grammar level two new edition for intermediate .pptx

Intermediate students

1. Tesol Training center Level Two Grammar Barchi branch of TTC

2. Barchi branch of TTC Auxiliary Verbs

3. Auxiliary Verbs An auxiliary verb (or a helping verb) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb’s tense, mood, or voice. The most common ones are Be, can, could, will, would, may, might, have to, must, etc. Auxiliary verbs are the same for all subject pronouns (I, we, you, they, he, she, it): I must play football. She must play football. Base form of the tense verb is used with auxiliary verbs. Ahmad must work hard. They will not come . Do not use the helping verbs DO/DOES to form (-), (?) sentences. (+) I should leave here. (?) Should I leave here. (-) I should not leave here. I don’t should leave here. Barchi branch of TTC

4. Will Structure: Use: Future actions ( decided at the moment of speaking ) e.g. I will go with you. Will you be here tonight? She won’t show up tonight. O ffers (When you want to do something for someone) e.g. The bag is heavy. I’ll carry it for you. I will help you with your homework. Note: We often use I think I’ll…/ I don’t think I’ll (NOT I think I will not)… when you decide to do something. e.g. I am tired. I think I’ll go to bed. It is raining. I don’t think I’ll go out. I / we / you / they / he she / it (+) will ( ’ ll ) (-) will not ( won’t ) be at home. Win the match. Eat the cake. Come, etc. Barchi branch of TTC

5. Be going to Future Plans ( already decided or arranged to do ): e.g. I am going to meet my boss next week. we are going to go to the movies next week. Note: Present continuous tense can also be used for actions you already decided. e.g. I am meeting my boss next week. We are going to the movies next week. Barchi branch of TTC

6. May/Might Talks about possibility ( It will / will not happen, not sure) Example: I might go to the movies tonight. Take an umbrella with you. It might rain. Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky. She might not come today. She was sick. Barchi branch of TTC

7. Can vs. Could Ability (present) Ability (past) I can ride bike but cannot drive a car. I could ride a bike before I broke my leg Possibility (present) Possibility (past) Can you change the ten-dollar bill? Oh! I could but I gave all my changes away. Permission/Request (Present ?) Permission/Request (Present ?) less formal more formal 3. Can you borrow me some money? Could you borrow me some money, please? 4. Can you open the door, please? Could you open the door ,please? Note: Use “Can I have/could I have” to say “give me” 5. Can I have a can soda, please? Could I have a can soda, please? Barchi branch of TTC

8. Thank You Barchi branch of TTC

9. Must I / we / you / they he / she / it must (not) be at home now. Win the match. have a new car. Come, etc. When you are sure that something is/isn’t true: You worked ten hours today. You must be tired. Ali worked at your company for ten years. Your father must know him. The phone rang eight times and Ahmad didn’t answer. He must not be home. Shows necessity/ obligation. ( had to is the past form) You must be careful with this knife. It’s very sharp. In the US, you must be over 18 to vote. They must not ride on the sidewalk. (they must ride in the street) You must not be late for school again! She had to wear safety glasses while working. (She didn’t and she is hurt now) Barchi branch of TTC

10. Have to (+) I/We/You/They (-) I/We/You/They (?) Do I/we/you/they have to don’t have to have to be at home at 6. Win the match. Have etc. //? Structure: (+) He /She/It (-) He /She/It (-) Does he /she/it Has to Doesn’t have to have to be Win Have, etc. //? Barchi branch of TTC

11. Have to Have to shows necessity/ obligation: I can’t go to the movies. I have to study my lessons. You have to pass a test before you can get a driver’s license. She has to get up at 6 o’clock, because she goes to work at 7. Does Ali have to work on Fridays? Note: Had to is the past form of have to/has to. We had to walk home last night. There were no buses. Did you have to quit school early? Don’t/Doesn’t have to say that it is not necessary. The students don’t have to wear suit at Kateb university. She doesn’t have to work that hard, he is rich enough. Barchi branch of TTC

12. Should & Ought to For advice / suggestion (to say It is the right/wrong thing to do): Ali should go to bed earlier. He goes to bed late, and he is always tired. When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball. You shouldn’t treat seriously with your family members. We ought to work hard in life. Note: think is often used with should . a. (+) I think ….. should. I think he should buy some new clothes. It is late. I think I should go home now. b. (-) I don’t think …. should. ( I think ….. Shouldn’t ) I don’t think you should work that hard. I don’t think we should stay up late in order to succeed. Barchi branch of TTC

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14. Would like (‘d like) Would like (more polite) = Want (less polite) Note: #A: would like + noun 1. I am thirsty. I would like a coffee, please. 2. I would like the red one. #B: would like to + verb 1. I would like to have a coffee, please. 2. I would like to meet him in person. Would you like + a noun ? is used to offer things. A: Would you like some coffee? B: No, thank you. A: Would you like a piece of candy? B: Yes, thanks. Would you like to + a verb ? is used to invite someone. A: Would you like to go for a walk? B: Sure, let’s go. A: Would you like to have dinner with us tonight? B: No thanks. I am busy tonight. Barchi branch of TTC

15. Would rather & Would prefer Would rather + do Would prefer + to do e.g. Shall we go by train? Well, I would prefer to go by car. Well, I would rather go by car. (?) Would you rather have coffee or tea? (?) Would you prefer to have coffee or tea? (-) I would rather not go out this evening, if you don’t mind. (-) I would rather not do it by myself. (-) I would prefer not to go out this evening, if you don’t mind. Note: I would rather _______than __________. I would rather stay home than go out with you. I would rather die than listen to you. I would rather go home than listen to you. Barchi branch of TTC

16. Present perfect tense I We You have (not) broken the window. They He she has (not) broken the window. It I Have we broken the window? you they he Has she broken the window? it Structure: Affirmative (+) S + have/has + V 3. Negative (-) S + have/has + not + V 3. Question (?) Have/has + S + V 3 ? Barchi branch of TTC

17. Verbs #1. Regular Verbs: V 2 ,V 3 = V 1 + ed V1 (base form) V2 (past form) V3 (Past Participle) Play played Played Dance Danced danced Cry Cried cried Watch Watched watched #2. Irregular Verbs: V 2 ,V 3 Changes Form V1 (base form) V2 (past form) V3 (Past Participle) See saw seen Speak spoke spoken Barchi branch of TTC

18. The Use #1 The present perfect shows something happened (or never happened) before now at some unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important or clear. Note #1: if there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used instead. example: They have moved into a new apartment. Vs. They moved into a new apartment last month. Note #2: The adverbs ever, never, already, yet, and just are frequently used with this structure. Have you ever visited Mexico? I have already washed dad’s car! Ann started painting the wall last week, but he hasn’t finished it yet. Alex passed out. He has just heard of his father death. My brother has never gone to Iran but I have once. Barchi branch of TTC

19. #2 The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition is not important. Note: The term so far is frequently used with this structure. Example: We have had four tests so far this semester. I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks. I have met many people since I came here in June. I have flown on an airplane many times. 5. We have studied thirty pages of the grammar section. Barchi branch of TTC

20. #3 The present perfect, when used with since and for, also expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. Note: Since + a particular time (last year, 2017, yesterday, etc.) For + a period of time (three days, two years, a week, etc.) Example: 1. I have been there for two days. I was there for two days. 2. We have lived here for three years. 3. She has been friends for five months. 4. You have had these pair of shoes since last year. Barchi branch of TTC

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22. The use: To describe interrupted actions (use past after when) He was walking on the street when a car hit him. My brother was smoking when I saw him. They were having dinner when I got there. 2. To describe the duration of an action at a particular point of time . I was doing my homework all the day. She and her brothers were looking for their lost father yesterday. What were you doing last week? 3. To describe repetition and irritation. (If a continuous tense is used with the word always show irritation) He was always complaining in class. They were always making noise in the yard. His brother was always smoking at home. Barchi branch of TTC

23. The use: The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future. Note: Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in the future. Examples: I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come. Don’t call me at nine because I won’t be home. I am going to be studying at the library. Don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon. Don’t get impatient. She will come soon. Barchi branch of TTC

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25. The Use: Use Past Perfect Tense to show that an action happened before another past action or before an specific past time. Example: 1. The burglar had left the house when the police got there, so they can’t catch them. Past Perfect Past Now He had had her breakfast when I saw him. He had his breakfast before I saw him. 3. Had you done your homework he asked you for? Barchi branch of TTC

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27. Causative Verbs (افعال سببی) Barchi branch of TTC

28. What are causative verbs…? Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to happen. It is used when you don’t do something, but ask, have, get someone else to do it for you. افعال سببی به افعال گفته میشود که سبب میشوند تا کاری انجام شود یعنی کاری را که خود ما انجام داده نمی توانیم اما شخصی دیگری را وادار میکنیم که برای ما انجام دهد . Barchi branch of TTC

29. #1 Make ( مجبور ساختن ) Make means to force someone to do something. Structure : Subject + make + person + verb 1 My mother makes my brother wash the dishes. = My mother forced me to wash the dishes. The teacher made the students come to class on time. = The teacher forced the students to come to class on time. Barchi branch of TTC

30. #2 Have (مسولیت دادن/ خواستن) Have is used when you give someone else the responsibility to do something for you. There are 2 forms of causative verb “have.” I had the mechanic fix my car. I had my car fixed. Barchi branch of TTC

31. Structure (1) : Subject + have/has (had) + person + verb 1 Examples: I will have my students paint the classroom. I had the doctor check my eyes. I had my son pick up the morning newspaper. The manager has his secretary copy the files. Barchi branch of TTC

32. Structure (2) : Subject + have + object + past participle (V 3 ) Examples: I had my hair cut last night. I cut my hair last night. He had his car fixed a few weeks ago. I had my living room painted yesterday. Note : The second structure is usually used to mean “paid service.” Barchi branch of TTC

33. Can you see the difference…? I had my brother paint my room. I had my room painted. In the first example, you gave the responsibility of painting your room to your brother and your brother did it. In the second example, you paid someone to paint your room. Barchi branch of TTC

34. #3 Get ( متقاعد ساختن/ راضی کردن ) Get is used when we convince or encourage someone to do something for us. Structure : Subject + get + person + to + verb 1 I tried to get Ali to come to the party. = I tried to convince Ali to come to the party. I got my best friend to do my homework . = I convinced my best friend to do my homework. Barchi branch of TTC

35. Let means to give someone permission to do something. Structure : Subject + let + person + verb 1 I never let my students argue with each other in the class. My parents didn’t let me go out yesterday. Setara doesn’t want to let her best friend use her books. #4 Let (اجازه دادن) Barchi branch of TTC

36. Remember… The past form of let is itself . There’s no change. I let my brother play soccer last week. My parents let me stay in my friend’s home for the week. The teacher let the students cheat on the exam. That is why some of the students were upset. I let him use my laptop because he had to send his boss a few files. Barchi branch of TTC

37. Allow and permit can also be used to mean let. Allow and permit are more formal. Remember to always put “to” after them. Examples: The teacher allowed the students to cheat on the exam. The teacher permitted the students to cheat on the exam. Barchi branch of TTC

38. Help means to assist. Structure : (1) Subject + help + person + verb 1 (2) Subject + help + person + to + verb 1 Examples: I helped my brother do his math homework. I helped my brother to do his math homework. #5 Help (کمک کردن) Barchi branch of TTC

39. Make + V 1 Let + V 1 Have + V 1 Help + V 1 / to V 1 Get + to V 1 Barchi branch of TTC

40. Exercises Time Make two sentences for each following terms. (one sentence in the present, one sentence in the past) Make Have Get Help Let Force Barchi branch of TTC

41. Thank You Barchi branch of TTC

42. =>Tense is taken from Latin word “Tempus” which means time. =>Tense is a grammatical term and time is a conversational term. =>Tense is form of verb which shows time of an action that happened in the past happens in the present and will happen in the future. Tense Past Present Future

43. Simple present tense It shows (state, general fact, being, repeated action, an action that happens in the future, habit and …) Ali goes to school everyday. Roya is young. The teacher loves his students. F or more information refer to LEVEL ONE. Past Present Future

44. Present progressive tense It shows an action in progress at the moment of speaking. N ote : ( is, am, are ) are used as helping verb in this tense with verb + ing . I am speaking English right now. The boss is working in the yard. Students are playing tennis. Past Present Future

45. Present Perfect Tense It shows an action that has happened in unparticular time in the past but its result is right now. N ote: ( have & has ) are used as helping verb in this tense with V 3 . Past Present Future Time is unknown

46. Structures of present perfect tense Positive => S+ H.V+ V3+ comp+. Negative => S +H.V+Not+V3+comp+. Interrogative => H.V+S+V3+comp+? Negative Interrogative=> H.V+S+Not+V3+Comp+? Negative Interrogative=> H.V+Not+S+V3+ComP+? I have eaten food. I have not eaten food. Have I eaten food? Have I not eaten food? Haven't I eaten food?

47. Usages Of Present Perfect Tense We use present perfect tense to talk about an action that happened in the past continued to the present may or may not go to the future. => I n such cases we use from since & for Since: shows the starting point of an action. For: shows the duration of an action. I have lived in Kabul since 2010. I have lived in Kabul for 21 years.

48. Present Perfect Progressive Tense N ote: have & has are used as helping verb with been and ing form of verb is used in this tense. Past Present Future It shows an action in progress from past up to present.

49. Structures of present perfect Progressive tense (+)=> S +H.V + been + V+ ing+ Comp+. (-)=> S + H.V + Not+ been+ V + ing + Comp. (?)=> H.V + S+ been + V+ ing+ Comp+? (-?) => H.V +S + Not + been+ V+ ing+ Comp+? (-?)=> H.V+ Not + S + been+ V+ ing + Comp+? Ali has been playing football since his childhood. Ali has not been playing football since his childhood. Has Ali been playing football since his childhood? Has Ali not been playing football since his childhood? Hasn’t Ali been playing football since his childhood?

50. Simple Past Tense It shows an action that started and ended in particular time in the past. N ote: did is used as helping verb in this tense and V2 only in positive sentence. F or more information refer to LEVEL ONE. Ali wrote a letter yesterday. Past Present Future

51. Past progressive tense It shows an action in progress at particular time in the past. N ote: was & were are used as helping verb in this tense with V+ing . Past Present Future

52. Structures of past progressive tense (+)=> S +H.V + V+ ing+ Comp+. (-)=> S + H.V + Not+ V + ing + Comp. (?)=> H.V + S +V+ ing+ Comp+? (-?) => H.V +S + Not +V+ ing+ Comp+? (-?)=> H.V+ Not + S + V+ ing + Comp+? I was watching TV last night at 10 o'clock. I was not watching TV last night at 10 o'clock. Was I watching TV last night at 10 o'clock? Was I not watching TV last night at 10 o'clock? Wasn’t I watching TV last night at 10 o'clock?

53. Past Perfect Tense It shows an action that happened in unparticular time before another action in the past. N ote: Had is used as helping verb in this tense with V3 . Past Present Future Time is unknown Time is known First action Earlier action Past perfect Second action Later action Simple past

54. Structures of past perfect tense Positive => S+ H.V+ V3+ comp+. Negative => S +H.V+Not+V3+comp+. Interrogative => H.V+S+V3+comp+? Negative Interrogative=> H.V+S+Not+V3+Comp+? Negative Interrogative=> H.V+Not+S+V3+ComP+?

55. Past perfect progressive tense It shows an action in progress before another action or certain time in the past. N ote: Had is used as helping verb with been in this tense with V+ing . Past Present Future Time is unknown Time is known

56. Structures of past perfect Progressive tense (+)=> S +H.V + been + V+ ing+ Comp+. (-)=> S + H.V + Not+ been+ V + ing + Comp. (?)=> H.V + S+ been + V+ ing+ Comp+? (-?) => H.V +S + Not + been+ V+ ing+ Comp+? (-?)=> H.V+ Not + S + been+ V+ ing + Comp+?

57. It shows an action that will happen in particular time in the future. Simple future tense F or more information refer to LEVEL ONE. N ote: Will and shall is used as helping verb in this tense with V1 . We will have a party on Monday night. Past Present Future

58. Future Progressive Tense It shows an action in progress at the particular time in the future. N ote: Will and shall are used as helping verb with be in this tense and V+ing as main verb . Past Present Future

59. Future perfect tense It shows an action that will be completed before another time or event in the future. N ote: Will and shall are used as helping verb with have in this tense and v 3 as main verb . Past Present Future Time is unknown Time is known

60. Future perfect progressive tense It shows an action in progress before another action or event in the future. OR : It is used for emphasizing on duration of an action in a period of time. N ote: Will and shall are used as helping verb with have and been in this tense and v + ing as main verb .