering and cylindrical cells. They have dense
cytoplasm and nucleus. The cell wall is composed of cellulose and has pits. They store
food materials like resins, latex and mucilage. They are absent in most monocots
Phloem Fibres
Phloem fibres are sclerenchymatous cells. They are also called bast fibres. They are
absent in primary phloem and present in secondary phloem. They are elongated and
unbranched cells. They have pointed needle-like apices. They have thick cell walls and
provide mechanical strength. At maturity phloem fibres lose protoplasm and become dead.
Commercially important phloem fibres include jute, flax and hemp.

28. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 28

29. 2. Geologicages
PERMANENT TISSUES
Xylem
Xylem is made up of the following components. The vessels and tracheid's – help in conduction of water
and minerals from the soil. Xylem parenchyma helps in food storage and the xylem fibres provide
mechanical support.
8/14/2025 29

30. 8/14/2025 30
Tracheids
Elongated or tube-like cells. They have thick and lignified walls. possess tapering
ends. Cells are dead without protoplasm. It is one of the main transporting
elements in xylem.

31. 8/14/2025 STUDYBIO.IN 31
Vessels
Vessels are long and cylindrical cells. They are tube-like structures. They form one of the transporting
elements of xylem. Vessels are made up of vessel members. They have lignified walls. Vessel members are
joined end to end and have perforated walls. The perforated end walls are called perforation plates. Xylem
vessels are absent in gymnosperms but present in angiosperms.
Xylem fibres
Xylem fibres are sclerenchymatous. Their walls are highly thick. They possess obliterated central lumens.
They provide mechanical support. They are septate or aseptate.
Xylem Parenchyma
Xylem parenchyma are living cells. Walls are thin and made up of cellulose. They store food materials like
starch, fat or tannins. Xylem parenchyma helps in the radial conduction of water . Examples include ray
parenchyma cells.

32. 8/14/2025 32

33. 2. Geologicages
PERMANENT TISSUES
Functions of Permanent Tissues
1.In aquatic plants, these tissues help in floating.
2.Stores food in the form of starch, proteins, oils and fats.
3.They provide hardness to fruits such as nuts, coconut, almond etc.
4.These tissues contain chloroplast which helps in carrying out photosynthesis.
5.Permanent Tissues are also involved in the Secretion, Transportation, and provides mechanical support
to the plants.
8/14/2025 33

34. 8/14/2025 34
Protective Tissues - Epidermis and cork
Protective tissue covers the surface of leaves and the living cells of roots and stems. Its cells are flattened with their top and
bottom surfaces parallel. The upper and lower epidermis of the leaf are examples of protective tissue.
Vocabulary
•Cuticle:Waxy, waterproof substance produced by epidermal cells of leaves, shoots, and other above-ground parts of plants;
prevents damage and loss of water by evaporation.
•Dermal tissue:Type of plant tissue that covers the outside of a plant in a single layer of cells called the epidermis.
•Epidermis:In animals, outer layer of skin that consists mainly of epithelial cells and lacks nerve endings and blood vessels; in
plants, outer layer of dermal tissue.
•Guard cells:Bean-shaped schlerenchymal cells in the epidermis; swell and shrink by osmosis to open and close stomata. Stomata
(singular stoma) are tiny pores in the epidermis of a plant leaf that controls transpiration and gas exchange with the air.

35. 8/14/2025 35

36. 8/14/2025 36

37. 8/14/2025 37

38. 8/14/2025 38

40. 8/14/2025 40

41. 8/14/2025 41

42. 8/14/2025 42

43. 43

44. 8/14/2025 44
Microvilli increase surface area for effective absorption

45. 8/14/2025 45
Connective Tissues:
one of the basic tissue types of the body.
Connective tissue" refers to several body tissues that connect, support, and help bind other tissues.
Connective tissues are composed of a matrix consisting of living cells and a non-living substance, called the ground
substance. The ground substance is composed of an organic substance (usually a protein) and an inorganic
substance (usually a mineral or water).
The principal cell of connective tissues is the fibroblast, an immature connective tissue cell that has not yet
differentiated. This cell makes the fibers found in nearly all of the connective tissues.
Fibroblasts are motile, able to carry out mitosis, and can synthesize whichever connective tissue is needed.
Macrophages, lymphocytes, and, occasionally, leukocytes can be found in some of the tissues, while others may have
specialized cells. The matrix in connective tissues gives the tissue its density. When a connective tissue has a high
concentration of cells or fibers, it has a proportionally-less-dense matrix.
Loose connective tissue is found around every blood vessel, helping to keep the vessel in place. The tissue is also found
around and between most body organs. In summary, areolar tissue is tough, yet flexible, and comprises membranes.

46. 46

47. 8/14/2025 47

48. 8/14/2025 48
1.Fibroblasts: Fibroblasts are one of the most prevalent cells
found in connective tissue. They are responsible for making and
releasing the proteins like collagen and elastin that make up the
extracellular matrix. Additionally, fibroblasts are involved in tissue
repair and wound healing.
2.Adipocytes: Adipocytes, also referred to as fat cells, have the
major role of preserving energy in the form of fat. They can be
present in adipose tissue, which additionally acts as a source of
energy and cushions and insulates organs.
3.Chondrocytes: Chondrocytes are particular kinds of cells that
make up cartilage. They are responsible for preserving and
generating the proteoglycans and collagen that make up the
cartilage matrix.
4.Mast Cells: Mast cells are normally found close to blood arteries
in connective tissue and are engaged in the immune response.
During allergic reactions or inflammatory reactions, they secrete
chemical mediators like histamine.
5.Macrophages: Macrophages are cells with phagocytic functions
that are essential to the immune system's defence. They ingest and
degrade cellular waste, foreign matter, and pathogenic organisms
in connective tissue. Macrophages also help to heal wounds and
repair damaged tissue.

49. 8/14/2025 49

50. 50
•Fibroblats Functions: produce proteins collagen and elastin production
•Collagen:
•This protein provides tensile strength and structural integrity to tissues.
•Elastin:
•This protein is responsible for the elasticity and recoil properties of tissues, allowing them to
stretch and return to their original shape.
Wound Healing:
Fibroblasts play a crucial role in wound healing by migrating to the site of injury, producing new
ECM components, including collagen and elastin, to repair damaged tissue.

51. 8/14/2025 51

52. 8/14/2025 52

53. 8/14/2025 53

54. 8/14/2025 54

55. 8/14/2025 55

57. 8/14/2025 57

58. 8/14/2025 58

59. Functions of Blood:
➢Transportation: Food, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes like Urea
➢Deference Mechanism: Protect from diseases
Carry hormones and antibodies
➢Maintenance of Homeostasis: body temperature regulation,
chemical balance of the body.
➢Blood clotting

60. 8/14/2025 60

61. 8/14/2025 61

62. 8/14/2025 62

63. 8/14/2025 63

64. 8/14/2025 64

65. 8/14/2025 65
Other key components include :
Thesarcolemma(cell membrane),sarcoplasm(cytoplasm),sarcosomes(mitochondria), andsarcoplasmic
reticulum(calcium storage)

66. 8/14/2025 66

67. 8/14/2025 67