grammar vocabulary ADVANCED.pdf

english cambridge book for CAE /C1 exam

1. ane can
ego UNIVERSITY PRESS angua

Cambridge English

Grammar
Vocabulary

MARTIN HEWINGS a
SIMON HAINES with answers

2. Introduction

Exam summary

‘Map of the book

Unit
Unit2
Unit3
unit 4
Units

unit 6
Unit 7
Unita
Unit9
Unit 10
Unjt 11
unit'12
unit 13
Unit 14
unit 15

unit 36
Unit17
Unit18
Unit19
Unit 20
Unit21
Unit 22
Unit23
Unit24

Unit25

‘Tenses
‘The future
Modals (1)
Modals (2)

Nouns, agreement and
articles

Determiners and quantifiers
Adverbs and adjectives
Comparison

Verb patterns (1)

Verb patterns (2)

Relative clauses (1)

Relative clauses (2)
Adverbial clauses
Conditionals

Participle, t-infinitive and
reduced clauses

Noun clauses
Conjunctions and connectors
The passive

Reporting

Substitution and ellipsis
Word order and emphasis
Nominalisation

Itand there

Complex prepositions and

prepositions after verbs
Prepositions after nouns and
adjectives

10
v
25

2

E
7
sa
so
ss
n
8
e

100

107
1
19
126
14
140
148
154
161

168

vs

Unit26 Cities
Unit 27 Personal history
Unit28 The arts

Unit 29 Migrations

Unit 30 Risking it

Unit31 Gender issues

Unit32 Education

Unit33 Health

Unit34 Getting about

Unit35 Moods

Unit36 Fame and fortune
Unit37 Relationships

Unit38 Time off

Unit39 Media

Unit 40 The world of work
Unit 41 Economics and business
Unit 42 The living world

Unit 43 Personal contact

Unit 44
Unit 45 Science and technology
Answer key

he environment

3. introduction

ul,

This books updated forthe new Combe Ens
Advanced examination introduced in 2015 and contains
‘wo sections Grammar (Units 1-25) and Vocabulary
(Units 26-49)

This book ame to provide complete coverage othe
grammar and voabulary needed for succes in the
Combi Ell Advanced, abo known a the Cenar
In Advanced Eng (CAE) Regular exam practice
provide throughout the book.

Units 1-25 present gammarin conto followed by à
cal anal ofthe langage for dant earners
fngish Units 26-45 extend vocabulary knowledge -
including of allocations and ions -andintrodace ways.
fat vocabulary which wl ep you pas he exam

This book for anyone preparing or success in che
Combxide Enga Advanced design primary o
‘dents wokng alone who wane to revise, exend and
practe the knowledge and undestanding af gamma
“and vocabulary. but an aso be used on a Cambridge
Engl Advanced preparation course n che chsconm or
‘an be ceac homework bya teacher

You can work trough the units in any order but we
ae yo. vo study ever ui you sto prepare
thoroughly forte exam est o work throug à une
from beginning to end a exercises ay revise grammar
‘orvocibulay hom an ene parcofthe ame uni

Each otre 25 unt in the Grammar econ divided
int thre sectors. Context Istening introduces the
[gamma of te unin context hep you understand
‘ote excl Grammar provides deal explanations of
“Spec rammar points and inches Sort pains which
ce à rlerreminder of grammar you may already know
Grammar exerce prove prac ofthe gammar of
cani

Each ofthe 20 units in the Vocabulary section based on
perl op (e, Gt) and presents general exces
“on vocabulary or two areas within the mal ui topic
{ee Urbongroath and Urban in)

ach unit ofthe book includes an Exam practic section
Vich provides practice ofthe eyes of ae you wl face
Inthe Reading and Use of gis ring and unir
sections ofthe Cambridge Ei: Advanced examination
"Note Some ofthe Exam practice sks test mally he
amar or vosbuly aug the ame un to ge
xr practice. However in he ral exam each question
{essa ire ganmarlvocabulary pain or ferent
spect ofangisde

The Answer key contains anses toa the exercises in
‘he book including akerathve answers where more han
[What does this symbol mean? ©

"Tt symbol appears nte Eo warning boxes of the
Vocabulary section and indicates ha he errs were
found in the Cambridge Leaner Corpa, a database made
‘pe many thousands of exam scrips weten by students
{aking Cambridge Engl crams around the world The
‘ram practic tasks ave been informed bythe Engl
Vcablay rf. Ihe English Vocabulary Profe san
cline resource with dead and up 0 te information
bout the word, pases phrasal vers and ions

hat leanersf Eng know each fe six tes of
‘the Common European Framework (A to C2 which
farantees suitable treatment of words, phases and
Dra verbe a1 lve

Tops the most out ofthe Vocabulary section, ou vil
nett good diconsry Use the Cambridge Advonced
earners Debonay oranaher suitable monolngal
dior You should uy odo ach vocabulary exercise
hour leonay e, than une your sony help
out answers you didi kro Use the Answer ke
‘ina check, When you sce the dictionary mb you are
died to useadicdorayto complee the eee

[What material can 1 find on

The following material for use with this book can be found

online at wor caminidgeorprammarvocabedvanced

© Audio recordings or alitenimg etre and for
am practic Ustening asks

+ Camps Recording script foreach audio ie

© Reference notes cn gue further informacion and
Support on he grammar and vocabulary inthis book

+ Wordt fo ey ters inthe Vocabulary ection

2 Model answers to the Bm practice Weng tasks
Pans and2

4. Part

2

7

A

Pare

‘What are the asks?

Multiple choice clone

Open clore

Word formation

Keyword
transformation

Mukiple choice
roster multiple

rating

2 capped vex

Multiple matching

What che casks?

ce to ofa
particular type

‘What do have to do?

‘You ren text with lg gaps. For each gap you choose che
correct word from one of four posible answers (A 8, Cor).

You rend a text with eight gaps. You must ce one word in each
ES

‘You rad a est with ight gas, For ach ap you wie th
correct form ofthe word tthe end ofeach Ine.

‘You ae given a complete sentence and acond gapped
sentence You complete the second sentences hac e has the
same meaning using given Key word

You read aer and answer sx multiple choke questions
You choose from four possible answers (A,B,C oO).

‘You rad four shore txt on the sie opi. Yu have to mate
exch question to the correc text,

‘You rad a tex rom which paragraphs have been removed and
Pu in a jumbled order You have o choose which paragraph Fes
Ino which space, There a paragraph which does not into

You san a tex or several shore ext and decide which par of
x or text each question refers to Some questions may ree to
more than one par ofa ext or tet.

What do have todo?

You plan and write an say on the topic given nthe question
paper Your esay must be 220-260 words

‘Yu choose pla and write only one ofthe following pose ext
ype: aerer a proposal a report or review Your text must be
relevant to the iio described in the question Your text must
be 220-260 words

How many
questions?

8

How many
questions?

roma
choice of

5. Part

Part

Whatare the tasks?

Mukiple choice

Sentence completion

up cho

Malle matching

What are the task?

General conversation

individual Yong eur

Discussion

Discussion

‘What do have todo?

You her hee shore extracts and have to answer to multiple
choice questions on each exact. For ech question you choose
one of thee possible answers (A, Boe ©).

You use information you heart complete sentences with gps.

You hear recording with sx muliplechoice questions. For each
question you choose one of four pose answers (A B,C or D)
You her five shore themed monologues with multiple matching
questions. You match statement or opinion fom a Ist of sc
‘options for each speaker

‘What do have to do?

You answer quesos about general opie such as our iy ie,
yourinteress or your experiences,

You ak about ase free pictures on your own fr around a
‘minut. Then you stent your partner talk about a diferent et
of pictures before commenting on what they have si

You and your partner are given some writen instructions fora

discusion task

You and your partner discus topics relate o the takin Part 3,

How many
‘questions?

10

How longs
each part

2 minutes

5 minutes

6. Map of the book

Unit | Fite Tapes ‘am practice

nier Simple and continuous tenses pre ses present pere conlauousand Reading and Use

pat peer coins feng Pat?

| Wl be pino in cal presen nes forte hare fare A
2 | mete ominous ur perfec nd tre pret entnunn be finite; à

torre the past eng Pat

TL Done NN PO

> Meta deduction; ‘nor necessary’ obligacion.

+ [moun gy |Crroexnotal lve dow inet hed beta beclnadtabsgpeatia (Reng |
eta mata esas Saget |
Ma]
and artes ‘uncountable nouns artis. of Engish Pare? |

a "lth hose a ack no oh inneren?
Gt rin tact a as lho wok FET] Rg ad
MI eee enone cece agin’ |
mn Copii sd ptr lms ofan abe contin [Rad ane
lo 95... comparssons with 50... 100 ...enaugh CES |
3 nen) De ra te por ra |
a era
ne ab one ao puesta |efenas_ |
en ae ame To E

: 0 om cas Sutra’

Reading nd Use

fers Pat

deri clauses including ie suas corsa concesio ius sn Reading nd Use

uses purpose and rel uses eg

Real and rea condor. and une un and ven ough ony

tnd wil: ther cononal epson

Parto. rancio sos indi present parle in) uses pas parce

15 ininersand | (ad) ases parce ces er conjunctions and reponse
reduced dauer | cute duce aes

| 12 tie clases (2) | arp cases one causes acetve phrases prepstional phases

13 | Advi caer

Rendnganduse |
ofengsn Fans

Reading and Ue

16 [Nomeines | toc omun ces wb noun se iaa FE
DRE |e handy a amo oo tr nd ee
se IMepmune | ilo the pave active and paue verb or sve ms fers wht | Reg and Use
be She Pa ras objec Y pt pa lingua?
zz Suite por das has ii aná bes | a4
orig porn malen in reporting report questo sa rte | SEPA

30 |Subonand | Osos auany vr bc ct oc.» eth ding a |
sip owe ant ts mat ening Pars

21 |Vendenrand omic sneer mienne ce Reged
22 | nomination | Nomina fr da gi ha mete ab +n Asabng adie
zu some da gh hve meta citas

23 norte roda as subj nd objec: tee common spent Reatng ad Use
tthe Ang Para

7. er rouneand

CA

Thea

fio
Angie

ender ues

Fame and forte
The worl of work

conomesand
Beinen

sono

Compl reposts ve + epost commen ae HIN | ep
un + prepoion dates nd dcr nun pepotio + im or

nou «preposition + nur pon +f go noun + née noun or | Pg and Use

run à ce pros Goole
an on Rcadngand use
a ang einge ans
Psy mes

sens RestgandUie
pros PRADOS
epee
EA Lining Pare?
Bremen; adirg adie
Ese ing re?
Language sagan ee
Concern spre tengo urea
Lemos Reading and Use
Tong stern ac
erh
ir ande

Publ tomepor E

Aces Reading and Use
Memory sling Pan!
Colca Reading and se
ese feng ae
E ening Pa
Hole Read and Une
jong once feng Pa
New nd information Reading and Use
Pr hend. ini par à
Employee pares Racing nd Ue
Economie migation Engin Pa
anes ae

cc a Usening Par 4
Soca working Reading and Use
er wing tng Pat?
‘eons Reading nd Use
Protection CODE
Solon Amer

9

8. | Context listenin;

ITU You are going to hear part of radio phone-in programme. Before ou sen, ook at the photos.
What do you think the topic ofthe phoneinist

a

ID) Listen and check whether you were right As you listen answer the questions.
Which of che callers, Karen, Liam, Sahar or Luka.

lose something on the ain one day? Sahar

ah co work by bus

wes at home permanent?

1
2
3
4... may buya motorbike?
5... has abrays hed traveling by taint
6... used t catch the ran ata quarter past seven inthe morning?
7. is working at home tempora?
A

EVEN D) tien again and fil in he gaps

‘commuted. — 10 London for over ten years
veran hour when they announced thatthe rin was cancele

= of buying motorbie

at home while our office block «being renovated

Lo her only a couple of times before hen
traveling by tain ever sine was young,

si
“1
él
si
71 to phoneinto your programme for he sta hour.
8 Yescerday ally work by 230 pm.

Identify the tenses you used in 13.
1 = past simple

9. reses 1

[EZ] Simple and continuous tenses

Present continous
{im working ot home whe ou fc bok big rene (= temporary sate)
Fim phoning rom the in (= ation progres)

Preenesimpe

Publ warsport has a number frange ove dig (= permanent sae)

{catch the tan at 205 a the tation near my home every moving (= abi or regular event)
Past continus

1 mos traveling hore when the tain broke do (= action in progresa past point)
Pastsimple

Fold my coros we. (= completed pas ation)
drove to work for a couple of rer (= past situation chat docs
caught he tran every morning at 715 (= repeated pas action)

snow)

We usualy use emple reses ith verbs that desee an unchanging state athe than an ao:
Hove wan

We can use continuous tenses with state verbs o sugges ha situation is temporary or unypica

{fm appreciating being able to ge up later than usual. (= suggests a temporary arrangement)

Now that work a home | appreciate being abl to ge up lt. (= suggess a more permanent arrangement)
With some verbs that describe menta stats (eg consider, understand) and attudes (eg hope gr,
‘continuous tenses suggest a proces: gong ona the time of pesking or emphasis thatthe roces continues
to develop:

‘regretting sling my car already (> suggest tha | have started o eget it and that this egret may grow)
regret ein my car (= desrbes an arte tate nike change)

Some verbs have different meanings when talking about states and describing actions:

{im now thinking of buying a motorbike. (think of (ation) = consider)

Do jou think hat a good idea (think sae) = asking about an opinion)

‘We usually use the presen simple with verbs that describe what we are doing a we speak:

‘ade at a be rusa at ties (= agree tha iis rue when say Tad)

Y predi hat increasing numbers of people wal sort working a home

We often use the past simple ina narrative (eg a report ora story) to alk about single completed past ation,
and the past continuous o describe he sation tat exited at the time

1 dropped my purse while was geting of the tan

hen we talk about two or more past completed actions that followed one another, we use the pat simple
forboth

She woke me vp andl offered me aif

Viren we alk about two actions that went on over che same prio of pastime, we can often use te pat
continuous o he past simple for both

Y was istening to music while was driving here or istened ta music while | drove here
Vean use continuous tenses withthe avers always, constant, continually and forever to emphasis that
Something is typical a person, group or thing because they do to often

| was forever arriving lat for work

10. LE

‘We can use either the present continuous o reset simple o describes
{At 8otdck Im usually having o esurely breakfast. or At 8 lock say have.
‘We often use the present continuous o past continuous
+ comakean enguity ora statement ss certain because we don know were right
Em hoping weve got Dave Jones on he ine. (= suggests tha the speaker i not sure whether Dave Jones
is there)
co make a request oran offer more polit
Karen, were you wanting to ay something

ing we regularly do at à

Perfect tenses

Present perfect
ve ed m Span and the rain re so much mere relate hee (pst station relevant che presen)
Five us sold my car and so nou 190 1 war by bus recent action with consequences fr the present)

Fre enjoyed trooling by train ever since | wos yourg (sation continuing unl the preset)

Das perfect

Thi momng 1 read a coupe of rors before got ofthe rin. (past event efor another past event)

‘We use the present perfecto ak about uation that ested in the past and sill exists now andthe past
simple when the station no longer ext:

ve commuted to London every weekday Jo over en years nd actually enjoy it

‘commuted to London every weekday for ave ten years before I started working at home

‘We ud che present perfect to alk abou a repeated action chat might happen again

ve arrived late fo work ice his wock for

and the past simple fora repented ation that wont happen gains

arrived it for work twice dis week (= the working weeks over I wont arrive late again cis week)

When we gve news or information, we often introduce atopic with he presen perfect and then give tails
with ther pas tenses

The new high peed rl ink between the north o England and the Channel Tunnel has opened

Intoak 15 years o build and cos nary ten bilion pounds

‘When we use a ime expresion (eg, ater, as soon as, before, hen) o say that one event happened afer
another we can use either the past simple or pas perfec or the fist even:

read a couple of reports before | even got o work, or read a coupe of reports before even got to work

Present perfect continuous and past perfect continuous
‘We wie the present perfec continuous (have been + ing) to talk about an action in progress in the past fora
period until now and wich ether lin progres or recently ished

ve been working at home forthe st fv year (= accion sin progress)

‘omy Im inte ve been trying oid «parkingplace (= action recently fished)

We often prefer the present perfect continuous to sy how long an action has ben in progress:

ve been trying o phone ino your programme for the as half hour

‘We se the present perfecto ral about a completed accion or serie of actions when we ae interested in
the res

ve called the bus company a numberof tiesto complain.

They've bought new trans and have realy improved he service

11. senses À

ous (had been ing) o talk about an action in progres over period up 0 à

We use the pas perfect conti
particular pas pint in me:
[i been waiting ver an hour when they onnourced that the ai had been cancele
Ifwear na interested in how long the action went on, we often use the pas continuous rather han the past
Perfect continuous:

"wes waiting on he platform when they announced that the ton had been cancelled rather than

1d been waiting on the platform when. (= here iene mention ofhaw long the person was wating)

ie use the past perfect when we sy hw many times something happened ina period up toa particular
pas me

Ti spoken o her nf a couple of times before then

Vi don usually use the present perfect continuous re pat perfect conimuaus ta describe stares
owned a car ner snc left cage (nat bcn nin.)

Grammar exercises

EIEN choose the correct or more natural answer in this radio news report.

Fimergeney services were bombarded with phone calls rom all ver the north ofthe country last
night by people who (1) ae reporting / reported seeing blue objects shoot sers the sky, Mx Sophia
‘Olsen (2) dove was driving long the main rod at Uh ime

13) °m usually coming usually came along that bi of road a about ten. As L (4) was going / 80
past the old bam, (5) was seing / saw a single bright blue light going across the rad in Front of
my car. (6 stopped stop the ur and (7) was matching / am watching for about fiteen mines,
1(8) was rmelling / traves quite slowly rom east 0 west and then it (9) 's suddenly disappearing
1 suddenly disappeared. Until now I (10) wasn't believing Y did believe in UFOs, alhough my son
(1D in forever trying forever eis to persue me that they (12) ae existing Y ets, But now L

13) out thinking that maybe he (14) was being mas sight!

Dr Maria Walker, a lecturer in astronomy at Tranpton University (15) fers is offering a simple
explanation. "The reports that (16) were coming came in lastnight (17) are suggesting! suggest
thacit (8) was is a meteor shower. Tis (19) s was not unusual on a small sale, but last night's
shower (20) is seeming / seems to have been very large In fact, (21) ere gering / are geting an
increasing number of meter showers, and my department (22) i currently researching curently
researches possible reasons fr this”

But many witaesses tothe events (23) believe are helsing ha hey (24) are observing / were
observing more than a meteor shower, and that las nigh the Earth was actually visited by beings
from outer space.

B

12. 1 senses

HEIEN complete te sentences using the vers inthe box. Use the same verb in each pair of sentences. Use
the present simple, present continuous, past imple or past continuous

3 a 1 tn thing about taking» exp year before | o o university and going traveling around South
America

D As Whys Yusuf havinga par?

mi w ies is birthday. ;
2 Ae Hon did theca ger upto the ree?
si he waschasinga bird
DA: Lecmeknow when the pos arrives
Be We jou something important?
3 a À Whathappened to your wrist?
mi thewindon for some new curtains and! fl off the ladder
lo twas given ths pedometer for my birthday. You ust hook ton your bel and it how
faryouwalk during the day
4 3. This month special exibition of South Aflcanart ue 5000 vistors day othe
museum, whereas we normaly ony get about 2000
Asche home of Willam Shakespeare, Stratford tourists from allover the world
sa you chat big house over there? ls my uncles
D pli upwich Alexwhen found out that he someone ke |
6 2 1 luli under la of sees st he moment wth moving house and saringa new
job
The baby smiling in he see. wonder what things she in her dreams

IE compet the sencences with an appropriate form of the ver given. Use the pas simple present
perfect, past perfect and pas perfect continuous tenses, Use each ense ny once in each group of
four sentences

1 ploy
a We_hase played _ 35 matches soar this season, so were all fing prety tired.
1 After the match she admitted that she badly
e you rugby or football at he school you went ro?
4: ireland. really well year, o ecame asa big surprise when they were beaten by Wales
last December
2 make
a we the ht decision in emigrating to Canada in Ue mid-190s.
> Henson never thought about etrement. In fc, he à documentary film about the

indigenous people of Chile when he id
© As When did you realise that you mistaken joning the army?

8: When was posted oaboling hot jungle

14

13. Korean scientists believe tha they _abrealahrough nthe ight agains cancer by
developing 2 technique for containing the sense. They reported thir findings at Ihe AL conference in
New York his wc

3 mm
a Over thelastyear!__workshops on creative writing inte colleges and universi.
1. She was breathinghard a ah
€ She__only wo marathons before breaking the world recordin che Pan-African Games.
was ae for work 501 most ofthe way.

[EZ complete the sentences using either the present perfect or present perfect continuous form ofthe
given. Where both are possible, choose he more likely tense

1 Alice has competed. (compete) in che Athens Marathon twice before, but hope to achieve hr best time

this yeae

2. Income from manufacturing exports stil provides the largest proportion ofthe country export earnings
but che proportion (drop) fr many year.

3 Thehouse (elon) to the Beecham family for over 250 year but the present own,

Donald Beecham i seling
4 Malik (sere) life sentence for murder since 1990, but his wer are arguing for an
ely release
5 As lie a career where can travel and meee people
Be (onside) becoming tour guide?
6 4e (sim)? You look rely exhausted
B: Ham. did 50 lenges ofthe pool.
7 A Did you manage to get in touch with Chloe?
B Nol (ip) tree times in the last hour but she always engaged.

Choose the correct tense,

As Good morning, Mir Nilson, What can do for you?

B: Wel doctor (1) ue been geting / Pe got some realy bad headaches.

‘A: Okay. Can jou tel me exactly when these headaches (2) were staring! start?

B: Oh yes (3) have remembered remember dl -it wason a Friday three week ago. (6) had been
working worked in front of my compute al eck because 1(5) dd / was doing ob fora important.
client (6) was working ve been working asa website designer for he as fe years you se. (7) hid jot
fished | had jus ben fishing when the pn started, and by Une end ofthat day (8) wos feng have ft
relly bad.

‘A: Olay. And how (9) have you slept / have you been seeping?

Not very well actual Usually Tm asleep as soon a my head (10) hits siting the pillow but recently

(11) Fe been having fi having ii geting co esp

IA see. Now, (12) noting motce that you wear ses. (12) Have you had J Were you having your eyes
tested recen

NO. (14) have had din have chem tested for a couple of years, suppose

(A: Okay, what (15) suggest Tm suggesting tha Fst you get our ees vested. Then when you (16) ore
working have worked at your compute take Frequent breaks to rest our eyes, hae (17) ha sled /
dos solve he problem, come back and see me agan.

5

14. Reading and Use of English Part 2

For questions 1-8, read the text below and thnk of tha word which best fs each gap. Use any one wordin
teach gap. There is an examp at he beginning)

Planets beyond our solar system

“Troughout history we have wondered about the possibity() 2 lo beyond the Earth Its

ann recent years, however that advances in technology (1) rola ho estence of
estrascir planes (or 'exoplanot (2)— ¡sto say planeta wich obit ot our own Sun, but
‘other stars in the universe So (3) astronomers have iden fur thousand exoplanes,
but babe that loas more ext.

‘Altbough many astronomers belevo that a largo numberof planets I the universe ae capable ot

supporting (a) ‘nd of ing organi, whether or not le has developed on any of thom
© not yo knoum. An essential requrement frei que water. (6)

a planets to have qui water on its surface, ts temperature must be (7) tohotnertso |
cold. However, (9) planet, othe than the Earth, hs yet to be discovered

16

15. Context listening

Which ofthese activites would you ike tod on a visit tothe USA?

I) jessica is doing a course in American Studies at a British university. As part ofthis
programme she will spend her third year studying at a university in Los Angeles in alfomía. Her fiend,
Kelly, wants to vist her while shes there. Listen to them talking about ther plans, Which ofthe activities
shown in LA do they mention?

DS) listen again and i inthe gaps

1 Lin spending afew day sigheeving in New York,
in Los Angees on che 200

31 formyown place
ak along ime to arch up.

si up there fis no too expensive

6 you stop ove anyahere on the vay ou?

7 When come ose you, you in Calton for nearly si months.
8 You longer wont yout

How many diferent ways of referring to the future did you use in 1.32

16. Ds

Grammar

BA Wit be going to + Infinicive and shal

an :
iin fy directo Los Angles (= a decision made without planning)

Fin un oul have fonts ume (=a prédiction based on opinion or experience)

He 21 on né January (ua fact about the future)

1 met you atthe apor (= vlingness)

Be going to + infinitive

Fist’ going to stay wth Dare and Susanna. (= a decision already made)

The douds building up going to rain hs afternoon (= a prediction based on ouside evidence)

Ve can sometimes use il instead o be going toto make a prediction based on evidence, but when we do, we
ty elude an adverts

The lou bling up IN defiiely ran 1's definitely going to rain ths fternoon

We ean use wll ore going tain dhe main clause ofanifsentenee with lle difference in meaning when we say
that something conditional on something ee:

Hong nom bem going to be late Jr my next etre

‘We use sal not be going to, when che main clause refers co offers request, promises and ability

ify plan change, e you know. ofcourse (= promise)
Hyoupring your tent, we camp on e coat fra few day
In formal contents, we can use shal instead of wl with For wer

in questions that ask abou incentions

Shal ve see you before you leave (= Wil Jue have the opportunity to see you?)
©. instatements about the fuute, although wil more us

When fish my course! hall have some time to ave around Americ,

abil; we willbe able ro camp)

[EX Present continuous and present simple forthe future

Present continuous

lim spending feu days sghtseing (= eventimtended or arranged)
Present simple
{Lectures start on 27h Ja (= events parc ofan fica schedule)

Compare the use of e present continuous for ih future and be going to:

Fm ying 15th Jl tn in he evening (= already arranged)

Li going oly up there Js no 10 expensive (= the speaker intend to fly but has nc made the arrangements yt)
‘We tend vo avoid be going to o and use the present continuous (be going o) intend

Then Fm going to Son Irnchc rather chan hen Fm ging to goto San Franc

‘We ca use the presen continuous for future events which are not controlled by people:

les going train this afternoon (not Wining is efernoon)

17. mann 2

Wie can use either the present simple or will to talk bout formal arrangements made by for example, a
University or company:

The semester begins on 7h December or The semester will egin on 7th December.

The present continuous is used in informal arrangements:

Your mot staying wi dhem he whol ie, he (= informal arrangement (not Yor dont sty with the the
whole time. the)

We use the present simple or sometimes other present ense, to refer t the future in time uses with a
‘conjunction (eg after as son as, before, by he tie, uhen while until in conditional clauses with fin cose,
provided and unless and in cause beginning with suppoxe supposing and what +

‘As son as ook my ers let you know (not A 007 as lw ok)

fe be good to know can contac them in case | have any problems (nt ice wt have.)

Wh if dont like tt (no What vont kee)

Future continuous, future perfect and future perfect continuous
ee he future continuous (it + e + reset pat) to alk about something priest happen ata
particule or vers particular period nthe fura:

FA be studying realy rd during the semester.

‘We se the future perfect (i+ hae + past pri) o make prediction about an acon we expect to be
completed by para me inthe re

yt time you come im sure have goto know te cy realy wel

We ue the ure perfect continuous oil + ave een + present parti) o empha the duration ofan
Activity in progress at particular pom in he future

When come a ee you youl have ben ing in alfomia for ners months

Ve canal use the ar continuous future perfect and fre pret continuous to say what we believe or
imagine tobe te

Da wot be ung hi co om sure oly o borrow ( an ct happening naw or parla pint
inch ture)

Te have forgot wha ook ie ( an even that ook place before now or before a particular poinin
theta)

My plane been delayed. Dani ond Susanne wil have ben we
continuing 0»)

ing fr me atthe airport for hours.

Be to + infinitive

Beto + infieiv i commonly use
Extra ifeguards are to be posted a the bench after shark wos sen lose othe shoe
+ totalkabourformal pans and rues or instructions:

Students are to hand in project reports tthe end of semester tw. (active)

Projet reports are o be handed ina he end feet tuo (pave

‘We only use am are o + infinitive to talk about future events chat people can contol
The weather wi sil be warm even in rer (ot he weather ish bem)

‘We often use bro infinite in clauses when we mean in order o

fotis to get a good grade n her project repr. she ned o work on he statis. (x in order to get good
sade, she need to work on hr ati)

19

18. Dinars

A number offerms can be used talk about a past active r even that was sil he future from the point

ofvie of the speaker:
Twas going to ce on aunt in Seattle a couple of vers ag, but canceled the wp because she got =a plan that

line happen)
Ties would be feeling mul by the end ofthe Pgh. (= prediction made in che pas)

| | Grammar exercises i |

he box. Choose the most appropriate form.

‘Complete che sentences using the ver

1. A Do you want vo come out for a mea night?

8: | e starting cut early tomorrow moming = my fights at sx 01 ni hin I come, thanks.

21 some ends over for diner on Saturday Do you want to join us?
3, They eckon the Greenland ice sheet tia fe years.
4 A: Yosh does wan to come on holiday with us, then

B: Hesays that now, but Im sure Hannah him to change his ming

5, Bb the middle ofthe werk temperatures tac.
6 Im not sure when Fl be home tonight Expect me when you me
7 The coach leaves Kiev at eacly 500 from the bus station.

weit 2

A You have to take che rain.
8 As té Luin frs week sway a univers wonder how shes gecing on?
Be Imsuresho hen

EF choose the correct future form.

1 Youll freeze you go 0 out dresse like that Put on a warm coat!
2 When rein net yar Im doing / going todo alt of waveling round South Americ.
5 Look at that stupid cyclist Hes going to couse causes an accident
4 A: What do you want done with this box?
Be youu lave her, take m taking it upstairs when go
5 A: Whatareyou dong! do you do this evening? |
B: Oh I dont know Maybe il lype Pm Skyine Ly. |

$. Pease note that neat weeks concer is commencin / wil commence a 700 not 730 advertised in
the programme.

20

19. 7. A Adele will doi doing a concer in Milan next month.
8: Wi Shal book some tickets?
© When Stefani il be 50 Sofi is tobe {willbe 18.

IE Complete the sentences using a future form of the verbs given. Use the same future form forall three
‘sentences in each group. Use

à A Ganga pese san ties hor
Wat me awe or a 3 (url) Ant
et th

‘As Wha are you going 0 town for?

CN come new shoes.
DA Jane’ not looking very well

Be No apparent she ___a major operation.
© A: Fvemadealist ofthe things ou forthe eld wpco Iceland

8: Thanks, hat real helpful

a OnApri Inert year atthe university for 25 years.

BA Hé sucnaply tha El isauay and cant watch the match wi us. You now how much she loves

B: laure che. icon TVin her hotel room.

€ Thenexc statement from the trade union leaders expected atten lock tonight. y tha time they
withthe employers for 36 hours.

. cone do suppor
à stn no feting wells he ronge afterall
5 Who (ou) in he word cup Anal France o rai?
© A: Ward you thin Lo atthe moment?

8: Oh shellstil bein bed

a Thecomputer marken 300 new ob ats assembly plant just outside Dublin,
All mobile phones ‘outside the examination room.
© Thegovemment an enquitynext weekint allegation of corruption inthe vil

20. PE

a. Thebank redes hat by the end of ns ya, ver 80% ofits customers online
banking
D Natasha er exam results by now: wonder how ah gt on.

©. Myresearch is going rather sowy a the moment, but Im certain by the end ofthe year al o my data

a She aspeechat the conference ext week.
vi out here = is pouring with rin and havent got an umbrel
© we rot for dinner lar okay with you?

21. Reading and Use of English Part 8

You are going t rad a magazin atico in which fve career consultants ive advice on interview technique.
For questions 4 - 10, chooee from the constants (A ~E. The consultants may be chosen more than once

Ach consutant makes the fobowing statements?

Intenewers cok for applicants wih speci sil 1
Tito make a good impresion sary in ha intarvie. 2
Insufiient preparation by applicants i a common weakness. 3
Doing pir research hola cistingush you from other applicant, 4
Give yourself a moment to think about your answers o intrviowers’ questions. 5
‘You should be able to support your appkcation with addtional information at an interview &
Find out the opinion of other poopie who deal with Ihe organisation. 7
Consider the match between ro ob requirements and you experiance. 8
Gating an interview indicates thatthe employer baloves you can do the jb, 2
eo a number of sources to discover mor about the organisation 6

22. Exam practice

Job interviews: expert advice for graduates:
‘Are you a gradite about to app or obs? We asked fue career consultant
Lo ave some tes on performing wal in nerven.

Consultant A
A recutes wut dsapoins them most about
the peopl they interview and the answer i often
same = ack of knowledge of bei organizo.
‘And lack of knowledge ses lack of intere You
vil oe eared research klk you university
degre, so apply them ojo ti and dont forge
that social networks can abo provide alo of mee
{afoemation. Find out how the organi you ae
applying fr has developed in recent yeas, how is
product or services and markets have changed, who

1 competitor re whore ethos ds Then we tat
informan iellgestly~ spy reuniting ct
wont impress the inteviewer Instead, you etd o
demonsrate an wndersanding of what ill means for
ou a prospective employee, what the challenges
‘would be athe il and aurhaes you'll need o
ke a postive ontihunen

Consultant B
Thee
“pines of entering the oun Inervewers ae pur
off by weak hands, ack of ee canter, poor
body logge and poor pote lumped honlées
suggest ack of eofidenes), Many rentes make
cently Judgement bout your manie, abi
ad profesionalsm and spend the cr ofthe interview
Confirming thse opinions You shoul sie bands
Ben and wer but wait to be invited 10 st avn
Strong handshakes communicate sociable and
friendliness — normal desimble gues im candidates
= whecess weak amas may communicne

and mos. Ae th war ofthe aterview
you should sale tard moin good eye comet
wth che interviene Take lid tise 4 conside your
response o whit the interviewers nk bee speaking.
Then, when ou have desde what os spk
cles and et oo Dat

interviews re ed within thee

Consultant ©
Teri ys wil be ad a come sage ding die
interview why you want eo work forthe organisation
you are applying o. Tht ea gres chance so show
Your busines enrenes, bu you weed io prepare
Before the interview, contac one of ce yann.

2

you should be able o idem some
sk them quenioas

such 2: What ie ike o do bien with company

XF, Was makes them and out? Wat makes hera

fcc or not” And den interview explain the

research tha you've done and include dhs cusomert

responses in your answer, That way youl and our

eri not only ely gr

your personal enterprise and your genuine

tao your usdentanding ofthe |

from idee of

Coneutant D
Most employers wil want you o demonstrate
parce et oF abies which hey believe
ae senil o the JD rl, for example eam
vk, commucixson, problem solin and ane
ew you ae likely tobe ke
to pre spero example of times when ou have
demonstrated hose asi, Enployers recoge
ive los of dicey relevant work
experience, vo when they ak es questions they will
sully be happy for you to pow examples cm any
spec of your Mt ruch a your sches, art din work,
volemccrn

that you mig no

ret or ext url ttes

So bee yo goto an interview check the job

desripnn for de sil and competencies require,

then ect on your experience and think shout
es du you cold wie as endenee

Consultant E
15 mar be ers, ht
you wer good enoigh.they simply would ve |
theirtime on geting to know you le au view. |
‘What inierviewer a to doi fd out whether
whats writen in your aplication is genuine nd |
how well youl fin. Sot best ance Fea give

38 ju be youre the interview OF cour they
alí be testing your understanding, motivation and
li, nse often by sing you to elk them ru
(samples of your practical kcwledge that show you
hve the experte the job res oul ned o
expand on what you've write and Ws good wes to |
hove some new explo ad 00,

23. | Context listening

EIEN took at these newspaper headlines and photos.
‘hae do you think the stores are bout?

More air travel chaos looms |

School evacuation in South Wales

Borland link opened
— Sport the answer to obesity crisis |

[BW nen toa radio news summary and check whether you were ight.

[EN IN) ster again andi in che saps

1 Alrpassengess could. be hie badly today.
2 Thecabinstaff_ thenew working conditions

3 Upto200 achersand pupils eracuated from Northfield Primary School
4 frei the re under coro ay quick

5 Ithinkie___of great benefi othe nd

© There ___restrction onthe number of people moving her,

7 They thei children whatever encouragement hey can

su warm, sunny and dry, with remperatres up to 22°C

In which of the extracts do the words you have written refer to:
2 necesi 5 prediction?

3 obligation

24. 3 Modals (1)

Grammar

Canlcoul
Wel a ly people rm the mainland who can ford acond homes ( general aby)
Before the re os but we could only get the ind by Jer. (a general ab in the pas) à
Maylenudnghe

Upto 102000 people may xpeence delays (i posible his wl happen) '
Ar passengers coud be hic body today. (its posse)

It mighe be a number of maths before te sort centres back in operation. (possible isis wuz ess
certain than may or could)

Wie

That wil push up house pcs (= prediction about he future)

{schools high she importance 0 physical exec. is would have a mao postie impact on cares
cade lo prt. (= prediction about an imaginary situation)

[73

The colin staff must accept he new working conditions, (rule or order)

Ti negative atiude to sport must be allowed to continue. is nocalowed or not good idea)

Dont needto rend dont have o

Parents dont ned to / needn't be very nested in sor hemsches (a és not necessary rue)

m sr dnt have t spel ut the hoes being cased nthe tine nary (= isnot nec)

Ought shout

Parents ought to / should ive ther hide shateer ecourogement ty can. (= obligation and
recomendacion)

¡EX Can, could, be able to: ability
Vi can use be abl to instead of can o could, particularly in more formal contexts
The hotek onthe sand are able to accommodote hundreds of vistors more formal or The ote on the land
can accommodate (ess formal)
Vi use be able ro to talk about ability on a specific occasion in the pas:
Firefighters were able o bring th fie under control fair qui, (noe ges couté bring.)

can use either could or be ableton negatives in the pas:
They couldn't / werent able to prever he fe domeging e schools sports centre

tase) and verbs of thinking

Vie usally prefer can or could with verbs of sense (e fe, hear, se,
(es, believe. remember, understand)

ean’ believe Mr Wade is being so confrontational,

Vie us be ableton perfect tenses, ng forms, infinies and after moda vers:
Weve now been able t contact him.

The film stor hate not being able to leave her house.

They've got to be able to adopt to chong.

Parents might be abl o help.

We prefer con and couldn passives

The new can be read on our website

To tak about a fuure ability, we use wil beable to

anders wont be able to bay proper.

26

25. seso 3

Vie use can o be able ot tak about posible future arrangements and can (or more politely oul) to ak
forpermision

The President cant mot able o vis country un ext month

Can Could ak you who you think ofthe new bridge?

[EXA May, might, can, could: possibility
Total about a more genera possibilty of something happening we can use conor ma

The temperature in te mountains canlmay fll cow ecing even ts me of ear

Wie use coud say that something was posible he past:

Ineould be o very rough pure, too

We dont use may to ask questions about he posit of something happening nad we ue coud othe
phrase be ite to:

Could he goes hh edo, do you tik?

What time the ecg key t finish?

Might sometimes used in questions buts rather formal.

We can use these modalsin negative sentences including those with words Ike onl or hard, to sy that things
are nor posible or tac its possible cat things are noc the eas:

The company can hardly be described. ces (= it no possble to describe
eink we shoud cal off he sk, but eer people may/might not agree with me
don agree with me)

Wil, would, used to: conclusions, willingness, habitual events
‘We can use wilto draw conclusions or ste assumptions about tings we tisk are rue

¡o doubt ou wll have heard the news by now

Wie use wil (otc talk about (unitingnes or refusal to d something

The minister says he wl resign fo solution found.

‘We wil not be bullied by management

‘The computer wot let me pi documents (We cn say that inanimate objects, such as machines can be
nln or refer do someting)

We use woud to alk about wings inthe future. in condional, and when we say hat we are wing but
Unable todo something:

Many people would be happy pay gher tas or ater pub smic.

The minster would be leased to oc! he nation Jit wer not oraher commitment

We dst use ould wo tak about lignes ona specfi occasion in the pase

avid Wade greed to meet the union representatives (ot David Wade woud arc

‘We can use wil (resent and would (past o talk about characterise behaviour habits, or about things that
are ue now or were rue inthe past

Some parents wi actly discourage ter children rm taking up a por.

Many passengers would gt seasick during the csi,

We can us ether would or ued tt ak bout cing tha happened repeatedly inthe past:

The osing would/used to ok over an hour test

We dont se woud to talk about past sates

We ued tobe erly halted here because the fry service was so bad. (no We woud be orbite

7

26. 3 nn

Must, have (got) to: necessity, deduction
Vi can us iter must or have too say that iti necesary todo something although hove ois ss formal and
is abo prefered in questions:

The cabin tf must / have to accept the new working conditions he asin 10 compete.

‘Wen we sy tha something was necessary in the past we use had to, not must

Upto 200 teachers and pupils had tobe evacuated from a school in South Wales today

To ay something snecearyin the future we use will have to

Ta sty in business we wil have to cut ou ots.

Ve use must when we decide tat in our opinion, something Is necessary or important: E
must give you my emai addres:

Have to suggest thatthe necessity comes from outside, for example from a rule or official order:

The coun has to close two cy centre ar pats flowing a hal and softy report.

We ually use mut, rather than hae to, when we conclue that something (as) happened or that something
The bridge must have eas fortune.

When we conclude that something Impossible, we use cantor could

That can be right. surly? (not That mtr be ight-c)

Sometimes we an use ether have to or have gt to, although have got is more informal. We use have to with
Frequency adverts and with other modal verbs

landers normally have to queue for ha an hour t ge on the fem.

The rime wll have to retum to the negotiating tobe

have contract (eg ve) then we mus include ga

They ve got tobe changed. (not They've tobe changed)

Wen we use the pas simple we prefer had o rather han had go Lo:

Thémänage seemed to be doing a good jab Why did he have t o? (not Why had goto get)

Didn't need to, didn't have to, needn't have: 'not necessary’
To ay a not necessary to do something in the pa, we use dit need o or int have to

He didn't have to wait og for a response (= ho didi actualy wait long)

hen we think something that was done in the pas was not necessary we use need nt (need) hae
Te event organiser expected he bad weather to fee eke ales. Hower, oy need not have worried as
every tet vs sol. (= they word Du was not necessary)

EX should, ought to: obligation
We can often use either should or ought to to talk about obligation (in giving advice and recommendations,
‘saying what we think is a good idea and talking about responsibility)

Think we ought to / should hep Briand or the andar (> a good ide)

The autores ought o should prosecute companies tet cu pole, (= ting about ipod)
Wecan use ether shoul o ug to ay that someting ely because we have pannedit or expect it
tohappen

The at on wl be ey fe yor bt toy should gh tobe able obi i fer

We us shouldnt rater tha ought tf something ue

Hoxe nn sou of i county, you shouldbe trouble by any ran tod.

=

27. sic) 3

| Grammar exercises

Choose the correct verb.

Al ldybids may / might be black redo elo.
We can

1
2 1 be able to geo the airport in 20 minutes when he new ln is finished nes ear.
3 1efchome because | masnt able cont ind job thee.
à Ax Lean find my purse anyuere
B: May Could you have et icin che restaurant?

Noto long ago. more than 20 species of fh could / were abet be found his ive

‘As Apparent tere’ been an acide inthe High Street
1; Thatmight able to expan why the buss aking so long
7A; Lena ays shel defi pay the money back
8: eh wa able to coud erat het
This camera ea bi cheaper than the other one butt might con be as good, ofcourse

(EID iris talking to Martha jus before and after job interview, Choose the correct verb

or the interview

AS Whactime(1) hove you to a out / must you be there by?

‘me 1030.

‘A: You 2) mus / have o Y hove got to be el nervous.

‘Me Terie! But ic does mare, know wan get the job.

A: You (2) have goto | must cont be sure of that. Youve go just the ight experience and qualfiaions.
‘Me Buc fe! tense. Im woried () cot / coulda! might make 2 good impression in the interview,

Az Em aur youl be okay.

‘After te intenses
IM: Igociet

A: Congratulations! Wh (5) had you got to must you / id you have to do?

IM: el many 16) ha got o hato / muse el them why I anced to work there
A: And does the job sound good?

IM: Fantastic?) have 0 must have go tod alot of raven,

Az Wellthat (8) oui to should’ / must bea problem for you

"Me No, and may (9) must / have o hove go to sped some time in Barcelona,

Ar Well hin we should cetaiy go our fora meal to celebrate.

Me Great idea

IA choose che correct sentence ending, Sometimes both are possible

2 Have ro ge up ely tomorrow so.
2 most be too lace going to bed on,
dont need robe oo te going to bed tonight

2. Wien we goto the station, we found dat che rain was hala hour lat, o we
a did need to rush afer lt
needa ave rushed afterall

29

28. a _3 ous

The meeting wil be quite informal so you
a don need to wear asi
don have to wear sui
4 Forunateh he was badly hur in the accident, he
a need go to hospital
D did need go eo hospital.
5 Gen has star of weight during her less so you
need lock surprised when you see her again.
1 muse lok surprised when you se her agin,
The tennis courts ae open tothe publi so you
a needn't bea member ofthe club to py her.
bo musee bea member ofthe club ro play her.
7 Thehouse wasin good condition when | bough it 0 1
didnt need decorate before moved in
didnt have to decorate before | moved in
8 Asic cured ou, the exam was quite easy, sl
{didnt have to spend al that me revising
1 need have spenallthattimereiing,

IX march a sentence beginning with one ofthe endings. You wont need to use al the endings.

2 ar pay for her chet bu she could cause dangerous driving conditions
2. Injuscafew years from now people 1 should ake me too long
3. srl emember how they © ean do30 priningin their ov homes.
4 Forecasters are warning that heavy snow A wouldnt aceepe my oler
5, Heres some ral nice cheese that don think you © would pay together so wells children
6 Welivein an old house that would be a school
7° wing my geography assignment {willbe able to conto the car using an app
ho used co belong co politica
1 vil have tasted before
5 mehr have id
=

29. Listening Part 1

IDD) You wat ar tes ciferent extracts, For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, Bor ©) which ña
Dest aocoring to wnat you hear, There aro two questions for each exact,

Extract One

You hear two people on a mio programme dscussing music education for chicken.
1 They agree that young chicken shoud

A leam an instrument that requires alot of concentration

be started on instruction at an early age.

© focus largely on music theory

2 What does the woman say about the piano?
A Ita not possible to play simple tunes on it
B Playing can discourage chien from larg aretha instrument
{© Most young chiren are not mature enough to lea

Extract Two

‘You haar part ofan interview with a rack cimber called Ben.
3 InBen’s vow, whats the best way to improve as a climber?
A take the advice other climbers
5 mn
© watch more experienced climbers

om the mistakes you make

4 Wty docs Ben prefer not to elm alone in ey conditions?
A He can ear new techniques om other people.
B He gots nervous when rocks have ce on them.
© Helacks oxporenco of clmbing on ice.

Extract Three

‘You near part ofan interview with restaurant re called Amanda Downing
5 How do mont walters react when they raise who Amanda is?

A They give her special attention.

Thay ate overcome wth nerves

© They provide her th re 000.

8 Invhat way, according to Amanda, ae most restaurant ouners completely wrong?
A They think customers choose a restaurant only orit quay of service,
B They don't understand customers’ motivation for eating in restaurant.
© They think ther pitts are dlrs to those oftheir customers.

30. Modals (2)

modal forms; dare and need; had better; be allowed to;
other verbs with modal meanings

1406) Listen again and match the sentence beginnings and endings.

1 Anybody eying to do that would have opened the door fom the inside
2 After that they might be hiding some information from us

3 Sosomeone ese must have been sen from the street below

4 Doyou thik he might A have nthe examining the building by now:

5, Bur ofcourse, he might have een expecting them and thst he wae part he gang?
6 Isupposehe could have been lowered by rope fom the ook

7 Thectver must 8 have been waiting nearby.

8 The foren team should h belying

‘Which ofthe sentences in 1.2 include these grammatical patterns?

modal verb + have ben + pas partie ' (would have been seen)
modal ver + have + pas participle ,

modal ver + have been + present participle

modal verb + be + present participle

3

31. | | Grammar |

HEHE May {might | could + be + present part
participle

ut of course he might be ring. vo ut) use an e png) in he presenti posible he's yn)
They could have ot in trough a window up on he out for. (= the pase possible they got in)

th a future time reference we an use may {might J could + be + present participle and may / might J could
‘have + pas participle tos it posible hat something wil happen in che fire

Ns ght was canceled so he mayimight/ould be avg much later than expected.

The thieves may/mightcould have left te country by the time we get wo the port

[EZ May {might / could + have been + present participle

Vie can use may/might/coud + have been 4 present participle to ak about stations or activites har were
possibly happening ata particule past time:
Do you think he might have been expecting hem?

Would / will + have + past participle

‘We use mould have + pas parti ota about an imaginary past situation:

People would have seen ther fem the street below

‘To show that we hinka pas station actually happened, we use will have + past pack:
thy smashed a window 1 ge in people ing nearby wil cain have heard something

Should J ought to + have + past participle

We use should / ought to + have + past participle to talk about something that didn't happen in the past,
paru when we want o mpl some rege orci

Hi mus know tha he ouh to have called the po o son a he Jud the dor open

Ve hou hae been contacted eater (pane)

Wecan ao we shout ought + have + past pre about an enectatn that something
happened has happened, or wl happen:

Te re ram should have finshed excite bung by row

Must / can’t | couldn't + have + past participle

‘So someone ese must have opened the dor from the inside (active)
‘must have been opened from ie inside. (passive)
le can use must have + pas: parce draw a conclusion about something in the past.

‘To draw conclusion about past event, saying that it was not posible we use cant have + past participle or
‘couldnt have + pas participe
One man alone could have carried all those pointing. (not. must have carie.)

33

32. CETTE

To draw conclusion about something happening a particular pastime, saying hat it was el o certain,
ve use must have been + presen participe
Te ver mus have been wating near.

EX Must be + present participle
‘We can use mus be present paripe ro draw a conclusion about something happening around the me of
Speaking, We can ute must be + presen participle or must be gong toc raw a conclusion about something
ley happen in he ure:

IM speak 0 e careto ofthe museum ater She must be feeling devoted,

Theyre taling the head clearer ote pol car They must be going 1 amest him or Thy must be areting him

Dare and need

le gets annoyed csi, o darent cri him / A good cr net cost ot.
She dared me to jump oros, / We meet tok to hem.
‘Dare and noe can be used either as modal vers ( bare infinitivo) or ordinary vers + to-infnive),

‘As modal dare nd need are mostly use in negative contents We can use either dare too dare (without to)
‘when eis no followed by na:

fut no ane would have dared (to) climb up the outside of the buin

1 dar tl him ve go another job (not tare.)

‘We cant include t after nen

‘We end imei everyone inthe block not Mende.)

Had better

Wie can had beter nen of hola pin spoken Engh y hate inks
ee

Mé bese en vo a a a pel

Waves or orale ercer ek

Va os el cag itn wk aut a per rate eal Corner

Ishi fought ve pone lr em

Kehl cope pr pal mare (0 Pld bt)

Be allowed to

‘We can use could or waslwere allowed tot say that in the past someone had general persion o do something
(One security guard could / was allowed to tay in the museum after it dosed

Totalkabout permission on a particular occasion we use mas were alowed to (nor coud

Although he had no ID, he man was allowed enter ne buin,

In negative sentences we can use either could or tr allowed to when aking about permision in general
oran particular occasons

They le reporters into th crime sen, but hey couldn't werent allowed to take photos

33. isn 4
Be supposed to

We can use be supposed toto expres als strong obligation than with should or ought, Using be suposed to
often suggests that events donot happen as expected

The entry cod is supposed tobe known ony by Ue scury guard. (= suggest that it was in fact known by
others)

‘We can use be supposed toto report what people thinks rue:

The biting is suppose to be one ofthe most Secure in une county. (= people say its) (not Fein should
ough tobe)

Other verbs with modal meanings

Amber of other verbs ae used with similar meanings to modal verbs:
No one ito enter the bung uni the ple ve permission (= obligation - forma)
Everyone present was required t give a statement to he pole. (= obligacion)

How di they manage to gt nt (= aly)

We have succeeded In narowing down the It of suspects (= ability)

ie might be prepared total ws mare (= willingness)

The suspects have refused a co opera (= unwlingnes)

From the evidence four it fellows that it was carly planned. (= conclusion - formal)
Wie can conclude that the painings were stolen by professionals. (conclusion)

[| Grammar exercises

EIEN Choose the correct verbs.

‘You sou mus have been mad o jump off the wal ike chat. You might / wil have broken a eg

2.1 di drew dit could’ be odriting thx FA dropped his laptop. He wil have been / woukd have been
soangry with me.

3 The weather forecast sid ic igh be ining! canbe raining ae, so wei ete to wei better take an
“umbrella when we $o Out.

4. Thework on repairing the bridge is supposed start / ought o sor next month, bu here have been aos

Paints about. I the helght ofthe tourist caso, so ey court / must have chosen worse
metodo

5, Jan mus have to know] must hove known the brakes on che car ere working propery, He ely should
have named had bene have wamed me when he zo eto me.

5. There have been yet more delas in building our new ofc block. They must er supposed to have
finished by now but string think hat might can have reed before bull

35

34. A oss

[EHI complete the sentences using the verbs from the box in one of these forms:

have + past participle be presen participle
ave been + past participle have ben + present parle

A: The clouds are geting realy dark
Yes think could be shaming by morning.
So how di the explosion happen?

‘They thinkiemay__bya gasleak

You were born in Wooton werent you Is suppoted to be lovely village

Ie certainly used 0 be, but ie may since hen -Ihavent been therefor year,

ang Weis doorbell twice, but here was ne answer.
Hemust inthe garden

Cutting those ose was so dificl. ve till got hom in my hands.
Youmight ie ese if you'd been wearing gloves
thought we were meeting Anika outside the hear.

‘Yes but can see he suppose she mighe for sinside

PR eR PP RR Re we ee

id you apply for tht job in Canada told you about?
‘Wel fhe salary was higher mig buticwas even es than Im ering nom

‘When Aya said He really any do you think she meant me?
‘Welle could about someone es, suppose

EE A group of geography students are going on a field tip to Iceland. Their teacher is talking about the
arrangements. Rewrite the underline parts using one ofthe words or phrase from the box. You need o
‘add extra words in each case.

“Unforunatel the authorities (1) won alow us o cary out fieldwork on the cir: Apparently, because
‘of weather conditions not safe atthe moment. Instead, (2) weve been able to amange a bot tp to study
«coastal features and (3) uma se whales Sothink (6) you should bing a pir of binoculars if you can
You might want to brings camera oo In past years, students ave (5) been able to rake some excelent
photographs during our coand fieldwork Let me remind you however, hat no portable steros with external
speakers (6) should be tan onthe wip although (7) you may bing an MPS player if you want o. And final
an you remember tae (8) everyone must arrange their xn prate medial insurance for the rip check
ext week that everyone has done this.

1 have refused. to

a

35. somo 4

EI Read these extracts from newspaper and magazine articles. Choose one phrase from exch ofthe
pairs in the box to complete te sentences

An enquiry no lst years explosion atthe Amcon Refinery that killed 25 workers concluded that it
uid have been prevenad. the refinery had installed hazard warning system, as safety officers
had recommended.

2 Thereissome evidence o suggest that Jon Ricei as secret agent
during the 1960 akhough even ater the end ofthe Cold War this was ever confirmed.

3, Mateus Weber chi executive ofthe Schools amination Authority. sad The newspapers lim that the
improving result show that exams. But we ae absolutely certain that
standards have remained the ame

4. Me fos will return go court on 3 January 0 hear Ns sentence, having been wamed yesterday tha he
— along periodin prison.

5 Mes ‘them the lead just before half ime but he shot straight atthe
oaliseper who made an easy ave

6 Forcenturis the flooding ofthe Nile was very important because, without, the people

=" crop inthe dry desert. But global warming has changed he

‘aona parres of agriculture in this parc of the world

36. Reading and Use of English Part

For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so tht it has a similar meaning tothe fit sentence,
Using the word cien, Do not change the word given. You must use between tree and six words, Icing
‘the woes given. Here le an exampe().

(© Those working with pre-school age citan wi probably na the cours intresting.
INTEREST
‘The course is Holy o be of interest do those working with pre

chool age ehicren.

1 During th winter preter watching footba to paying it.

‘SOONER
vite a

rit takos less than an hour to tivo thor, but Um sure she has got wrong.
ys takes les than an hou to eve there, but she mistake
ishing to enol onthe course should complet al actions of the application form,

D
‘Students ishing to enol onthe course inal sections of he appication

fom,

4 wish ha considered the question more careful before answering,

THOUGHT
I should the question more careuly before answering,

The factory has been able to reduce its CO; emissions by 50% in tha last year

SUCCEEDED
The fetory back ts CO, emissions by 50% inthe ast year

6 Itsalongwakhome,s advise you not to mies the last ran

BETTER
lts along ak home, 9 th ast tran,

38

37. Nouns, agreement and
articles

Compound nouns and noun phrases; subject-verb agreement,
countable and uncountable nouns;

[Nazim has applied todo a college course in Environmental Science, You are going to sten o part of
his interview fora place on the course, What questions do you think the interviewer will ask?

TES -

157) Listen and check whether you were right.

(1802) Listen again and write one word in exch gap to complete the compound nouns.

1 cime dame 2 mm 3 nn. =
a cine 5 ne 6 tigheng za
7 scheme 8 thearms 9 mouncain

ZU Which ofthe following forms do each ofthe compound nouns from 1.3 cake?
noun + noun. ing form + noun, noun + ing form.

ences ram the interview witha,

Ignoring the shaded parts for now, complete these pars of
the or~(=no ate).
There been = draught there fora number of months and river levels are low.
The main problem has been the effect of == drought on food supplies.
‘And wha are your plans for future?
Les hard to imagine furor without farmingin an area ke hat,
‘what do you want todo after you've left == college?
Have you got any questions about the course here at college?

CA Can you explain the difference in meaning ofthe shaded parts ofthe sencencest

38. ‘Compound nouns and noun phrases

Common compound noun patterns.

mae range reading scheme energy sang

‘Some compound nouns are usualy writen as one word (eg rainforst some as separate words (eg river
evel) and others witha hyphen €) (eg decisionmaking)

The fest noun ina compound usual asa gula form, even fi ar plural meaning
deciion-mating (not decime male)
Instead ofa compound noun we can use:
{noun + + noun when the first noun ie the user ofthe second noun
women cinco boys schoo!
+ noun + preposition + noun
book about energy conservation a book about grammar (a grammar books also common)
Vie can sometimes use noun + 3 + noun or noun +0 + noun with similar meaning:
the charts aim orth aim ofthe charity
Wie are more likey couse noun + + nour:
+ hen the Fist noun refers so a particular person or group of people orto talk about time:
Mike job, next year’s fie vip
‘We more often use noun + of + nour:
+ when the second noun a non ving hing:
‘he le of the CD
+ when weak about a processor changeover time:
the destruction ofthe rainforest
witha long noun phrase:
Mikes the brother e someone I went to school with,
Compounds often combine with other nouns or compounds to frm longer combinations
‚decision making process energy conservation scheme

EAI subjece-verb agreement
Some noun wich a singular form efring to group (eg goverment las department, team) can be used
weh eher nr or plural form ofthe e although In formal contexts asmgular verb soften prlde
The goverment has (or have introduced some ely interesting poets
We usa wea gular ver:
+ when names niles (e of countries, newspapers, books, ins) endingin refer a single un:

“The netherlands has bg o ce problem
+ witha prasereferingtoa mensuemen amount or quant

‘ni afew miles separates helps
+ afer percent (ao percent or rein to a singular or uncountable nou

10% of he count energy came fom i power

æ

39. Eo

Butifpercent refers toa plural noun we usa plural verb
(60% of people there are malnaunshed.

‘We usually use a plural ver

“+ with nouns that normally have plural form congratvlations outst, aes. But note hat dh fallu
ous ending ins take singular verb - news, nguisic mathematics physics, pole, satis and
‘economics when they refer the academic subject:
Statistics s included in the course (no Sais are)

+ after ofthe majority af athe minority of a numberof lt of plenty of al (of) ame of + a paral noun /
pronoun
The majority of people there are farmers.
But note that we use singular verb with he number of
The number of pop uring from malnutrition is increasing

‘The following verb must agree withthe main noun na sentence witha complex subject:

Levels of income rom the sale of andre have increase.

Wen the subject follows the verb, the verb agrees wäh he subject

Among the projets invested by the government the ue of low-energy ght bubs.

[BE] Countable and uncountable nouns

$

‘Many nouns in Engl are uncountable hey are not used with alan or in he plural For example advice,
coupent. information.

Some nouns are used uncountaby when wear aling about the general idea, but countably when we are
‘aking about particular examples:

You be able t get by with a basic knowledge of some statistical techniques but The desir for knowledges a
fondamental human insti.

The char project has been a success (=a particular example of succes)
Financia success i everything (= success in general)

(ther nouns ke this include business, education, sound Some of these eg education) are only used countably
inthe singular.

Some nouns (eg. accommodation, specch work) havea diferent meaning ven they ae used countably and
uncountably. Compare

‘She gave a speech abou global worming

“Gien usualy develop speech in thir second per

Vie can use a good great deal of and mount of before uncountable nouns:

Theresa great del of teres in eycngin th country

It saving an enormous amount of waste

Using these before plural countable noun is incorect and you should avo iin exams However they are
sometimes used in this way in informal contexts.

We use a number of before plural countable nouns

There’ been a drought therefor number of months.

and plenty of nd a quentty of before ether uncountable or plural countable nouns

‘There wos plenty of opportunity for me to travel around the country,

sow a huge quantity of tees ig cut dow

a

40. S sanéagementand aies

EX Articles

Weusethe

+ wth singular plural or uncouneable nouns when we expect he isene or reader tobe able o identify the
Ahimg or person refered:

‘esa projet run by a luropeon charity. The chart im

+ when a following phrase or clause denis what particular thing we are talking about
the climate in hs region, the impact of climate change he ecology of mountain environments

+ when we tak about hings that are unique
ion par of he world, ie sy, e fate the fst next mesure onlyimain problem the sas
improvement the arms wade he environment y
Some "anque nouns can be wed with alan when we describe a ype or aspect ofthe thing, Compare:
Wha ore your pons forte futur? and hard o imagine fue without arming in area Ike hat.

We useafan

+ wen singular countable noun itroduce for he fist tm into spoken or writen tx:

Hes the ead of project ran by a European chan.

+ total about an unspecified person ting o even:
[han havea shower or days

+ to descrsesomeone/something or say what type of thing someone/smething is
{tsa beautfu county. RS an international orgia.

+ tosay what persons jobs:

You think that spin pou be abe ode is
Buc noc that we use he orn article to give a persons tor their unique positon:
Hes the ead aa projet there ores head ja prope here

+ innumber and quand expressions

2 manch aro, nupeof wes, half an har, the mes year, 50 er atea ho number fat

reuse no are

+ with uncountable and plural nouns when we ak general about people or thing rather than about specific
people or things:

Five ay ben fascinated by plants and animal, They haver had rn fr mands

it some singular nouns referring oinsiuions (eg schoo col, spl ron univers, work)
‘when we ta about them general. Compare fr youve ie cole andthe curse here tthe clege

+ wich most countries Bac, Swtzerland, Norway but the Necro, the USA, the UK the Philipines,
the Gambia

+ wih the names of months and days ofthe ween June, on Monday special times of he yeu: during
Ramadan a aster (or the) with seasons he ogo sing in ine or. in he winter. However we general
tue the talkabou a parelar mont dy. ete Im gang palin he summer (= net set)

+ vit meas when we tk bout the next one What or inet; recent one What id you have jor
breakfast ora meal in general sal have cast for beast However we general use aries otk
about a partclar meal or particular meas We had an ear diner, The breaks in e hotel rent

+ with by tota about means of communication and ransportby Ps/emaljpnonc;by cr sone)

2

41. Nouns, agreement and articles

Grammar exercises

Choose the correct phrase

1. don ke tomatoes, so lef them at the side fe plate the lotes side.

2. Iewas the decision of Adam / Adoni econ o takeout the oan, so he has to take responsibility for
repayingit

3. saw two great TY programmes at week. The rt was an actin film afm about ation and he second
a documentary about young entrepreneurs young entrepreneurs documentary

Job issomeone | warked within Malaysia brother / the brother of someone worked within Malaysia,

He apologised without the hestation fa moment / a moments heat.

My houses by a ren playground / hen playground, ot can be quite noi

The construction ofthe new rar ! The new lary’ construction took so lang that busing costs were ten

times higher than fs expected,

8. When got home found that an envelope had been pushed through my eters bax eter bo. nic was
‘congratulations card congratulation card om Aunt Alice.

[E Nazim hasbeen accepted on the Environmental Science course (see 1.1) Rea this email he sent roa
friend during a fel rp ln the gaps witha present cense form ofthe verbs in brackets.

Hi Cat,

Greetings rom Napalm sending this from ar internet caf in à small tow north of
Kathmends,

Tre town sell ist very interesting, but the surtoundings (1) are tbe) beautiful =

Lan See the Himalayas though the caló window!

The lectures here are liant The Poiics and Ecology courses ave gres, but Economies
(2) (ea) realy difieut although maths 13) (be certaniy rot
my streng point Fm really learning à ot about the country and 15 environmental prenoms.
Alot of Nepal population 4)" (ein tha mountanous pars ofthe county
South ofthe Himalayas, and te mejoriy ol hase paople (] (dapend on
growing eps and keeping animals The standaré of ving in Kathmandu and he orner cities
16) verison a lot racanty ae the number of people key move ino the
(0: IM (bal expected to increase. I's a real problem hero. The Hmalyan
Times, the ical Englshvanguage newspaper, (8) (nave ust pubishec 2
survey showing that mos! young people would stay in their home vilages js wore avaiable.

| was planning on coming home atthe and of June, but the college (9)__thave

“rangos fr on of us 1 stay during tha summer on a WA conservation projest in à region
nine north cales Helambu = there (101 — (be ust afew klomatres berwos

the vilage where Il be working and the border with China. Among the various projects that
wave been set up {11]___ (be) a scheme for producing biogas localy ~ vats gas

produced from plant and animal waste, Al my ing expenses (12) (beibeng

Pe fr by the WWF

Hope al is well with you. I send more news when | can

Naim

——— CCCíC£ÉÓÉÓÉ€OE.píey A

s

42. 5 seu. apeement and aces

Choose one word or phrase from each ofthe pairs inthe box o complete the sentences. In some
‘eases, both words or phrases are correct

1 Herjobinvolvesa good dea of foreign à Ri
2 Make sure you ea pleney o 3

3 What! donk ikeabouethemagieeischehugenumber init

4 I think you oug wo cut down on the amount of ____yourhave I's not good for you

5 TheStudents Handbookincludes a great deal of on study sl

6 The police found a rie and a are quantity of in is apartment

7. Uhavea hugeamount of todo ache weekend,

8 Iwas shocked by the amount of. lek behind ater te party.

HER Ft in che gaps using the words inthe box. Use the same word to complete the sentences in ach ir.

Add alanifnecessary.

1 a Helitshisinterets as reading Istening to music and good _ conversation

2 scificult to hold _& conversation wich Sarah because she keeps interuptng.
2 & Customers have benefted from lower price resulting fom between the
supermarkets,

DA: see youve bought anew bike,
8: Actually wonicin

3 a. Ourcounclis encouraging everyone to recycle
À Professor Tench has recently published ‘omer esearch
4 a. Youcan only tll whether you tke by washing you ait with ea few mes
b A: Doweneed anything from the chemist?
Be hus — anda tube of eothpaste
5 a Dont leave the flowerpot outside e's made of andienuse

D burnt a hole in iy trousers with
Has here ever been wen youve regretted moving o Australia?
Definitions of poverty have changed over

7 à When parents take an active role in schoo children see ther parents placing on
thei éducation

bo Themamuscrip sof reat historical
8 Human ar driven by the pursuit of _
1. Livingin Dublin gave me ts history.

43. ee)
EB vase oreo chon ere
byte ase’ vey goed a ing ams and ee shal a1. Lhe ni
=
Ban Termin nee REN ee

accounting. Eventually, he started company offering financial advice. Hes now managing

director, and it seems that company’s doing rally wel

: SEES

A: Do you remember summer we went to Sweden? 1595, think vas.

E Iewas wonderful holiday wasnt And so good to see Joakim gai never forge picnic we had with him.
There were huge number of mosquitoes

‘As Yes, remember And when sun was ing down there was amazing red shy

B: And then his car broke down onthe way home, and we had to go back by bus

‘A: No, se go eae didnt wet

8: Ohyes tha right

Fatimah has busy le as lawyer, but in her tre time she realy enjoys hiking, Most weekends

she drives out into countryside and walks for few hours. She says she likes to forget about

work, and she doesn't even take mobile phone with her In summer shes going hiking in
Philipines. She's never been there before, but fiend shes going with knows country well

45

44. Reading and Use of English Part 2

For questions 1 ~8, read the txt below and think of he word which bes ts each gap. Use only one wordin |
‘each gap. Ther isan example at the begining (OL

‘The origins af chess ;
Agreot(0)__deal has boon written about the origins of modem chess, and thera,

UE stil considerable debate about Ihe subject. 2). theory most widely
that its arios ancestor was Shaturanga, a game played in India from around AD 600.

accepted is
a with modern chess, Shaturanga was played on a board with 4 squares. Places such
as kings, quesns and knights were able to move in front ways wi (4) aim of capturing
other pieces and, a the end ofthe game, the opponent's king, Unie chess, k was played by four people.
Inthe form in (6) tis played today, chess appeared in southern Europe around tho ond of
the fteentn century. Today, chess has become one ofthe wold (8) Popular games. Ris
played by milions of people both informally and in tournaments, ana (7) numberof people
playing online) — Inerening with access 1 the Inert

45. Determiners and quantifiers

| | Context listening

BEE You are einge inten otr people talking abot runing Make noes on hee beefs and three
posible problems afan wp runing ata baby.

JE LD) listen to three people ving thee views on runing. Wich ofthe benefits and posible
problems you have listed do the spenters enon?

(ERED I) Listen again and fil in the gaps.

1 a Untlthen ida bof sporeat chook but didnt do much outside school all.

(Speaker 1)
Infact, suppose didn't have. mess (Seater 1)
2 a Now!runa fewkilometres — day (Speaker2)
bo Youcan be sure that one ous will have a realy good time. (Speaker 3)
3 a Inescablyyouger injures 100 ~ everyone ets aching muscles atera long run.
(Speaker 3)
b ison of_ ports where no special equipments needed, Speaker 2)
4 Icesi go ouraloe during the wine (Speaker 3)
D Bucsurpisingly seem co have Injuries now han when I was younger. (Speoker3)

wich pair of sentences is ach word or phrase possible in both gaps?

46. 6 Demi nd quites _

|| Grammar]

No, none, not a, not any

No two pis of running shoes rede same. (= not ny)
None ofthem ik the thought of running long dances (= nor any of) 1

‘We use nite finscad of none of when we ak about two people or hing:
either of us dary exercise

‘We dont usually use nota / not any a the beginning of clause Instead we use no and none of
one ofthe runner under 60. (noe Not any of hermes.)

ii ear from the context what i meant, we can use none without folowing noun
Fue had none so for (=eg noinjuies)

FE Much, many, lo of ots of

‘id you do much running last inter
“There cou he many esos fr he cuen intrest nun
recta dotofsaifacion ut oft.

[solas o mes oe of nesting pen

Meuse much e) (uncountable noun) and many (o) + plural noun) paricuaty in negative senences
and questions ln pote sentences e usually use ao (rts (of However in more formal contexts
essay prefer much (of) and many (of

If che meanings clear from the context, we can use much and many without following nou:
iin. do much outde sche! a al.

le can use much of aed mony of o mean a large pat of or‘ age number ol

used to spend much of my free tine sing around.

was ins place for much of tre ace

"We use many rather than alot forts of with ime expresions (e. dys minutes months weeks years) and
number + of eg, thousands of dollars.

Esper many hours raining

Running cubs often have many hundreds of members

48

47. Deteminersandquantiers ©

All, both, whole

AG my fends ie watching sport on TV
‘suppose al exerci carie some is.

‘Byte me we get the bus sap both of us were completely exhausted
1 ehought the whole even was nil
Sometimes whole weeks wihou rune

ie usualy pur al afer te ver be or afer he fis aur verb:
Next spring weal gong to Madrid

They could all have been Olympic athletes.

chere no alar we usual puta before the ver:

Wal went running together

Vie sometimes use al afer the noun refers a

My ends al ink Im crazy. or Ally end ink Im ery,

Tora about two things o people we use bath a) in positive sentences o neiher (of) in negative sentences:
We certainly both got oo ter Both of us were complet) exhoused

Neither of us did any exercise. (nt Beth of dd any année)

Before singular counrable nouns we usally use he whole rather han al (a) the:

though the whol event was ran.

Before day | week night / month summer ee we prefer all rather han the whole

After ve been sting at my computer al day ant wor fo o ut fra ru.

might 0 all week without un

We can use al he or the whole before way and ine:

1 wo rely surprised when I managed to run al he way or. the whole way.

Every, each

TPS

180 running on Wednesday and on Frida, end! y 1 un en mies each doy or. every doy
Every one Jus al have area good tre. or Each one aus.

Before singular countable noun, we use each ofr talk about wo or more things or people, and every t
talk about three or more Sometimes we can use either evry or ech wth bee dference in meaning.

Meuse every
+ with almost ner practical virtually to emphasie we are talking abouts group sa whole:
‘Now run nearly every day
‘© 1 Lak about events at regular intervals: every othe klometre every single day, every fw weks every
sx month
80 out running every couple of days.
Meuse each:
‘+ when we cak about both people or things in a pair
"had to wear a bandage on each kee of. Beth nes
‘+ asapronoun:
‘ie were each given a medal for compleung he Smet un ran

“9

48. 6 eses quen
(Althe) few, litte; less, fewer (than)

‘A Jeu of y fiend ae gute god at team sports.

{seem t have fewer injre now han when Iwas younger

There lt evidence hat running caves moor problems

You should et ls prole os you prepare fora rae.

‘There’ not much you condo abou it. (See 246 for more on mach (and many) ;

av (of) and te (o) are fren rather formal, Les formaly. we use phrases suchas no many and pt much,

ie fie use few and ait to suggest hat a all quantity or amounts enough or more than we would expec:
Hes won afew medals. ve ben starting to get a te pain in my knees.
In formal contexts, we often se fw and itl to suggest hat a quantity or amounts not enough, ois
surprisingly low:
‘Before joined the dub ha very few friends holed nearby.
In comparisons, we use les with an uncountable noun and fewer with plural noun
[hl eat ess chocolate. You sould eat fewer biscuits.
‘The opposite ofboth ess and fewer s more:
[shoul eat more chocolate You should at more biscuits.
In conversation. some people also use ls (tan) before a plural noun referring toa group of things or people:
Thor were ls than 20 competitors
Thins gramatical incorrect and would be marked wrong in formal written exam. Fewer (than should be
sed instead
here were fewer than 20 competion.
en we talk about a period of time a distance ora sum of mone. we use ess thar:
My aim to complete the cours ond do iin les han six hour (NO. fe than hour)

‘Much, many, both, al, each, none, few, litte + (of)

‘We usualy need to put of fer these words when they are folowed by.

= apronoun: We Krew that nt all o us wil fins course

©. adeterminer Few of the runners were under 5.

©. 3 posesive form: Many of Alice fends re runner

Informally after both and we can leave out of before the, thse, thas thi ut (with al possessive pronouns
(es my, mine) ut ne before them, you ut (witha)

Foe ben rang regual al of my fer. all my fe

Both of us decided to do move exercise (not Bots decided.)

so

49. Deteninersand quanto ©

| | Grammar exercises

En

4. Nest week my work colleagues ar deinga bike ride across France for char. They won yc the whole
ay they each do (do) 30klometres day and fellow by car the rest ofthe ime. That’ ue = well
because none ofthe (be) erly fi. A number of people (have) already agreed to
sponsor them, and they ope to raise alo of money.

inthe gaps using the corec form a the verb in brackets. Sometimes both are possible.

2 thinkechac everything. be) now ready for the party. One of my sisters (have)
organised te drinks and each ofthe people coming (have) greed o bring ome food.

3 Tim having trouble clin my house. Although alo interest (have) been show in e Ive had
lots of phone calls and vistors the majority of potential buyers (Seem) suprised at how small

is Andnoteverybody (ke) the fac tha here no garden

JEFA choose the correct option.

3. Thenuckar power station sin an earthquake zone, and ts worying tha there have been fs Jeu minor
tremors here in the as couple of months

There were four candidaesn the election and every /cah got about 5000 votes,

The hurricane wi go north ofthe citys lite a Ile major damages expected

We were al Weal were astonished by her exam results

1 there es / ower caffeine in green te han in coffe?

These old bookshelves wile el wil be replaced by cupboards.

cakes me ever ess than 30 minutes o walk to work

Wen asin hospital, Martha vite me cach every singe day

Although the management said they were going to restructure the company in fact they made afew /
few changes

10. Nowadays, nearly every nearly each new cari ace with airbags.

11 When goton al af th the whole bus seemed tobe ll of screaming éhooichiéren.

12. The company has fewer! es han 20 employes.

Complete the sentences using the pars of words or
‘only in each pair

1 a Afligh from Amsterdam overshor the ray at Heathrow Aiport yesterday, but rene of

ase inthe box. Use each word or phrase once

the crew or passenger wae hur.
bo My parents came lhe way to Sydney to os me eventhough — ner of _ chem es ying very
much,
2 a hope ou ete presenti put frire ining.
1b Amonglmguiss there is debare about he origin ofthe word qui

si

50. 6 permis entamer _

3 3 Thenewantmalria drug took pars ro develop.
bo Ivegor friends who lv in Hong Kong

4 a. The government as allocated two millon euros co the project but the money has
been spent yet
DA Have you been able to four ar
Be NOMS the usual problems 501 have ota tothe garage
52 major damage was done to the building by the earthquake .
Neid o organise a tennis competition a my college, but there was. ner so gave
upthe idea

EX complete the newspaper article with one of these words or phrases. Use each word and phrase once.

*5 PORTIONS A DAY’ FALLS ON DEAF EARS

5 portions a doy recommendation t eat more fuit and vegetables, a recent study
has found that (1) few Bish teenogers are fokng its advice. A thousand teenagers were
‘questioned inthe survey (2) ll of them between the ages of 14 and 17. While

(8) said ney knew obout the campaign, (4) the young people
questioned, jus! 5% suid it had influenced thelr eting habits. n answer othe question ‘How many pieces
“ofi have you eaten inthe last week?” on incredible 80% responded (5)

‘Sam Brown. 18,cnd Sarah Goodal, 16, were among he young people who tock pat inthe suey.
CG them conceded tha ui and vegetoles ddr Fgur groct in her dits, Som
mid: dont eat (7) ‘ruta al. maybe jst on apol sometimes. don think

® m fends are diferent: Sach fl hol he bsy lei Today's teenagers wos
art blome: Tm not into vegetables. and (9) theme 'm too busy I eat rut oler
Gin. got homework lodo or ends to so! (10) ogresd tha he governments
‘campaign woud flct what hey at. Sam sad 11) — the posters and adverts re
har iting enough Their message is ust Eat ut or veg wih (12) mec ney want
‘eenoge's o ot more ful ond vgelabes hey gal o convince us tat i's eal important

C1) sents rave warmes that our o co fit and vegetables pala by
young people can led o cbesily, cancer and a host a other diseases Profesor Jess Adams from Queens
Hosplal sai” C14) ‘he research points oa close relationship between levels of ult and

vegetable consumption and hell, but suprisingly (18) mis research is reported i he
press or on television. Ts meon thatthe message is nl geting cross The government Mes fe gg
the problem wih ils campoigrs, ut unforlunach thee is (16) ig thal hey hoe ony
long term Impact. Ulmatey however i's up o (17) sto thine about what we eat and

‘mate heathy choices:

52

51. Deter

03) vou wit ear woman called Janet Nayor taking about her experience as a volunteer in Tanzania,
For questions 1 8, compote the sentences wih a word or shor phrase.

Janet can now do voluntary work because she ise of ($)

Most of Janet trends were (2) by her decision to volunteer.
Janet isagress with pope who say that she ks (9) the people shes ing to lp.
Janet advised ona projet to improve (4) ina farming community

‘The scheme amd to make the vilagea lo (5) on outside assistance.

‘The lager had raid on (8) from chartes to survive

Janet jo was to help the viager sal any 7) crops.

Janet balises hate ofthe vilage hava ben changed dramatically by th scheme.

3

52. _ Adverbs and adjectives

Bi

Position of adverbs; quite, rather, already, yet, still, even, only,
really; position of adjectives; gradable adjectives; patterns
after adjectives

‘You are gong thea an interview with an author. Inthe
Interview he mentions three countries. Look at these photos (2-0)
Which countries do you think they show?

ID visten and check whether you were right. Why's each
ofthese countries important tothe author?

Read these eight extracts from the interview.
‘Where did the wordsin brackets appear? Choose position a, bore.

1. Isuppose 14 been a rite (ays)

2 fe eachng nd eared wing profesiona)

34 180 back on every occasion. (pose) =
412100 know how books going to en (ays)

5. timp at about 200%n che morning. (general) .
6 (10% prefer inding information from books. (a rue)

7. 10st speak Swedish ©, quite we)

My mother was a gentle © woman (rather)
Fi 6 kerching out the pot stil)

ID) tien again and check your answers.

Read these further extract from the interview Tick (/) those where you can add very before the
underined adjective and puta ross (X) where this is no possible

1. Some of my close fiends thought | was mad o give up myjob, zx

2. lrareyhave a clear idea atthe beginning of how the character wi delo.

3 las happy to teach during the day.

4 tele fanta having my fret book published

5. Te jus fined his excellent novel Restless.

Hele bad leaving the chidren.

7. There area loc of hisaricl inks between Norway and the north of Scotland.

3. My mother was a rather gente woman and ahrays calm.

5

53. Position of adverbs

“There are three main posions ina dause for adverbs:
+ front postion (before the subject
Normal. rer about sx ows ay.
+ mid postion (between the subject and verb, immediatly after be a maln ver or after the fist or
second alar verb
suey start work by about 800. Im generally up a about 700.1 had never ben o Norway before
my books hadnt been success would happily have stayed in teaching or! would have happily
stayed.
+ end position (after the verb ether immediatly after or later inthe clause}
eses simply
| Many adverbs can go in any ofthese postions, depending onthe comes or sy of writing:
| Gradual hoy row int eal people The rad grow. ot Ty gon gradual

Some adverbs tend to appear in particular positions:

= Always never adverbs of indefinite frequency (hardly ever, fte, rare, regulary, seldom): and degree
‘adverbs (almost hardy, neat, quite, rather score) re usally putin mid postion:
rarely have ar den always know how a books going to end

= Constant, continual regular able), complete, ete, grey pecar usualy put iherin.
mid or end position, but nt in rot position:
[greatly admire Wiliam Soyd or! admire Willem Boyd greatly. (no Grated.)

+ Acwerbs of place are usualy putin end postion:
work upstairs. (not Upstairs work upon)

“Adverbs of definite time and frequency are usualy putin end poso:
fish my previous bok last January (not Hostionwory fished.)

+ Adverbsof time or frequency consisting of more than one word (es aul from time o time, every so
often) are usualy pur ether in rant or end positon but not mid posto:
sra prfe finding normation from books (noc arre peer.)

‘We avid putting an adverb between a main verb and a direct obec. or folowing an ang form or to-infinitive

1 peak Seth quit wel (not speak qui sel Swedish)

‘sorted ung profesional. (not stored profesional sente)

TA 108 back again (nor io go again back)

Inend posicion we usually put adverbs of pace before adverb of time:

‘hadnt ben to Norway before. (not hadıt been before to Norway)

(DDI Quite, rather; already, yet, still even, only; really

Quite rather

The usual postion for gute i before alan and an adjective, where means ‘moderate
bo quite a dominant gure

Lest often aut used between alan and an adjective, whereit means ‘completely
Là quite remarkable tory

ss

54. 7 nous

‘The usan poston fr rather is between ala ad an adjective. Les often but with similar meaning rather is
sed before aan and an adjective

‘My mother was a rather gentle woman. or My mother was rather a gente woman.

> Already, ye sit

Already can go m ether mid or end poston

14 already decided tat! wanted to write. or decided already

sal putin end postion in negatives, questions and expressions of uncertainty:

{dont know an tel ou ye

Stil usually goes in mid postion:

"stil teng tthe plo '

+ Denon

xen and only usualy goin mid position

He cam even speak Sarai

‘brit they refer to the subject they usual come before

Sometimes even Im suprise Only my case family had rad anything 1á writen

> Realy

‘The meaning of ral can change according tits postion in a sentence Immediately before an adjective it
means very other pasion ican mean ctualy or in act!

been fering realy tired.

“My finas shout wos joking bu I really had decided to leave teaching,

[DEI Position of adjectives

fs excellent novel His novel is excellent.
any adjectives can be used either before the noun they describe, o folowing he noun anda linking ver
suc as be, become, fe and sem that connects subject with a word or phrase that describes the subject.

The following adjectives canbe used immediately aera noun
‘many participle adjectives Le adjectives that end withing red. See Unt 1,2. for more on participle
dues)
Teel be lot of people waiting eogr o ge hold fit (= al of people who wil be waiting)
Same of the geographical settings used in A Woman Aone are based on places te. (> settings which are
sed in A Woman Alone)
+ adjectives used ater indefinite pronouns eg something nothing)
¿real dont think was anything special.
‘There was nothing extraordinary about my fst novel

[DI Gradable adjectives
Iran ait sgadable we can sy tha person or tin can have mare or ls of the quality feed ro
(es ami, uy). Gradable decias cn be used with adverbs such as teme), gt o ey.
somewhat abi, extremely sy, igh diferent, ey rth prey song

Ian adjeiveisnomagradable, we dont usualy imagine degrees ofthe quality fred to (gue impossible)
To emphasis the extreme or absolute nature of on rade adjectives me can use adverbs such ssh,
comple of ah

absolue hs complet imposi practical unknown almost unique oa us

ss

55. _tanes soa icing

Some adjectives have both gradable and non-gradabie un:
+ some(eg common) have gradabl and non gradable uses with diferent mean
Bardeih ut avery commen surnom (radabe: common = frequent)
a and my mother have certain common characters (non-radabl: common = similar)
+ some (eg plomati) have gradable and non gradable uses with related meaning:
You're beng very diplomatic (gradable because refers othe quality the person has)
He worked os the diplomatic correspondent 0 a national newspaper (non gradable because it refers tothe
type of correspondent he)

[PEZ Patterns after adjectives

‘When an adjective comes after linking ver we can use a numberof patterns fe the ajectve including
one oran ing for

‘wes umwling o leave teaching

Infeltfotastic having my fs! beok pub

Some of my close ends thought was mad to gve up my job or... was mad gbing up my job.

Many adjectives can be followed by a hat cause induding some that an also be flowed by a tnt or
ang

Twas aware that I needed res,

1 was reat reine thet my subsequent books ok quite wel or was great} reed o find

fel bad that os ering the ren or jet bad leaving

| | Grammar exercises

‘Complete the sentences by writing the words in brackets in the correct order. Give alternatives
were possible.

1 Notwantingtowake the chien cimbed He stairs quity (quid sta the)

2 She her parents. (ever hardy = ists)

3 When bumpedimo his cache began atm (angry = shout to)

4

Juan thinks we should sell our car and buy bikes instead and ic i,
(absolutely age)

5, Natale son a working holiday in New Zealand She andshouidbehomeat
the end of une (se = left week)

$ foramealaftermorktocahup on news. (go - occasionally - we)

7 ve toseea fin. (go out ~ seldom)

8 Asivalked out oftheroom,she_________. oud ~ singing started)

5

56. 7 nine and sieves

IP Complete te sentences using the adjectives in the box. Use the same adjective in each pair of
sentences. I possible include the adverb given in brackets.

1 a Shes _evtrenely particular about what she eats and never touches processed food aa
bo There are so many tee inthe cis o choose om. Why did you go for that i

particular one?
2 a. Thelaunch ofthe space shuttle has been delayed due to a — faut.
D. The operating instructions were — and dificuleto understand
3 0 Trevseisa_— antique, not arecent copy.
Im sure Anya wouldnt to you~ she a person.

4 a Aferprotests on Ihe streets, he government had to reconsider its
¿econ to double the taxon pero.

bo Hes admired around the world forhis syle of gu
5 3 Shetsa dedicated teacher — and hard working
1 louée fixmy computer mye so had o get some her
6 a Assoonastiesten the yat, Ihada fccingin my stomach
1. Althe houses on this side ofthe street have. numbers
The sive comesata_rime for he company which has ust invested in a
major new factor
D Thereporewas ‘ofthe Principals management ofthe college, and she was
forced res
Ba The disease was passed onto chickens by bids,
> ikea _ asen of moorland, along way from roads and elements.

Complete the sentences with toinfiiiv or ing form ofthe ver in brackets
en the phone rang she was busy. ding her homework: (o)

When see pitureson TV of the flooding near the coast im thankful __ inland ive)
My teachers rather old and he ncined asleep during essons. Gal)

As soon as you're ready cal for ati eave)
Maris already lent mea lot of money an fel award

Certain newspapers are always quick the governmencif anything goes wrong in the
country. blame)

3 Hee bad

er for more (ask)

1
2
3
4 Inever el comfortabe in the same office as Theresa. (work)
s
6

er to dol the cleaving up fer dhe part cave)

57. ee

Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 3

For questions 1-8, read the text below Use the word gven In capitals at the end of some ofthe ines to
form a word that fits in the gap In the same line. Thre f an example atthe beginning (0.

Sleep patterns
It eatimated that around one in ws people havea seep
(disorder of some kind, acting thr ably to get ‘ORDER,
‘enough seep. I particular, people who are (1) = weich

an increasing problem around the werd = often ute rm seeping
ficus. Most ofthe results o his lack of sleep ar mate minor

suchas trednoss, itablty and (2) andthe Foncer
feta are not Iong-lasting. However, longer-term slop deprivation can
have more serious consequences and can be (2) — HARM

1 physical and mental heath. For example can result in high blood

pressure and can affect a persons (4) -rodeing ALERT
‘hair abity to think and respond qui.

cont (5) research has shown that people SCIENCE
need seven to eight hours of step on average, although this figures

© on such actor as age and heath. For DEPEND
‘example, fr infants the (7) Is much higher, about REQUIRE

16 hours a day, while older people tend to slop less desp and fora
shorter time, ofen needing about the same amount of sleep as they do
imite) CHILD

58. _ Comparison

‘Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives a
adverbs; comparisons with as ...; comparisons with 50 ...,
too ..., enough

‘You ae going to her four fiends dscusing where o go on holiday. They have already decided to o to
‘Greece, ther to Athens or he hand of Corfu. What do you thik the advantages of gong to each place are?

ID Listen tothe discusion. How many ofthe advantages you identified do they mention?

ID) Listen again and complete these extracts by writing three words in each sentence,
ue dont decidesoonit be 2 late _to_getanyhereto stay.

2 The al look prety good, and theyre right next to beach cheisnd.
3. sapin my guidebook that here are reasonable hore rooms or 40 euros night.

4 toas, holiday ve ver had.

5 Andicwouidbe binginaciy.

6. Sst supposed o bea relly beautiful place, so wel want to see wean.

EN How are the comparative and superlative statements formed? For example:

+ adicción + to-infritine pi ES
A 5

ges.

59. inmi 8
| | Grammar]

Adjectives and adverbs: comparative and superlative forms

“Accommodation would be cheaper in Athens
Its probably the cheapest ote in Ans.

want Lo come hore more relaxed and hear more heathy.

The woking tou in France was the healthiest / most healthy hoy ve had.
Il be more expensive eto Cora thon Aten.

‘es the most expensive igh that doy.

‘There ae exceptions 0 he comparative and superative forms above

[Weusalyadd-erresttwone- | However we se moreimose

Sb ade + before past pape adjectives (aor ing adictiva):
‘want to come home more related.

before fun rea righ wrong,

It be more fun o go 1 Cofa
We an usually add es or put | However we always use more/most with
rmorelmost belore wwo-slable = particle adjectives

adjectives. le was the most boring holiday ve ever hod.

| + adjectives ending ju order
It would be more peaceful than being in cy
+ ofi alert lie alone, shamed, cautious, complex, et, exec,
famous frequent modern special cent:
Tin more afraid of yng than traveling by boat
The Parthenon is one ofthe most famous bung inthe wold

Vie usually put marefmost before | However we can add erst unhappy, unheaty, unlike,
chee: or more sabe adjectvs. | unluky unsteady ut

I came back fing unhealthier than when I went away oF come
hack fing more unhealthy

We can use sentence with two comparativos to say that as one ting changes another thing lo changes:
The longer we love the more expensive ging tobe

We can use esieast as the opposite of more/mos with all adjectives:

Hotes in Corfu ae quite cheap although es cheap than they wed o be. it was the east expensive ght!
‘ould find

In informal contexts we usualy prefer na as... as rather than ess than

Its probably net as unspoilt as some othe ther Geek islands

‘The forms of comparative and sperativ adverbs are similar o those of adjectives, although most adverb
comparatives and superlatives take more and most ater than ers:

could ie more cheaply in Athens. Most important, we need book our fights oon

‘Comman adverbs which ake es include hard and fst.

sr

60. 8 comsasivon

Superlatives: special cases

That ie most convenient of ie fights rom London.
{eof he most famous bugs Inthe worl

Tree rg so th bes beach on he and

tera spertaeve we aly us before plural wor andino on before singular word for lc
or groups

For emphasis we can put an of phrase tthe begining ofthe sentence.
(Of he fights fram London that he most convenient

In informal contents we sometimes se out theater inking ver (eg. be, became fee, particulary when the
Superlative sat the end: Which ends cheapest?

‘Comparisons with as...

Ist Cora key o be as ht as Athens a thot time ofthe yar (= equally hot)
Getto Caras Js as sy geting o Aeris = ey esto cto)

Before the First ot we use words and phrases such as about, amos jus jus about nearly and informally no:
anything ike, nothing li, nouer near not net indicate degree of similar
The heats nowhere near as bad as people so (informal)
“in negative forms we can use nat asin informal contexts, or less commonly nat so:
Corfu certainly not as quiet sit sed tobe. or. nots quiet asi used o be
‘We use as muchimany a or stef esto say that a quantity or amount is age or smaller than expected
There are reaionable hotel roms or as tle as 40 euros aight.
There areas many as 1 fights day to Athens from London.
We also use as much/many as with a noun phrase, cause or the words ever, possible and usual:
We want to see as much at pee
We can pu singular noun between an adjective and the second as
We want as cheap a fight a posse
Notice hat we us lan in ront ofthe noun,
The negative form of sentences ke this can use ether nota o not such
Geng theres not a big a problem as ou might rink
That’ not such a bad idea.
Novice hat we use notes + adjective + alan + noun but nt such ao + adjective + noun,
> Ass cause
‘We an wea clause afer as to compare two skuations
Maybe we could hire a car s we did ls yar.
+ Asorike
‘When followed y a noun, ar used o describe the job or role someone, or he funcion of something:
My rend Mark ed to work reas an English teacher.
Like is used to say hac one person or things similar o another:
{stayed in a hotel ke that nels year.

62

61. comparison 8
EI Comparisons with 50 00 enough
Comparte dates wi, nde ae flowed y uses begin tonte
os de Imre
lega ho Compara ase th 0) hata pepe leave iy (hase)
Diane may wn can wea + ajo + wine lar meaning Compare:
The fn pre sa sal ast no be wrt bth abou ral
The frene pri ss mal at at worth br att, formal)
+ to natin initie
He dont de on be to ote o) og onary
+ ce eng taie
Many oo e gt ina he cn fon he

[| Grammar exercises

HEN complet the sentences wich an appropriate comparative or superaive form of he adjective in
brackets. Give ltermative forms where posible.

1 Redbacks are amongthe commonest / mast comen, spiders in ths par of the country. Unfortunately
theyte ao the (common, venomous)
2 Theroad seemed to be geting aswe drove into
the forest. (norow deep)
3 lin coffe ent god forme, and ceci han ea, but Fm at my
___ealyin the morning after a couple of cup ofc, and would ind it
anf ler)

fuit get up.

4 lewasthe___t ha ever come to fly grown elephant and waste But
even then raid hat was in the presence of one ofthe ‘creatures on earth,
(dese,magnien)

resargued hat without supermarkets to provide cheap and fresh food, we would al
and puny)
5. When Emily saw Lam atthe party. she thought he wash manshehaderer
‘een and went over o speak o him. But she son ral tha be vas wath
looking good than talking to her (handkome, cance)

7 couldnt have been when Professor arcagred to meet me to
discuss my esearch. Ms one ofthe scientists in is ld But | was
ham angry when he phoned to say that he couldn't meet me feral. rene
(hat e's a very busy man. (il, respecte sad)

6

62. 8 serios

Complet the sentences in thi radio news report. Choose the correct or more likely option in each
Pair Sometimes both are possible.

‘With jst afew days before the general elections (1) maz / much a 100,000 people have
demonstrated in he capital of Manistan as atacks on opposition candidate have continued. When
‘voters were asked about thee intentions in a recent opinion pol, s (2) lle few as 10% said they
‘would be voting

President Clarke has claimed that thanks to recent medical avances, malaria could be eradicated
worldwide within as () lit few sten year. ln a speech tothe World Health Organisation, she said
that a cheap vaccine against malaria just round the come, (4) si i/ a cure for hepatitis B.
‘She called on developed countries to inves (5) as mich so much as posible o hat they can have the
maximum impact on those most affected in poorer countries,

“The former Formula One work champion Cal Nielsen left hospital today just six weeks after his
href cash. Speaking to reporters outside is home, he aid tht damage this back was not as

(6 serious a problem a serious problem as fist thought, and he boped to return to as (7) normal ie 4
normal a fe as posible. But there is () not such a nos a such positive outcome forthe spectator who
‘was hi by debris from Nielsen's car. He is sid tobe still in critical condition,

A 61-year-old man who works (9) ike as a school crossing warden has become the county's biggest
fever lottery winner, Mark Johns frum London said thatthe win had come at the perfect time for him.
He sid: Pm not (10) 30/ as young as was, and can now look forward to comfortable eirement.

Ignoring the highlighted parts for now, complete the sentences with an adjective from the box.
Use each adjective only on

Tre job offer waste gee hat coul um down,
‘Adam ie the has to bend down ro get through doorways
Iwaso hac could go any further

Thecometisso._____thatitcan be seen with che naked eye.
‘The trafic outside the theatre was 20th he serre couldn make here heard.
that can i easy into your shire pocket.

The results wereso_____thatourteachermade us ake ches again.

‘The earthquake was dati shook buildings actos the whole county

The camera 550

‘The shaded parts of two of the sentences in 3.3 can be rewritten using too + adjective +
tovinfinitiv and soothers can be rewritten sing adjective + enough +to-infiniive. Find these sentences
and rewrite che highlighted part. One is done for you.

1 The je offer mas teo god to tum dm

6

63. Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 3

For questions 1 ~ 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capital atthe end of some ofthe ines to
form a word that ts into gap inthe same line. Thor is an example ai he begining (0)

ee

Cycling is good news - so what's stopping us?
nego

to leave our cars at home and get on our bikes, has boon

‘The governments recent campaign, proving 1)

o — to somo extent, witha sight Increase in
the number oyeing to work. Wo al now know that cycling is

a + eylats ave fewer heh problems than
om cycists, hoy have higher loves of) and
they don't damage u
But we wort come a nation of eyes un wo (4)

‘wo major bares. Fist, exhaust fumes in (6)

congested strots can be as (6) tothetungs as
garer smoke. So thore must bea raster (7) ot
cas and bike in towns, Perhaps more importa, town planner must
a ‘hat destinations for daly needs, such as schools,
work and shopping are within convenient eycing distance from home.

rvronmaet

ENCOURAGE

success

BENEFIT
Fr

come
HEAVY
HARM
SEPARATE

‘SURE

64. Verb patterns (1)

Verbs with two objects; verb + object + adjective;
je pronoun; verb + each other / one another

You are going t sten ro part ofan introductory lecture in a
course on fs language learning. Do you know what your first words
‘were? Or the firs words oa child you know?

PA 1312) the ecarer as he students abou the ist five
Tears the couse Hee ae the ites ofthese lectures ten and
number them in he order they wil take place

Language learning problems what and why?
Literingand ening eeinerestonships 2

Ear communication: parents and play

Parte of communicator ene behaviour
Private conversations: aking os

DD listen again and iin the gaps.
recent (0). ough my to-uear-ald daughter a cuddly elephant
and thas become the person she aks each morning ig in Be.

+ The fist tage of inactive play might bea chit (2) =
e

+ Abroken toy handed toa parent with an Aaı might mean
@

+6) SR
cofliteringand understanding

+ Driackman wilbe(6) in detain certs,

{sa similar important par ofthis process

Which of the following patterns do the phrases you have writen have?

verb + personipeople+ thins) and
verb + ching) + for + person/people an
verb + things) 1+ personpeople and.

Decide whether he phrases in 1.3 could be rewritten using the other patterns

grar-cid daughter a cuddly th

ugh a cuddly elephant for ey two-year-old. daughter

ght cod eephant-to-my-to0-yoar-ld daughter

65. verraten D

Intercirs been arts wl often copy paral pe (rasive)
Feen me your hat (anse)

Inn re ken 1 interact wth ths Gintrasitive)

Averbistrantwe fit ean be followed by one oje (eg copy parental speech) or wo obec eg Fetch
‘ne you har) a ve has wo objects he rs (e Indec object) usualy person ou of people
and second (the det objet) thing, aya can be alle ya oje ti ernste (eg
Interact and icant haves passive form,

EE Verbs with two objects
fer many verbs with two objects, we can revere the order ofthe objects ifwe put oror o before the indirect
objet:
[race baught my two-year-old daughter a cuddly elephant. or | recent bough a cuddly elephant for my
two-year-old daughter.
A did might offer thei mother some food. 0 A cid might offer some food to their mother
Vi often use his pate (with fro to) o focus particular attention onthe indie object or when the
ingiec object is much longer than the direct object
‘Sheen he book to one ofthe students who asked for some additional reading, (not Shelentoneofthe
‘stents who asked orsomeadaironalscadng e bok)
Vie use or indirect object with verbs such as bul nd and get:
Goto the toy box and find the car for me or Goto the toy box ad find me the car
‘We uso + inner obje wth verbs such as ie ar and show
She gave a toy to me. or She gave me a toy
‘We can use either for orto + indirect object with verbs such a la, read and wrt. Often there ia diference
in meaning.
cuit fi her emai adress, 5 had to write a ter ther
She 00 young to rite hers so wrote the liter for her (= intend ofher)
Sometimes the meaning very similar
Reading stores frito young childrens on important par of his process.
Some verbs with two object cannot have her objects reversed with oft, including ok guarantee and refuse:
Most parents ask themselves the question: ‘id they copy that from us (not. ak the question forte
themselves.)
Ath direc objects pronoun, we usual use direct object + orto + indirect object
Thought for my daughter Get to me
While bought my daughter it and Cie me le might head in informal speech, hit poems usual
considere to be bad syle and shouldbe auided in writing and in Cambridge Eng: Advanced
Some verbs can only have to objects in the pattern dec object + orto + indirect object:
+ for (These verbs include collet, and mend)
‘Mend this for me. (not Mend methis)
+ to (These verbsinciude describe, explain and mention)
Dr Jackman wil be desenbing ths process a you in deal. (not Backman be esenbing yon this roce
deta)

6

66. CE

Verb + object + adjective

‘Some vers (eg. belu, consider, rove) canbe followed by an object + achetive
We might consider fs language learning natural. objet = frst language Karin adjective = natura)

Verb + reflexive pronoun

| Let me introduce mpsl ike to tak bout whet cl privat’ conversations = children talking to themselves.

| Wen the subject and the objec ofa sentence refer othe same person oF thing, we use a eflxvé pronoun
as tre object rather than a personal proncun. The releve pronouns are: mysl oursef here himself,

sl ourselves, yourselves, hemsebes.

‘After some verbs we can use a reflesve pronoun or leave outwith ule ference in meaning. These include
‘acclimate, adopt to, (unrest, hide, move prepare or, have and was:

‘Asmy tres ear old douter drsss (here, she ies to ale

Weindude che relecwepronoun for emphasis. ns example, we might include horse to emphasis trat she
eses without help

‘A few webs are very often used with a releve pronoun followed by a particular preposion: busy. with,
tance fm, pide. on

‘When chien appear to be bung themselves eh hits.

Some verbs are rary or never used with a refleive pronoun in Engl but often ar in other languages. These
include complain, concentrate, get up, ge hot gt ed, down mez, relax, remember, sit down and wakeup
From the moment they wake up... (no Homnemomentthey wake themes)

With verbs followed by die objec + preposition + indirect objet we usual use à persona pronoun, nota
reflexive pronoun, as indirect objec:

Parents sometimes hid an object behind them (not anentesometincs hi oyentes)
we need to make de
pronoun. Compare:
‘Maria crt buy the reddy bear for her. (her «could mean ether Maria or someone ese)
‘ari dr buy the ty bar for hers (nes = Maria)

thatthe subject and indirect object refer to the same person, we uso à relie

Verb + each other / one another

Compare the se of verbs wth eve pronouns and each ote one naher
Sora and Noe lad themselves when he daughter broker am (= they sad
ther)

Sora ard Noe Blane each her one another when tic daughter bck her rm (= Sarid twas Nols
fale and Noel ie was Sra ful)

ah some vrs (ee cc py) we have to we the preposon wth before ach ote Fon nahe:
tts monda se o sal cnn playing with each ther peca

le ves mbrac ft hg isk marry and met we an us each ter or (vith) one nahe. bu ican
bem

Tino amant nursery schoo might hu each other / one another) en they me.

ae the Ful of both of

67. E)

Grammar exercises

[EJER Describe each situation using They + verb + (with) + each other Choose from the verbs in the box

‘Welookalike! They resemble each ther
"You were right o
"always Ike to be better than yout =

"admire your character! —

beleve thar you're honest
“Tm sorry you nother

“teas your fut =

“You were wrong!

EPA complete the sentences using the pairs of objects in the box. Give al possible word orders,
adding prepositions where necessary.

‘bea bis getting othe concert tonight. Can you save a stat for me / me a sent?
2. moma cit 5 lim tying to cut down on sweets although do allow

afer inner.
3 Ihave eo go pas the postbox on my way home. past. ifyoulike
het eaten any Fica week Can you buy — when youre atthe
supermarket YI pay when youget back
5 A Canlask >
Ofcoune.
A Can you show — 1
6 tm sure they could repair —— Smallwood garage They e very good there,
but would probably cost.
7. Inmplocal supermarket noticed sign saying Two fr the price of won! I pented out
anda week ater she sent o say thankyou:

8 À Imsorhisey.
B: Give amélpour.

6

68. 9 veo pares ty

¡EJE complete the sentences by adding an appropriate personal or reflexive pronoun (eg. her or herself,
an adjective (rom box À andan ending from box

A

3. Aker undergoing minor operation on her throat, che found. erself unable o sing."
2. Although the police didnt have hard evidence against Kar Stevens hey sil believed,

The police lies lacked experience in crow contol and proved
Alterallhisinjry troubles Marcuson ha now pronounced ——

‘When looked ar the damage o my erin checas considered

Mary Wallis had been che company's CEO for ve years and the board of directors held

7 tn 1991, Estonia declared

IX Compete he sentences wich a personal pronoun, a reflexive pronoun ora efe pronaun +
preposition. In one sentence, no pronoun is necessary. Write the reflexive pronoun in brackets it can be
‘omitted,

2. When the police ame torres hin, Thomson hid __(hinselé) under the Noarboards until they
+ had gone
2 Mehadalvays prided his physical ness soit surprised him when he found eso dif
to acclmati walking inthe mountains
3. Sarah came in camina big box of chocolates. A ist though hey were for me, but she sad shed
boughe them for because she'd had sucha bad day a work So ¡had to content
"couple ofrather boring isu.
A Nico prepare ‘theinterviw by looking at the company’ website and amiiariing
hei range of products.
5 Thanks forking the children tothe 200 last week. They enjoyed ‘enormously, Im looking
forward to having lunch with you on Thursday Shall meet outside the restaurant at
about 12302

5. My father ha broken his arn
realy del and had o concen:

coule shave 20 thad doi for im. found ie
ce hard,

69. practice

Reading and Use of English Part 4 |

For questions 1-8, compta the second santance so hat has a similar meaning tothe fest sentence,
sig the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and sx words, including
the wore given Heres an example (D)

O Minerals ar, you must nt ae the iff love the bung
EVENT |
of yeu must not use the it to ave th ing

1 Nina was ding the car atthe timo ofthe accident, but dont think was er faut.
RESPONSIBLE

Nina was ering the carat the time ofthe accident, but | dont hold a

2 Jack has sucha vivid imagination tht i's possible that ha invented the whole ston:
MADE
Jack has sucha vivid imagination that he might the whole story |

3 nadonlylust got home whon the phone ang,
SOONER
— the phone rang.

4 Shots proud of being able 10 write loa
ABILITY
‘She prides to ve cea.

5 Once he octurer had given us a clear explanation ofthe procedure, we were able o go ahead with
the experiment
EXPLAINED
Once the lecturer had. WO were ble to go ahoad withthe exper

8 Te government has bared al exports o the country axcap for food and mine.
EXCEPTION
‘Tre government has banned al export tothe country food and

70. Verb patterns (2)

Context listenin;

IX 115) Listen co part of an interview from
à radio travel programme. The reporters talking
bout his recent visit the island of Lombok in
Indonesia. Which ofthese problems did the
reporter encounter on his rip?

easiness srk stack
passport left at home.

hurriane

missed fight —

missed boat

stung by jellyfish

EMI DD tien again and it inte gaps

4 forgotten lo ick ic up
Wewere outside the harbour for hours

Fe been so anxious to get into the

__tothe cor ret off the

A number of people ve conte

A
a
5 Asieswam past
6
7
8

When Iwasyounger sed to inthesen.
= the tomach

tres meso we

Acne the amazing sunset was almost possible ro believe

1 {he camera in my mobil phone, bu the quality was pretty poor

ERE] Notice that in each space in 1.2 you have written two verbs, and that the second verb has either
A toinfiniive or an ing form.

hee of thew sentences you could ue the other form of hie verb and sill have a correct sentence
ich eee?

2 Imonly one of these tc we
form, Which one

id Ue sentence have a similar meaning wth ether tocinfniewe or an ag

71. verspatemeay 10

managed to find a friend tax der
‘considered staying for afew ore days.

Heouldnt gt out of the way.

‘When wo verbs are used together the second vrb sin ether one an ing or bare infiniti form
{Lean infinie without 1).

[EX Verb + to-infinitive / ing
Some verb canbe allowed by thera o nmiiv ran ing form with
[started sem o started screaming

‘Other vers ike his include: epi, not other ose continue normal void sing wo ing forms together:
Js beginning fo fel qui ot home re (no wen pening cin.)

After the opinion verbs hate, ve and prefer we a us either infinie or an ing form with ie
rence in mesring However we peter» nitive when we ay we do something regular. Compare:
When os pur lso hate to aim in the sa (= imples regular suimming)

When sos young ated to hate swimming the ss («pe swingin goer

‘Aer eut (with hate love o prefer, we use inf, nota ing orm

(love 1 think that could avoid a age expansión in stos

Some verbs can be led by he onto anf bu ie meaning the ver diferent:
¿came orale thatthe Lombok poopie ae very kind > aking abou gad reali

came simming tods me (= ying chat something sama our drecton)
uen inform afer the preposton o

Fary ben looking forward to tying at he Hot Sana in Matera (no. ling fonmad say.)
andar eb preoston ofa phrasa vr:

‘put of lg home foros lngas posible nat pu of.)

In native semences, he positon notan influence meaning. Compare:

Hey) nat spring he Icallongunge (= kn peakthe language andre)
Arret peking se cal language (= spoke ican it rege)

‘as tk nto exec (= hey sa shot exer)

st ld to eee. (they iba shoul execs)

or no diference in meaning

Verb + (object) + bare infinitive

‘When lt and make have a abject, his followed by a barcinfnive

They made us wat outside th harbour for hours

But we use à tonte after a pase form of mate

We were made t walt ouside the harbour fr hous

When the webs of perception fel ear, nice, obser overhear, vr, wate have an object isis old by
an in form or bare inf:

el singing me across the stomach, or Jl ing me across the stomach.

‘sot on te beach and watched ne sun seting or! watched the sun set and then went home.

73

72. LES

Vie usually prferan ng form when che action iin progress or we want to emphasise hat continued
for sometime, nd a bare infinie when an actions complete or we want to emphasise tha late for
We use a bare finite in certain idiomatic phrases with dave, moe, et and hear

1 dar ay ore red after or journey, (= ink is must be tre; see Unit 427 for more on dere)
‘had to make do wth ess hou hotel

‘had tlt goof the rope

ele slip that he hadnt gt driving ence

‘heard tel here were sharks around

Alte help we an use ether a bar infinie or tocinfinicve

Some of he alger helped carry me back o my tai or Same of he villagers helped t carry me hack to my tx

[EJE Verb + object + to-infinitive / -ing
‚Alter some verbs we have o include an objec efor oinfiniive in acte sentences

number of people had encouraged me to o the cra xs off the northwest coast ofthe son
(Ocher verbs like his include: ode persunde tl.

Some verbs cart include an object before tonte:

I decided to go ahead.

(Other verbs ike his include: ore, uarante, refuse

‘With some verbs we hae to include che preposition for before an object + toinfiniive:

arranged forthe taxi to collect me.

(Other verbs like his include: adverse, apy, campaign, pay, wat

(See Unit 26,22 for more on preposition after verbs)

Some verbs are only followed! by an in form wien they have an object:

saath jellyfish coming towcrds me.

‘Other verb ke ti inclue: fe, in ear.

FX Verb + object/possessive + ing
Some verbs can be flowed the y an objector more formally possessive form:

¿real apreciated them looking ofr meso we rca appreciated her looking fc me o wal

Other verbs ik include verbs of (sking (eg, appreciate detest (approve ok, joy, te. ove,
et to) and verbs of thinking (forget magn, remember think of)

can only use possessive form to alk about person or roup of people

Inve forget swimming towards me (not. swimming tome)

We dont wea possessive form fhe objets complex

{realy enjoyed Arun and his ser shoaing me around (nt... Amants and.)

[EE] Other patterns after verbs
The to infinie ca ls have perfect, pase and continuous forms

+ Verb + 10 have + past participle

We use forms ofthe perfect infinie o talk about an event that happened eier or complete:
The Sasak are thought to have orginal come to Lombok ram india Burm.

This particularly used o tak about actions hat did not happen or may not have happened:

1 wos supposed to have arrived on the ith October.

was supposed to have been fling rom London t Singapore

The mountain's thought by some to have been created by ih god Batra

7

73. versparems@ TO

+ Verb + having + pas participle
Vi ute the perfct ing form to emphasis that one action happens before another

rel regret not having taken my camera with me.

‘his form most often used with che verbs admit deny fore, real regret and remember

+ Verb + te be + present/pase participle

Future actions can ao be indicated using the continuous infinitive (verb +1 be + present participle) and the
ase infinitive (ve + to be + past participe

[hope to be going back agan

re hs 10 he land are expected 10 be introduced next yor

[| Grammar exercises

Choose the correct answer. Sometimes more than one option is possible.

3. ThePresident has urged people vote has urged 1 vote has urge people ro ote Yes intomorows
referendum on joining the European Union,

2. Alter Chan injured is ne ast year a number of specialists advited him give up died to give up /
‘aia him ging up football bute tl paying as well a ever

3 A video recording from a security camera at the bank was ued in Thome’ tal ela showed poling 7
‘towed him pointing / showed hi to point a gun atte ash.

4 Ifyou haveany questions please write ro me a the above address. ant guarantee yout ep /
guarantee to reply quarante ou replying immediately ur il certainly write back before the end of
the month

5. You can lead a horse ro water bu you cant make it rit make et dink make dining: (a proverb)

6 Wereally appreciate you help / appreciate you helping appreciate your helping us move house.

Te decided to look for anew job as enoy not sting dont ejoy ts dont enjoy sting in ron ofa
‘compute al day.

8. Now that Lena has bought a house in Brussel wil have to advertise or someone o share advertise

someone sharing verte someone to share my Rat wth me

Complete thes texts using each verb in che appropriae form. necessary add à preposition
and/or abject before he ver,

“ink aro say that Jim Thompson was ike in our company and when he was made sale manager
many ofus objected to (1) —_H£ being promoted, Over the next few wees, things jus got worse. When
‘we waked past his office, we often heard (2) o his friends onthe phone. Then one of my
collages caught (3) some money rom the cash box Eventual à group of us went to the
"Managing Director of the company and demande (4) Thompson dsmised, But despite our
‘objections the MO sad hat he was prepared (5) Fis own sont

2

74. 10 vero parame

Son sn
KEEPERS CRITICISED AFTER BEAR ESCAPE

Wen a bear broke out ofits cage at Ducland Zoo last weak and cimbed a nearby tre, there
wesn' much the zookeopers could co. They fie (1) with the large nat |
they nac, and then jus had to wait (2) Thongry: They pat some honey, the
bear'sfavouit food, inside ts cago, and eventually the boor came back and bogan

a —it

Since then, there has been a lot of eich ofthe zoo stat by local residents. Mo Baker, 41
ol Sea Street sac "accent that koepors couldn't have done much to prevent

KO) „but they did't even bother ($) Ihe polo.

| mec Due 22 as aran ny ei nur a

ER
©

eso
Hil
Do you remember (1) that you wanted a recent onoto of mo? Wel,
here ii please see attachment). Yes, i's rot very fatering, but you know how | hate
12) y photo taken. Can't weit (3) you again in Jui.
Unti her, youl have to make (4) ‘ath this photo! Bt, let me know
when your Tight gets in and Il get Laura or Daniel (5) — you from the
Spor.
Must go. Were of 10 tho cinema tonight, so | have to hurry (6) inner
ready. Will email again soon.
Low,

Luis

76

75. Verb patterns (2)

EZ complete the sentences wih phrases rom the box. Ue tonite bare five or ing form
tthe verb Indudng per and continents farms).

belied inthe eatiquake
paracetamol cacon my mobile

1. tfyourhesdache doesn go soon, try taking a

ste of rarucetarel
2. The Department of Health has just launched a campaign to encourage people

‘Around 2000 people are believed —_ =
Liane o speak oJ, 0 en he walled pase pretended
He had such a bad remper that no me dare

They say that Mark can be quite agresivo, bu personal ve never heard him

7 She started as a teacher but went on

Now hat Laura has ge away to college real mis

10

”

76. | Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 5

‘You are going to wad a newspaper article about the writers experiance as a cyeist. For questions 1 = 6
choose the answer (A,B, G or DJ which you thik ts ast according tothe txt.

My life as a human speed bump
ining up cra ot hn uit the ting eprint hat Geog Met had hope ;
Seventeen yes fe giving up my cr il rl ie a recomd-ch cien tying odo height ing but
‘he Unite Kingdom ju int ru fr people ike me. Take our bue services, My home iy, Oxford, as med
‘atively in a park-and-rde scheme: be carry people int the eee fom ca par om che outre, Ar Bit L
¿host tis wat pea ide. Now having sto for chat mate amount to weeks a hs stops watching he fll
double decker o by every couple of minutes without woppng, ree knot ust te onde which hse hoon
taken tne by drives, bt be Use publi Esport pt.

(Or ake the ik ans Mos const lies pune on de oa ee wide and sf, which dapper s 00m
as e becomes nar and dangerous One of then, in Oxo las ben sted wich aml sono, wich abe hat
‘he people who desgnedshem have eve iden iy When we ed or a bike lane ou one of Ue ci ae
res the cone chose nnd to rare the rer ns widen the povsnet the hope that the byes would
slow down the cas Te els, lace co become human seed ip, sare ali down he pavement

[Now thee almost nowhere served for people like me, Out of polis cawamlice conne and the police have
pen up enforcing the aw Preventing people Eom parking on the parement would mean citing he ramber

St puking places as be sets ae oltre oo arrow I one pat of Oxon they hie woled the problem
by ping puking places onthe pavement Since my dau was born, and ve stated pulg apra, I

have been forced to walkin the me of te oud I one espec hisses sere: the parement ar o bly
Haimained hat she wl only erp when shes being pushed doma the smooth ey Carpe laid oat forthe cr
My problem 6 ha by eckig o reduce my impact o the planet, join à political mini is mining
‘oy year As car ownership increas, is ony remaning member are à andl ofre people hc me, the
very poor and hose no: qualit drive None ofthese groups have pola! power Our demand. mun counter
10 the usual wiv be secs and havea beter home, jab and as and are therefore of hil ntri other
polis orde meda
Nos t my horror I find am beginning 0 question even he suionumenal impar of ay 17 yar of
modern ek te that my oan carton emision bave bren reduced, 3 leo tue that everyone did the
‘ame thing the ttl sng would be enorme The problem ca, the abrace of elution, ae expacs
to il dhe salable space By seeing to cam 3 car have merely opened up oad pce for other people, who
tend to deve more ful angry model tha {woul have chosen, We can do ile to rece our pts on the
crio fhe gverument won't support

‘There ae some compeniations however About thre or four times à ver I ie a ca When [top a mororsay
service stations am suck bythe saggering evel of beni. appca o be far more prevalent there than on
trains or coches Pople who take publ transport mus at est walk o the bus top The eye among us ke
fe wthout even nosing.

Being witout s cain Oxford has freed meta become mor engaged with my home torn. throws ae into
con with fr more people than | would other encounter: Ther are à coupe of runs which make cng à
‘eal plate: thefotpa lng dhe River Thame, fo example, us me mos af the way tothe in, Bor vel
at entres concerned would rule o am dt ing up my car wae a whlly poste decken

2

77. Exam practice Verb paterns (2)

4 Inthe fst paragraph, the unter says his view ofthe Oxford park-andie scheme ls that
AA has actully encouraged people to cv nto town.
B thas been an unqualified success.
© ttnas had Insufient funding
D its popularity has became problemal

2 Te writer thinks that oyeite started traveling down the pavement in one of Oxford busiest
trote because,

A the council putin a speed resttion measure.
B the pavements very wide.

© ther is no bik lane.

D inthe bike lane cycists ae too close to cars

3 Inthe ti paragraph, the writer says he balves that Oord ty council has shown ‘politcal
‘cowardice’ because it

‘Ais roluctant 0 stop eas beng ef in pedestrian ares,
8. doeant want cyelist onthe city's rads,

© has narrowed some roads o discourage eyes from using them,
During to improve the standard of pavements

4 Inthe ih paragraph the writer suggests that he effect of hie actions has been to
‘scourage the government fam guing support

Bono maintenance standard for pavements,

© create more room onthe road for other cars.

encourage others to div bigger cars.

5. Thewrter’s observations at motorway service stations suggest to him that
Acar cier ar more overwoight than publi transport users.
B. people who own cars are thinner than people who hie rom.
© people who use publ transport dont got encugh exercise,
D cyclists ride bikes in ox o Keep ft.

€ Accorcing to the or, boing without a carn Oord
has been a completely poste exporenco,

has increase! the number of acquaintances ho has mace
has mado him say at home mor,

has been a compete mistake

10

=

78. Relative clauses (1)

| Context listeni:

You are going to hear parto commentary from an audio guide in a museum of scence and
zu Before you sten, lok a these photos, What do you chink the commentary is about?

id

[EDD 1319) titen t the commentary. Number the photos in che order they are mentioned

EI ET) ister again and fit in eh gap

1 He devised an experiment ___in whch spark jumped acrosa gap in a meta rng when
sparing coll us el few meses sy

2. Formost people, however vs the alan Cup
with che development of radio

reoni name is mainy associated

3, The fist public demonstration ofthe power of radio came in 1901, Marconi announced
that he had received transmision from sero the Alan
4, There arejustafew ofthe wireless telegraphs’ chat ch factory produced let he word an example
you can seein Case 2

5, Radio waves could no cary speech und method had been developed ine
Tow-requency waves produced m a microphone could be combined with igh frequency radio waves,

6 In Brain, he popularity of radio increased um four out of ive households

cowed on
EX what do the words inthe gaps in 13 refer to?

in shin a spark jumped across gap ina metal ing when

1 Hedevsed STEER —

sparking co was held few metes away

8

79. F wanncuneo 11
| | Grammar]

Defining and non-defining relative clauses
TOS.

Tre ol photorph that you on ser ahead of au dns econ tena i (fige causé)
Ta ir endo probably bg wi Honich Here he mos the o produce rd moves in a
laboratory (norderin ei cause)

Ale dass ive mor infomation bou someone or something fret ie man se
in late ie spec wc or which typeof person or ing we mean.
Nang relative anne spy éd xa oran out à nun

‘We puta eaiv cause as dose as posible to the noun t refers:
There or just few of NENE TAGE! thatthe factory produced ein e world rather than There are
us fo of hails elegans te wore that the factory produced

Some relative causes fer ack to the whole dea in the previous use, nor just the previousnoun. Most of
these begin with which

Tie owe e oa radio cios that ERNEST - which is obviously not the case.

Relative pronouns
‘Adding information about people
+ defining relative clause (subject pronoun = the
it
There were many PIE MIR doubted that Marconi would ever succeed
(Orinformally, There were many people that doubted Marcon: would ever succeed)
+ definingrelaive clause object pronoun - the relative pronoun is the object ofthe relative cause}
was an lian physics UB RAR sted with nthe 1850s.
(Orinformally: an aia physicist (hat) Marcon studied with)
‘We can leave out the relative pronoun fis the object ofa defining relative cause.
+ non-defining relative cause (subject pronoun):

tive pronoun is the subject ofthe rave claus:

The story of io probaly begins with HONG) HB wos he sto produce aco waves
ino laboratory
non defining relative dause (object pronoun}

"AUS IE MEG! respecta grat), guide hs research (Very foma Augusto Ra whom
‘Marconi respecte ray guide his econ)
Note that whom now used only invery formal styles, mostly in ring,

sr

80. 11 serine causes

-Addingnforation abou ting or animals
1 defining tive clase (set pronoun
“eventos hat made ths pose sas he acu tube More formal The invento which made his
posible
Gaining lave clase object pronoun
The model (that) you can sen Case ows how ths work More formal The mado which you cane
+ non-definingreatve cause abject and object pronoun
Marcon’ opened aires trop factory in England, which employed around 5 peop
Marconi rls lgrph fcr which he pn Erland employed around 50 people
Aou some peopl use ra hare i's rammuticaly income and shouldbe avoided in
Combe Ei Advanced
An bath defining and non-efining restive causes we can often use who ha or which
refering o groups of people (eg company, goverment orchestra:
The company ohhh hat made he rt adios wa setup by arco

th collective nouns

Other words beginning relative clauses
We often use hen after naun ein os time or words such as dy, perid, te

The first public demonstration of the power of radio come IBO. when Marconi announced that he had
recived ranomisio fom ores the Ani

‘More foray we can often tea preposition « wich:

‘RB during which ey met ver inequenty o. BET when

Les formal, me can se hat or o rate pronoun in dehning rte dass

{an remember RHE (he) fr chen leon or. REE when

Ve often wie hy afer rao

Voxan probably ue ETE y rade began toe ame of poplar. or forall. ERA
{that bean to se

We often use hee fer noun refering o location andafter he words cas condi, example experiment
intone pin process rüsten and yer

‘ove now te RATE, where you cn find formation and says

‘Marconi oe ws Jin RR where eric sages could be tramites.

More formal we can use aprepotin = whieh

He vic BOA In which park jumped cos gop in metan

‘We ue whore + noun oak about something belonging to o connected wth person, town county or
For mos people howeve it RAGE whose names many eset withthe
desipmen of ad.

Informal uses noun + of hich cn sometimes replace whore + nou.

Prot Gene iso computr project ARBRE of which so arabe very lrg amount of ata on
ernironmanta change 0 rjc Cenc MERE whose purpose sto ana lrg mount of
dea onenrorment change

a

81. satire cause) 11

Prepositions in relative clauses
pos

| These car radio systems could only be used for Morse code, which each estro he alphabet represented
‘bya combination of dot and dashes. (= These erly radio systems could only be used for Morse code.
In More code, each etter ofthe alphaber represente by a combination of dots and dashes)

A repoiion una comes before the ative pronoun informal sis:
ln 1901 rc mad REI or which he wl always be remember

Alter preposition we usualy use hom athe han ho normal tye:

(AR, with whom Marconi std nh 180, mas. py or

‘AUB, hom Narcan stud within he 150% wa pi

‘A prep ua comes at the endo he asin es formal sj:

tn 190%, Moncon mode WEE which he wi oy be remember for.

(ABR, who Marco tue with nthe 18505 wor a pyc

ca se of which and of whom (or very normal of ho) after al, ath, each, ary, mos ether, par, seer
some number (eg onthe fs Ra and aupres.

(Bad RNA, many of whom became ocscha names wer highly poi

can use preposition ul ma, wich where and wher:

Marconi set up SO SANA COMA, rom where the fs ansationtc odio message was sent

IB Grammar exercises

(EIEN match che sentence halves and join hem with one of the words In the box.

1 The new factory willbe located in an ares 3 jobit isto maintain standards in television

Programmes.

2 Thephorograph reminded him ofthetime | b_ heusedroivein Thaland.

3 Anycompainsshouldbesencrothe | € tlentedstudentscan complet her degree
Broadcasting Regulator, \ in on two ear

4 House any reason \ 4 astute ended y ye

5 The universi hasinwoduced an native ine there are high levee of unemployment

1 The re faceny wil be lecated in an area where dre are high Lov

urenpiagnen.

ES

82. TA seine cans

IA Undertne all he possible relative pronouns that can complete each sentence. "means thatthe
sentences correct with no relative pronoun) If there more than one possible answer, decide which one(s)
ae ess formal

suffers fom severe ack pin

1 Thenew dug shouldbe of benef for anyone

A wo .- Ci D har ‘atic Less formal Yan Go
2 Didthe committee took the decision on the new housing estate meet local protestors?
A- 8 whieh C who D whom
3 The wallpaper _—_ is available in number of colours is based on an eghreeneh-century
ein
À which B chat c- D who
4 Howard Stevens was one ofthe arts Caron worked wth iis youth
À whom 8 which D who
5 Conservationists have called fora programme to eliminate the rats are ing seabirds on
theistind
A thot .- which D wham
6 Agovemment spokesperson, id na wish toe named sid tha here had been a major
“agreement between the Prime Minister and the Finance Mins
À which B that who o
7 Were the coins he dug up worth lot of money?
À who .- Ca which
5 “He was survived by his wife Anastasia, he married in 1936
A whom B chat ce D who

IE Complete these sentences with an appropriate preposition.

3 Therewere many excelle matcesin the Word Cup the best __o& mich my view, was
France against Bazin the semi-final,

“There were cris of the way which the lection was conducted.

fe imbedt the op ofthe mountain wher its posible ta se three counties,

She has recently published a cllcion of shor stories, most. which ist appeared inthe
London Literary Magazine

5 They showed enormauskindnesstome, which il always be gaceta
5 TheRedspiderhasspreadrapidhy when was spottedin the country in 205.

7, Hews marred in 1253 toa woman named Purdie, ‘whom nothing mare known,
8 Were tryingto speed up the process ich decisions are made in he company
#

83. naar cies 11

(IED complete he sencences using phrase from A relative word or phrase from Banda phrase from C.
Weite the letters inthe spaces.

8 a

> a arrow piece of wood a the 1 people made tools ad we

1 Sheltered accommodation
2 Adlving boards +

3 Capripans +
a Ashipper + +

5 Anakim _

The Sone Age + +
1 Sheard, accommodation is housing for cid. and pepe where help can be given if i is vended.

as

84. Reading and Use of English Part 1

For questions 1-8, read the txt below and decide which answer A,B, © or Dj best seach gap.
Tore san example at the begining (0

Origami
Ongamiistheani) 5 paper folding, th alm of (1) Isto make objects
using folds and creases. Although other shapes are possible, in (2) „object begin with
a square sheet of paper (5) aides may be cent colours. This is usually folded without

uting. The orgns of origami are not known fo (4) Some re of ho (6)
that began in Japan, ethers that t ergnated in China, ftom where twas taken o Japan inthe seventh
‘century. It may also have developed independently inthe West. Whats (6)
reached its greatest development in Japan, Probably the most famous modern origami artist was Akira

inthatit

Yosnizawa who died in 2005, He pioneered origami as a creative at, as well as (7) “e
vit a symbol method of represent paper fing In a, ho created mor than 50,000 models, only a
few hundred (9) which wore show inhis books.

o 4% E ct D win

YA tat B which © whose D how

2 au Bacon © imo D general

a A whe B whose © whos D that

4A consin B deftly © conclusive D postive

SA idea B viewpoint © pinion D theory

6 A amies 8 ía © clear D decided

TA coming B turing © ending D keeping

8 À vin Bin cy Dot

85. L. 2| Relative clauses (2)

Participle clauses; to-infinitive clauses; adje
prepositional phrases

You are going to hear an interview with a food photographer. Which of these items do you think she
uses in herworkand what for?

71 [IB tien and check wheeher you were ht.

15) Listen again and fit inthe gapsat the end ofeach sentence with what the speakers actualy sid.
‘When as quite young ~ 100711 — started using anol camera which bonged to my cher belonging
‘was easy to find photographer he want 10 take an assistant for no pat
She was really che ist person who encauaged met take up food photography
asthe youngest person in he competition who won any of che majorentegorien
‘The biggest problem ste heat shacis produced by the lights, —

Personal prefer food ars not made of crdboard!
general have with me a spray botie which contains Byrne mined with water.
We use cotton wool balls hat have been soaked in water.

Look at your answers fr 13. In which did the speakers use:

present participle (inform? 1.
pase participle form)? ——
atomes,

&

DO

86. 12 nav ses
[Grammar |

IX Participle clauses
POINT

arte sing an ok come belonging o my father
The foe in photographs used to ilusrate ookbooks and magazine aries it always entre autheic
‘And then w putin some maten to substitute forthe food

| We can often reduce a defining relative clause o that it begins wth a present participle (ing) pat particple
(Ged or tone.

Paré.

‚in clauses correspond to defining relative clauses with an aciv verb and ed clauses corespond o defining
relive clauses witha passive verbs
Tie editor working on the cookbook or magazine is often thee aa (= Ihe tor who is working...)
‘A carge facing food photographers show co kee food kin fe. (= À challenge which aces.)
The bi problem is ih heat produced bythe its. (=. he heat thats produced.)
Personally, | prefer food not made of cardécar (=. fond which snot made of cardboard)
Verbs which ate not normally used in continuous forms may be used in reduced relative ing lauses
This spray bote contains prin mixed with wate (mo. incon...)
However we can ey
I general have with me a spray bote containing gerne and water.
(Othe verbs ike ths include belong to comprise, consist of constitute, equal own, posses, semble rest fom,
surround.
Ii io always posse couse a reduced frm ofa relative cause.
2 Weeeantusea reduced frm wien the fs verb in the relative cause à modal verb:
A technique that might be used photographing meat so use a gycerin spray,
Food that can be frozen à particular fu to photograph
= We ant use an ing reduced form when we talk about single, completed action. Compare:
‘Sometimes the chef who created the ds in resume comes to he tudio.
(not. Ue cha rating he di.)
The che preparing te od odoy works in a weldnaum reauran
(= The chef who preparing he food today .)
Reduced relative clauses can ls be used instead of non defining relative clauses, particulary in writen English
er photograph, taken in her sucio in Cao (= whieh were taken in he tuo in Califor.)
Sy parents - not having much money — rarely tok us to restaurants. (=. who did't have much money.)
These ae usualy writen between commas) or ashes (>

FF To-infinitive clauses
ohne ane clause end ofa raie lu afer
+ supere neun (phrase:
| was (iG YOURE ENORME to win any of the major categories.
+ thefintecond e+ noun (oh
She us realy HER to encourage me take up ood photography
ten he next thea anther fone + noun phase
‘By the time we photograph the food, it's completly cold TORTI to doin that cases to create steam
Fr coter

87. tente mes 12

‘Often we can use an active or passive to-infintve cause with itl difference in meaning
The only ting to don that cosa sto cree steam from ehewhere or The only thing to be done

(EE) Adjective phrases

Adjectives and adjective phrases canbe use after nouns with a meaning similar to a rate clause Often the
adjective followed by à to-nfiniveor preposition, or used with an adverts

twas ens to nd a photographer ling to take an aston for no pat

ta take on autant for no pay)

16 jbdifiul for even a sid photographer (= ..0 Job which I feat for even a sil photographer)
‘iycenne’s aqui completely colourless, at often used o sweeten food (=. agua whichis completely
colourless.)

<a photographer who was wing

A few adjectives (eg acte available present} can be used alone after noun wth a meaning similar toa
relative clause

We ue cordboard o any other motero available. or. material which is available.

(See Unit 7,23 for more onthe position of adjectives)

(EE Prepositional phrases

Vie can give additional information about a thing o person using a prepositional phrase. Often these ave a
meaning similar o à retire clause:

The vegtobles around hat succulent piece of mea could be made from plastic (= Ihe vegetables which are
around...)

| | Grammar exercises

[EIEN Complere each pir of sentence using verb from the box In (a) use a relative pronoun and a form
ofthe verb in (b) use a reduced relative ing or ed form.

1 a People ne man: _ tickets forthe cup final an expect to pay over 100 euros.
bo People __ anti eats fr the cup final can expect to pay over 100 euros.
2. Thelnternetis binging about a degree of cultural change for centuries

5 The internet bringing abour a degre of cultural change for centuries
3 Allthepastengers___in che ain crash have been released fom hospital

bo Allthe passengers __ inthe rain crash have been released from hospital.
4 0 Ourteacher a hug pl of textbooks, ame hurrying ino she room.

D Ourteacher huge ple of ebooks, came huryinginto the room,
5 à Somejewelery to the Queen has been stolen from Buckingham Palace

D Some jewellery — tothe Queen has been stolen fom Buckingham Palace.
6 a Thewomn the ano over there is she your ser?

5 Thewoman_ the piano over there is she your ster?

89

88. 12 kamen

[EID Use the information in the brackets to complete these newspaper extracts. Use reduced relative
causes beginning with an ng or -e form, beng + ed oto be + -ed. Ifa reduced relative clauses not
possible, use a relative clase + relative pronoun (eg. which)

2 m ‘inquiry into the wreck of the oil tanker Panmax, ___
(Ut sank of ee soute east in 2014, has produced ts final vapor. The repo
(is tbe published tomos tought to
ten was mail response forte colision wih a male vessel
a

archos In New Zealand ar developing

nw drug

might prevent memory os in oer

Agreup of 20 (Thay were sutering

from demen be drug over a two-year period, and rosal showed a significant

lowing down in memos

ne. The drug, as

ed from plat. The plant 1 found only testa on langer

group before being made more widely arabe

89. nimes 12

IE Complete he sentences with phrases from the box. Use a to-nfnitve clause, an adjective phrase or
a prepositional phrase. Make changes and addtions as necessary:

sarsinthe London Marathon the south ede of
ould be happy to help out orb the arth

In 1962 John Glenn became the fist American crit he Earn
lt you wan to find out if there are any job vacances in the company: ho person

leas real expensive ining in he centre, so weve just bought a Mat

‘You won't have ro organise he party yours. mue there bea oc of people

AI. Abraham Weintraub isthe oldest competicor ever

‘The state language of Moldova i Moldovan. language

ich fer ars being old around the word Nida has become the atest car company

8 Yowte the cent person Fm sorry butt alendy been sold,

¡EZ Underine the tweive relative clauses in this newspaper article (the fist one has been done for you).
‘hich ones could be rewritten as reduced relative clauses?

900 |
Monitors to cut home electricity use

Monitors ich show the salsime cost oalecticiquse ar 1 be provided me of charge to
homes across th UK in an reto sow dovm climate change. Under the new goweramart
proposal, om nex yea lectry suppl val have to provide the den = which have cut
Bower use by up to 8% in Canada - o al customers who want them. Domestic opplances
which ar let on unnecessarily ar estimated to waste £900 millon of als à yao.

“ad tional ecrit meters are usually kapt out of sight in cupboards, However the mentor
wich use merochp technology and a dal deplay ae intended be placed new as
à constant reminder ol he ect thats being used in à house a any gran moment.

The Environment Secretary a People want to do their bt help protect the environment
es velas save money and visuel pay unis thet are provided re o carge wll help people
do both spokeswoman fr the Eecviy Consumer Counel sad supporte any plan
that would ge customers acces to free monitora. The shadow erironment sacratary sad:

“AEneugh itis an interesting and welcome measure there are stil many detal that should be
carsidered, not least the elibilty of thase meters

However, the Encray Retsil Council has criticed the propos, saying nat it did not go for
enough. Ina statement, thei chief executive said We had hoped the government would
recommend the introduction of smart meters — which communicate electricity consumption
to both the customer and the anergy suppher— rather than meters that are only bla to o af
the job.”

90. | Exam practice |

Reading and Use of English Part 5

You are going to read a newspaper aril. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A,B, Cor Dj which you
think fits best according tothe tnt.

‘Should children be taken to art galleries?
“Te deat shout king yong chien to at gles la lg sory On oe sd ae tno omnia
and keen plery-20e - who chappove ofthe nte and depen ae by crn and worry abou amago oe
nog nd pare opos rth penes canal ad ott who contend hat seing re
“che the ves ellen Tis dispute voice nthe maka recy lowes ci by he vl ais ake
Chapman du green round palcos "a ot wate of mo”. ars "args e sa, o tii
children could undersand he work of tach comple asas Jackson Pollock and Mack Rothko

(Carr thang mas sds wih the prop Ey span om vida c's orien dee ths
«ur about the wou and bocas dha estoy Further pit ince the chines ht he wl Bae à

lite ong eter: With ei in mind, many ali hae adopted awe cid iy pic eau pts to
ring dr ca by arnging cal events and banding out quits and west o hon as the rine. From
espesos, expecting dent conor o alt chti ples form of poden wich ho be

‘Bur may Chapa doe havea point Developme pycho so that before ch age of cin iw at
only for what represen e rel wos oy ir cy es tat hire begin o go beyond representación,
‘nd under tha a cet to expe el meaning ad vale pond ue ter. An cion mecmany
before he dolce a apres lens and desop a crite fey making the om uments about
fhe mer o pics Faced wh but expen sch a Pella’ ep and loping sis or Rothko recae
Sesotoun wo wonder dut young cen quickly oe interest We should be uni mou pee the joe
frannin up and dow he pad galery oo s hey ser he painting fr anes to worker: quesos, oF
even, sn bir hi ly ges over price merece Should lie be bowed rin other vts
price causing di among the Peal? Of cous

ain, thik ick to my ow experince of wing yong ld. wa kent lene ely but or
‘hore to se ju Rand ains ech ve Ny pres woul ak about ech of he painting and any atk
ue wha ed st tout scale y that understood xr thy sd but hg ns apes, ner temo 1
amet er someto bout che soem ol ar, rs schrie nd ahora. the oxprenc of ewig wht
‘hot importer how à pice oft makes you el. we icky enough, hough, ha knee and one
sci. ad local gli sad we cul vit ag and aga. Aes rs undoubecch proved my ua
‘ian ont have otc 3 hi enpaging avi pain ese same or ny er

ke Class gorrito debat Dh codo eg. sido be cui chile o ant
flrs neal us shoud be educating parent, hen them to improve de experience of bt colon galley
pod br fr has cen ad ether visto, Fr, parent hos know ae simple groan mies ley behavior
“nd make ae they aad thei cen sick Lo thea: don ouch ping and sica ce damage: don ve
Joad phone comeratoe e) annopin fr everyone ee) and dont uk photo, ofthe rar (punt ae met o
looked, no: pred next 0 by a ideo frward os wont rec of wha you've ten), More import,
igh. med sce on how to encourage ci chien to ook a and uk abou work Teworist pisto
dr could be place woth nc for acc leant information and agé canon tops ote
‘with ner hile. Tough ftrction f this Kind lien wil gow up leia hat ait al, a jt Galo
“ec appear wich dey do ot belong. And Wy being imo, ces and eta

Some echsie group
so piace boro

91. sus 12

Exam practice _

3 What vow does the art Jake Chapman put forward about at galleries?
A. Parents thnk hey ar to effclt for children to understand
Parents overestimate thei value.
Chiron loan iti about art by vsting them.
D Children tend not to enjoy visting them. |

2. Acroring to the writer, progressives below that galleries
A should be organized with chien in mind.
B should prioritize chidren over adults
‘© should encourage calar to paint more themselves
D. should nat reset how chon behave,

3 inthe hid paragraph the tr say tha very young children
A can be taugh to judge the quay of a panting,
1. ar not ready to appreciate abstract ar
© arwroiuetant to cticize pantinge
D_ arvattactod only to paintings showing scenes of ra ie.

4 During the wrtere vets to art gres a a young chil
A her parents told her which paintings wore noteworthy
aho accumuited knowledge of lego number of paintings
‘she was surprised at hr parents knowledge of art
she was encouraged t evaluate ar

coe

$ What point does the rer make in ne ith paragraph?
Parents need to lean more about art appreciation.
Gary rules need tobe emforen mor sty

‘Not al parents can appreciate art

A
8
e
D Adults shoud be mere tolerant of children's behaviour in galeries,

{6 Amida recuing in the tox Is that
AL both aduts and chlsren behave Badly in galleries.
E. chidron know as much about ar as thor parents |
© takes time for children to learn to appreciate art. |
galeries are not doing enough to help children understand ar. |

92. Adverbial clauses

definition of words and phrases used in te interview. What do you think they are? Check your answers in
the Key.

1. Food with subsances added to eo preserve rt ge ita new colour or tase

12. Amesl cooked before you buy itso that you oy have ro heat before eating

3 À combination ofthe comet quantities and sorts offood eaten everyday.

4 Theproces of gating high sorts of food and dink inorder to keep you healthy.

[EIA DD) iento the incerview and ln the gaps

1 Atthe weekend ero make something ma — to mo 1e ext proces food
Bete

2 Yerlunaly outer none fs es coking

3 Shilo alo me about tre food she made tdleam about st
moon

4 igethungytencsome fs, escola ar of hace.

5 Neon enrmuch or ese Em ab sh

6 Ihwerogetouby730 catch my bus.

2. Sometimes getup inthengheand have mat now tsb ore

3. Iwasabioiey exe had oran or te bs ery.

9. dorthavethe opportunity shoping — working

20 lv ardt pta ay ito practice —_______traallabout she theory

EJES Look ae the word or phrase you wrote in sentence Sin 1.2. What other word or phrase you wrote in
12 has a similar meaning? What other words or phrases are similar to the one in sentence 7?

93. ‘Adverbial clauses: general

‘seem to eat ss healthy as get older
Although like o eat more fresh food. don have time o prepare meals in the evenings.
‘An adverbial clause adds extra information toa main cause about things uch s time, reason or
purpose. Mos adverbial causes begin with a conjunction (e as, aliough) and can come before or afer
| tema dase

An adverbial clause must be connected to. main chute we cat use casa separate sentence
I dont eat mach for breajos because Im always in a rush (no do al much fr breton Bees fo
clvaysina nish)

Wie ony use ne conjunction o connect an adverbial clause and a main clause: (not Because Im aminas

irs denteat breaks)

Time clauses

generally have sarduich anda packet fps ashen he Im siting ot my desk,
Wie can use as when or while talk about something tat happens wen something els takes place.
A can sometimes mean ether because or during the time hat

opened the window as was coking (=. because | was cooking o... he was ooking)

‘We dont use win clause with time conjunction (eg. before until when) to talk about future action ora
ation thats completed before another inthe main cute:
‘alike to have something moro substantial before leave home inthe morning (not. foe eave heme i
the morning)
When ve written up the research et you have a copy (not When wil have ier pthereseodh.)
We use when (ot as or while) atthe beginning ofan adverbial clause which
+ refestoa pointin time:
remember once was eating some sets in my bedroom when my mother walked in.
describes che rcumstances in which the event in the main csuse happens
When I get home lt, take ready meal tof the freezer.
+ refersto past period of our ives:
‘When wo younger, my mother usd o keep on eye on what at
ua about every time’ something happens
When Whenever ve had one of those ready meal fl hungry bythe time got ba
We prefer oso show that one thing changes atthe same ime as another:
AS put on weight gts more and more dificult to exerci. rather than When/ While put om wight)
le can uses or when to highlight the moment that something happens
Asie I tured the corner, te bus was just puling up. (ot Whe Harned.)

95

94. Bass T

IAA Contrast and concession clauses
Weuse although o ess formally though to say that here a contrast between wa happens che main
clause and the sdverbial clause:

Sometimes ge up in the nigh and have a snack, although 1 know its bad for me

orto introduce a concession dause that suggests the opposite ofthe main cause:

‘Although | don't enjoy cooking | prepare a meal for myself every evening,

Wecan use though atthe end ofa clase:

An some ways beter now though (not. it etter now although)

We can use despite the ace ha in sie of the foc hat or despite in spt + ing wich asimilar meaning

to alo

Despite he fact that know ll about the theory a heat die it very hard to put tint prctic or spite
ofthe fact that know

Despite (my) knowing al about the theory af healthy de, very hard put it into practice. In pie of
(my) knowing

‘We can use hi or whereas to sy that here isa contrast with something inthe man clause. The while
wheres cause may come before or after the main cause:

If got hungry a choo ey o chocolate bar, whereas nowadays I eat some fruit or. while nowadays
Whereas nowadays i eat some falta choo fi buy a chocolate bar or While nowadays.

‘We can se hist as amore formal alternative to while

(See ao Uni 14.23 ven fad even though)

Reason clauses

mt be eating 100 much because Ive been geting abt oversight recent.
"Because con to buy ready meals rom the supermarket makes me quite any

hove 0 get out by 730,30 rely dort have time

‘Avery common way of vig. reason or explanation for something, particularly in speech sto use an
‘verbal cause with because. A dause beginning so alo often used to expresa similar meaning.
Most recipes in magazines are no use t me because ofthe ime they take

Because of can lso be used before a noun or noun phrase ro give a reason or something,

Formalatemativs to because re as and since
She made particular for because since! mas often as a ch

informal alternatives o because ae seung that and seeing a

Well ua go out t eut sein hatas none of hes cooking

[EJE Purpose and result clauses

ot about the purpose of an actin we can use in order 5.5 + tonic:

have o ge ot by 730 Im order o catch mp bus or. 0 a catch

Informal, ic more common to use a tonte express he same meaning

ave to ge out by 730 catch my tain

In negatives we prefer i ode ot 500 not + to-nintv rather han not +t-nfiniive
Tike o make something mysjso as not tan arder ot to et processed food al he me

‘We aso use inorder hat and so that o talk about a purpose
‘She eto tale ome about the food she made in order that Ii lar about die nd nui. res formal
10 (that) a lor about

96

95. dé |

Advent causes 13

‘We oten use modal verbs ater order o tha:
Abe intersting to read he results of Uh rear o that can ee how typical my dei
‘heals taked tome about the food she made so tha cam about det nd nutrition.

Grammar exercises

‘Complete the sentences with as, when or while. Give all corrector likely alternatives.

41 You would think now but hen Hua very young! used to have cy brown hair.
2. more and more important for business people to speak ori languages business
becomes increasingly international

How old were you you got married?

| as sored lastnight, went sleep__myheadhic he plow.

my children get older ind they ge ven fuser about fod,

She alays brings bunch offlowes she comesto visit

— sat down to take my maths exam. reas orgoento bring my aculater th me,

‘he level of pesticides in the potatoes is well below the legal imi the public have been
advised to avoid eating them for che time being

Rewrite the underlined part ofthe sentence using a phrase with a similar meaning beginning

Despite

1 Although she el heavy atthe star ofthe ac she went on to finish second Dese falling

2 Although we go ost on he way we were eventual onl afew minutes late =

3. Although she was badly hurt ersel she helped a number of passengers ut ofthe crashed cosch |

4
5. Although te alarm wens off when he house was broken into, nobody bothered o cll the police.

0h we lived in the same village, we had never spoken teach other

{5 Although share were plenty of warning signs people were sil swimming inthe ive.
7 althouthicis

din publi spaces smokingisoncheinerense

E

96. [EJES complete the sentences using a phrase rom A (use each one twice) and an ending from 8.
Write the letters in the spaces.
a

The siming pool ad e be emptied
People here dont pur much eforintothejob + —
My bikeis unusual +

You need tli the plant carefully +

Piccher plants are unique +

The runway is going to beextendod +
She probably ecove fome ines quickly +
‘we spoke very quiet +
The shimiing pool had to be emptied in oder trab some broken tes could be repaired.

FEE choose the correct or more likely options in these texts.
gz
Hello Alison,

I couldn't contact you his 1) moming because! morning. Because we halla power cut here Sor.
“Thanks forthe invitation to lunch tomorrow. Fm no sur be abe to make it, (2) hough / although
(© Im spite ofthat! Im spite ofthe fact that we've got exes sa at work, wee strugsling to meet the
deadline to finish writing he software. This means I've got a huge amount of work o do (4) before I g0
{before wil go on holiday atthe end of the week. 1 eel really gully (8) seeing seeing that thi is the
second time tis year I'v had 1 urn down you avion.

Hope 10 see you inthe nea frre.
Regards,
Ros

5
A: Fm sorry fm not here o take your al Please lave a message fer he one and ger bak o you as soon.
asian

13: Hello, Omar ies Martha. Im afraid have o cancel our meeting tomorrow My father jus phoned o say
my mother's been taken (1) Because of Because le sounds quite serious, (2) have to /so I have o take
time off go and se he. may be away fra few days, but have my app with me (3) while whist Im
there (4) 50 as con 59 that an do some work When (5) ou will gt / you get the chance, ve me ing
and well sre out another time to meet. Bye or now

97. 213

Adverbial

Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 2

For questions 1-8, read Ihe tot below and think of word which best fs each gap. Use only one wor in
(ach gap, Thee i an example at the beginning (0) |

Ute in Spain
Spain a vas and varied country, and its people have (D) few things in common

m for tir tonsines, sociability, and hospitality. Spaniarés have a reputation for not
Ieting work gt in te way of enjoyment, and for spending as (2) — time and energy as

possible on their social Ives Tai quant ute ofthe werd mañana leave things ($)
tomorow -is seen ss Ding characters ti tendency. While ths may be a stereotypical view Spanish

itis rae that many people organic thle working hours () as to make the most oftheir

‘roo time. Spanlard ae sociable (E) that they tke notèng bate han spending time wih
ends and oats. Eating togethers an important par of social He, and large groups often
© vo fr diner Not Spain is thought to havo more restaurants

‘er head of population than any (8) ___ European count.

98. Conditionals

Real and unreal conditionals; if... not and unless;
even if and even though; if only and wish; other
conditional expressions

I 357) tisten co part ofa radio discussion programme where three people are being interviewed
about the opening ofa new zoo. Which speaker or speakers (Liam, Nadi or Mariam) make these points?

1 Most people dont ha the opportunity ose wild animal in ther natural environment. Liam and Man

2. Captive breeding programmes are important in preserving wild animals
3. Animals may sufer when they are bing taken co 200%.
4. Many animal now in aos were born there
5 eis unacceptable to kerp animals in cages or small enciosures.
6. Safar parks haven't always looked afer animals well, a
7. The main purpose ofaoosand safari parks o make money
8. Game reserves need o be supported by government in developed countries —
WEI (EZ) what word or phrase did the speakers use o link theve ess? Listen again you are not sure
3. wedidn have 2005 + most people would never se wild animals in real fe
2. vr espand captive breeding + many more animals wil de out _
3. wild animals arebormin a zo + ic si rel o cp chem in a small enclos

4. Fallin favour of safari park + the animals are well looked after
they ay they are concerned about the welfare of animals + they are stil businesses mainly out to make
profit
66 developed counties put money nro these reserves + species wil be preserved

iF ne didnt bare

ost pere would never

99. Real and unreal conditionals

Conditinalsentencs may suggest that an even or situation seal its ue, generally happens, has
happened ori likely co happen; or unreal ~ its imaginary or untrue id net happen oris oc key

to happen,

Real conditional.

ter a hal problem, vets deal witht qui i+ present simple, + present simple)

Before safari parks were opened, people wanted to se ons and gras they had ooo 0200 (+ past
simple. + pas simple)

Ye dont provide safe havens or animal many will dle out (f+ present simple, + wil + bare infnice)
Unreal concitinals

they were in the wid, they would have more space to roar free (f+ pas simple, + woud + bare ifnitve)
ne had introduced capuve breeding programmes sooner ur would have prevented the extinction ofa
rumba of animal (f+ pas perfect + would have + pas: participe)

Real conditional
We can use a wide variety father patterns in the cause and the main clause
tae pri Acne te ch at mu ai oi bre
Aca mi doi pp fh pay nine. pre single mi
ou think closing down 200 wl improve te chances of survival of endangered species you're making a big
stake (f+ present simple, + present continuous)
‘We dont usally use lin the clause:
there nt eaten bythe age animal fst, yl be le by vistors crs. (ot they wont be een.)
However we can use iin the cause
when we alkabouta result ofsomethingin the main clause:
we should have captive breeding programes Yi mill help save species. or it helps
+ sien we wan 0 show that we ong y disapprove of something:
Ar That zokseper wos realy annoyed wath me.
Be Wel ya wl throw stones ot the armas is not surprise!
Unreal condklonale
‘We can use modal ther than woul in the main cause
ail introducd captive breeding core, ena row exit might have survived
‘We dont usualy use would in che cause.
Ye had more funding we would beable todo even mor. {not we would hove more funding.)
Mixed conditinals
‘We can sometimes vary conditions by mixing the tenses
+ if past tense. would have + pas participle
[Fit wasnt so expense we would have opened many more ser park round the county (= itis very
‘expense 50 we didnt open any more)

100. Mn, 1

+ f+ pase perfect, would + bare infinitive
ame reserves had been st up ear, there would now be ewer animals in danger. (= game eserves
were not et up earlier so more animal rein danger)

Informal contexts we can use wer instead of was in he cause

fit were not for 20% most people would never se wild animale. or les fomaly if was nt for

‘Wie prefer to use wer inte expression If were you. for giving advice.

We can use. ware + ain rather han f+ past simple 10 talk about imaginary future stuatios:

were to ban 200 i would put captive breeding programmes at ns. or Ifthe government

Vie dont usally use his pattern wich state vers (eg belong doubt, knew understand ,

we understood more about animal behaviour we would bei a bette posto to protect them (ot lee mere

In eal condiional sentences, e an often use ether les arf. nat when the meanings except i
Unless we expand copie breeding many more animals wil dou. oF If we dont expand

Vee usually us fat instead of ules:
+ hen wesayin the main cause that an event or action in he faute unexpected
TÍ be surprised if we dont get permision Lo build te 20.
+ unalyinquescons
How wil chen Isar about wld animals Y hy dont se them in 200
+ gen the meaning similar to "because noË rather than ‘xcept if
If developing countries don't hove the money to esablsh nature reserves, more developed countries must
ofr hep.
+ inunre conditional sentences
If we did have 2005, most people would never see wld animals
We use ales instead off. not when we introduce an afterthought:
We must have 200 we want chien o learn more about wild animal unes ther parents ore ich enough to
20 on holiday to Africa of couse

Even if and even though

‘We can uc even fo mean whether or ot and even though o mean depie the se tha

Even fed animab ore born in 20, its sl cruel t hop them in a small enclosure (= whether or not animals
are born na 200)

Eventhough they soy they are concerned about the welfare of animal hey oe stil business man out to make
‘profit (despite the fact hat they say they are concerned)

(EE fonly and wish
Vie can se only / + pas simple to say that we ant a present situation o bediflrent and foi wish
+ ast perfec 1 ay tac we eget a pas event

‘wish te station war/were diferent ot Yon the tion mos were aire

‘ony us had acted sooner. or wish we had acted sooner,

101. marier 14

‘ie can use ony / wish + would crise someone, 0 say that we want someone to change ther behaviour
or that we want something o change

wish Noda Muller and the peopl in Save the Animes would rod the scientific esearch

We cant say wish woud

| wish 1 worked in à 700. or wish I ould work in a 200. (ot bah Lod wor)

¡EZ Other conditional expressions

number af ther expressions are uted at the beginning of conditional causes

{im alin faveur of ofr parks provided (that) / providing (chat) the animals ae wel looked ate
Soong as As lng as developed countries put money ino these reserves species wi be preserved,
{im ling o support te proposal on condition that animals are kpt in rg enclosures.

Inthe event of he alarm sounding visos should ave the 200 bythe nearest ext.

Supposing the proposals jte wher wil you do then?

‘An alan wil sound in cas of animais scan rom the afr park

‘We must pote natural habitats, otherwise more animal wal Become extinct,

But forthe exitence af mos, many people would never have seen wad ania

Grammar exercises

(EIEN Underline the correct answers) in (b) to make 3 second sentence witha meaning as cose as possible
to the sentence in (a).

1a Witha studen card you ean ge dicount at he Bookshop,

1fyow vil have have student card you can ge a discount at the bookshop,
didnt know you were a vegetarian otherwise would have cooked mb

1 IV now had known you were a vegetarian wouldnt have cooked lamb for diner,

By using more ecient ight bulbs, here could be a 5% reduction in electric consumption

we used have used more efficient igh lbs, chee cou bea 5% eduction in eecriciy consumption
You can borrow my reader as longs you promise to bring backsoon.

you promise / promised bring back soon you an Borrow my rade.

dont have rable a, so probably won't drive to France

IF had / have a rlble cr wil J would probably ive to France

| wasnt promoted so didnt have to move to our head office in Maid
Aflam promoted had been promote, had to | would have had to mave to our hea oficein Madrid

You have o leave the house by 7.0010 earch the R30 tain,

you eae sl leve the house by 7.0, you wil be abet catch / re able to catch the 830 train
8. Idi study hard and tac’ why Ihave such pooriy pai jo now.

studied had studied harder, wort have Y would have such a pooty pai job now

103

102. VA conto

JEJE Complete the sentences using a word or phrase in the boxand the verb in brackets

3. id ell my parents as coming to a night lub.
annoyed. (now)

ay ts here was they'd be really

AA A tonight. (rat get)

3 She didnt seem atall teed she allay (dive)

4 Uhavertost any weight 1 lots of exercise. (do) ,

5 ic soon, there wil sill be water rationing in this par ofthe
‘county (ran)

6 could pick you up at abour eight and we could goto the parytogecher= you
ogo on your own, of course. (peer)

7 aber be found for he company rise lose bythe end of
the wee (con)

8 The res opinion pol augesc that thedlecion _tobbe held today. the

ruling party would again have a huge majority. be)

HEIEI acch the sentence beginnings and endings, joining them with one of the words or phrases in the
box. Sometimes more than one word or phrase is possible

bein my offi jut before the exam \ they remained outside tensile zone around
the nuclear power station.

b the train too heavy onthe motorway.

2. Aid must each te refuges before the
ray season stars.

3 Thedemonstatorsarrested were allowed. \\ © ahead-onclison.
togofree +

4 Carairbags were designed to prevent chest = à. anyone has any last minute questions
Injuries o ne ver

5 Hewould have gone on working uni he + hispoorheakh
was 65
6 Weshould get tothe airport by 500 many thousands wil die

Vu be in my office Just before the exam in case anyone has any last=rinate questions,

104

103. Coote the comet verb forms in these conversations. Sometimes both ar posite

A
Ar ee crib

8: Wiel ¡Pou (1) wilstay/ tay our until he in che morning, what do you expect?

‘As done think Il go to school today.

But supposing hey (2) phone / would phone ro find out where you are What shall el her?
‘A: Okay go ii (3) will make / makes you happy

Grandad, before you blow our the candles, you've go to make a with
‘Wel wish (1) had bought would have bought a house with a smaller garden. slo of hard work to
Took tert
‘And what ese are you going to wish for?
| wis (2) have / had more energy to play with my gandhldren.
«And anything ese
suppose wish (3) was / would be 2 young man again,
‘And have you got any more wishes?
Yes sh you (4) stopped / would top aking me questions and lt me et my birthday cake!

Rerer wre

conciionats 14

105

104. Listening Part 4

DD) vos vá hear fv short extract in which peopl ao talking about cooking, While you sten you
‘must complete both tasks

‘TASK ONE.
For questions 1-5, choose trom te ist (AH) he person whe is speaking. 1

A enr Str
B aretiredperson Speakerz | TE
© asta Spester3
se in |
E ame sors |
Far

© alony diver

Han unemployed person

ask TWO
For questions 6 10, choose from Ih st (A =H) wha each speaker's expressing

À. adiaton fe poopl wn cancockwal Spear
apré inter cooking ay CPE |
© amtcinos to cook sors [IE
Da ctim ofeumanendsin cooking — |
deste totam to cook Eu
F awish oy fod tom ober counties

an awareness of ther poor dit

s
#

108

a detke of untamibar food

105. Participle, to-infinitive and
reduced clauses

[EJER 153) Sam Green has taken three months off work t do a sponsored walk through Hay rising
money for charity Exch week he sends an article co his company for ls newerer Listen to two of his
Colleagues talking about Sa atest article. Which of the problems does Sam talk

vas fine

106. 15 mine
| Grammar |

EX Participle clauses: general

Walking nt each viloge. was met by 0 pack o friend dos. x
Fund mainly in the south ofthe country scorpions in tab con gie a ras ie but ore rare dangerous.
Having spent a couple of hours exploring Amalfi Im row ready fran excelent ran inner

Partkiple causes are more common in writing and ae often used to express ideas in an economical way

A parole usualy refers to the subject ofthe main clause:
Sarling oggresivay, the dogs were prey ten a fist
pretty ering)

‘We avoid using a parccplecause when the subjects are diferent: Saving aggresive kept away rom
te dogs In this example, the wrtr ring fay thatthe dogs were snarling and he kept away ram chem.
However e sounds as he was saving The more accurate aera is The dogs were nan agresivo
kept aay rom them.

Informal Ens, a participe clause can sometimes have its ou subject, wich often a pronoun ara noun
phrase inching a pronoun

‘Scorpions in North Arica some measuring up to 20 centimes con kil dal. (Scorpions North Nica =
subject ofthe main clause: some = subject ofthe participe)

‘when we use no ina participle case usually comes before the participe.

Nog wanting to carry my backpack any further | wen to he fst hte came across

he dogs were saringand the dogs were

Present participle (-ing) clauses
‘We can use present participle clause ro alk about something that takes place at the same time as, o jst
before, an action in the main clause:

Opening up my seeping bag | discovered a scorpion

A present paricileluse can be used to give backround information:

{ising mainly in warm climates, scorpions have existed for over 400 milion year.

and ater quoted speech rosy what someone vns doing wile they were talking:

"Wait for me here’ ai Frank, running out ofthe howe.

Present participle clauses can also be used 1 talk about a reason or esl:
Ari in Ama ery in he ftemon, had time ook around the town,
inthe afternoon)

[EXE] Past participle (-ed) clauses

Vie cause a past participle clause to talk about reasons and condition:

Made from te of leather imaginable they ares comfotabe a apa of sper. (reason = because hey are
made rom the sts eather imaginable)

Sold in Britain the bots would have cos lot mor. condition = if hey were sold in Brian)

Pas participles combine wth forms of be and have to create passives and pere forms:

Having allen ovr a number of times, I was feng thoroughly mserable (= was feeling thoroughly miserable
because had fallen over a numberof ines)

because ave in Amal early

107. _ rates olninive nd escasos 15

Vie can use her having + -ed or a presen participe with similar meaning to describe events that follow one
afer another, However having + ed emphases that the action in the participle clases complete before the
action in the man clase begins:

"Having climbed tothe op ofthe hil, coud se ale way tthe Mediterranean or Climbing to the top of the
ful:

Being made so welcome at the hotel war reluctant leave. (= because was made so welcome)

Having been woken up by a catching sound found aan rat tying to et nto my backpack

been woken up)

Participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions
We ean use present participe cause after a number of conjunción and prepositions including fer, before
Eon on sine when, we, mi, without, une, ut

Fear leaving Naples, bought yet more waking cs rss omaly Before ft Noles bought yet more
wating sc,

‘We canals use with (or informal what with) o inroduce a reason for something inthe main clause

Notice that a subject has to come between wih and ing.

With Nope being such a busy cy, Twa surprised find a hate room o easy

What with sleeping body, ond some very steep hi to walk ove was quite are to et to Amal this
aftemon = because had sep bad)

Informal contexts we can use a pase partie afer although, as onc, when while, unless and ut
Waking vou tab as Jaci experience but she rot ur d again. or... but if was asked

Torinfinitive clauses
\Wecan ase a case beginning wa tif co tlkabou purposes or condon
‘aed upto th hl te aval log ek round conte purpose)

Haare orar ny ind tha cu heim nt ker re)

1 haar im gum au eck ot ea bou gto the nx ight ome
tim puting)

you had heard

[EXA Reduced clauses
We cn sometimes ue a reduced cause beginning with a conjunction o adjective but wih no verb Reduced
clauses are usual fai formal

While in Naples id what al tors da or Wie wo in Naples,

xhausted by my wal wen straight tn bed or Because mas exhausted

109

108. Grammar exercises

‘Complete the participle clause atthe start of each sentence using the information in brackets

Snarmrg strongly she wa able to cross the

join just a ew minues (he swam stony)
ino Con got out from under the car (He was covered inci)

inti he two etes were sent in 406 the French king. (hey were rite in atin)
them wice cis year ale, Bayern Munich ae favourites to win again gsi Rel

Madrid (They have Beaten them twice this year lead)

E how to use the software, found it easy co design my own website (was shown how to
se the software)

6 eaten anything for hours was starting fee bic ie di eaten anything fr hours)

7 __her gases, he began to read her speech. (She put on her gases)

8 Portuguese, found ravelingin Brasil fu (lan speak Porwguese)

Read this extract from a blog about visto London, Rewrite the underlined part using a participle
‘clause, to-nfntve or reduced clase.

CH) was ie Loncon jt nat go 16 the Unten Museum There so much to see
an en had te to spend afew hours ther, het want tothe collation cf cocks
and warches (2) Woon Lathe pocket washes Iwas rende of hold watch my
grandes used vo wear. dont nk | ever sau hm snout hen | want 0 the Money
Galery Theyse got an incredible colection of cons (3) and ame of chem are ever
2000 yeas ld Next stop was the Chinese colection (4) Because i Ivan Hong Kong,
(or so muy yer. was very interes in the Some otre jade object were tuning
(5) After looked et the Chinese colection | hid poned to sce the Mexican collection
Ünforturach (6) shan ot th aud that tas dosed (7) Baca Id spent the
Jo moving walang around the eu, | decided that wanted to do something
very cree ne clerscon So | went tothe London Eye (8) n arr nat Leculd ect
A bid oye ew ofthe ety (9) Win hay are Ikea rom the to of tre Fe, some
ofthe biggest bs appear quite smal = eves St aut: Cathedral cers the ves Aer
‘ht (10) ee Lat om athe wan bro y hr
jours (11) bars Lent out to ave inner

ean ia

10

109. RE

In these sentences, the subject ofthe participle and the main cause che same (5) diferen (0)?
As different, think about how you could rewrite the sentence core.

Paine bright lo could ee the signe clear roma distance. 1
Hearing anos from one of the bedrooms, qu cimbed upstairs,
{Laughing at her new hat, jing looked realy angry with me

Kept in he rige, e cheese should stay fresh or weeks,
Hoi her umbrella ight she went out into the storm

Talking to eachother in the library, ashe ther to keep quiet
Caught in taps pur ontherivebed a right, many fchermen depend on crayfish fr thei Ivehond
Werried that Zahra hadnt arrive, decided to phone her home,

Because. the signs were pauited bright lon | could see them cat from à distance

1
2
a
4
s
6
7
8
1

Complete each sentence using one ofthe word inthe box and an appropriate form ofthe verb in
brackets. Use either an-ing and or being + ed verb form.

1 less _atherwise__stated_all software contained on the CD for demonstration
purposes only (tate)

2 my book on the European Union, linteviewed more than a hundred members ofthe
European Parlament (esearch)

3 no longer in the day-to-day running ofthe busines, Mr Chen retains

en interest nies development Imre)

4 Defence Minister he was head ofthe army for five years. (make)

s her parents, she took their ar and drove into town. When they found out they were
Furious (at)

6 Not school had anyone told me to sit down and be quie eave)

7 The virus doesn't have serous effects, ur remains in he body frie (atch)

the wind urrcane force, ships have been adused ro hen for
land. (reach)

9 slept deeply lo are engine going past the house. (wake)

10 sult, sh could face ten years in prison. (ind)

110. | Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 3

For questions 1-8 read he text below. Use the word given In capitals at the en of some ofthe Ines to
form a word that sin the gap in the same ine, hero is an example atthe begining (0)

Water a precious resource

Access to a clean, (0) reliable water supply is essential to our

survival. (1) ‘ver 70 percent ofthe cart surface,
water is apparent) But infact les than

+ percent ofl the water on earths accessible for human use in lake,
‘vers and revoir.) by min and snow, this

‘water supp ls avale to us as a ne ut (4)
resource. As the demand fr access 1 this ited supply increases,
itis thought that as many as 2.5 billion people cous experince water

9 42025. À woridurido water management plan
is vital An intomatioal campaign must be introduced both to aise
pue (9 ofthe importanca of conserving and
tr this precious resource. Furthermore,

Industry and agricuture must be madi to reduce tol water.
= (Only inthis way can waterelated

Internationa! cortita avoided.

cover
PLENTY

New

SUSTAIN

SHORT

AWARE
cree

CONSUME

111. Context listening

Youare ringtone Simpson head fhe Norton Wie Ts (NW, encouraging some residents
tf oon vlan o pects Bruen ok ee pure analy the see

aL]

1930) uen ro he atk. Which ofthe actives are mentioned?

EXE 125) Listen again and decide whether these statements are true (T) or fale (A.

The NWT owns Norton Marsh. _T

Broadstone Parks now a wildemess

The NWT ger is money from the Montague mil.
Ini the most importan tacks sing overgrown plans and tres
NWT volunteers ar invited to barbecues,

{One ofthe jobs that volunteers an o is public the NWT.

(Only members ofthe NWT can work on the projec,

‘The NWT was given the Marsh by Mr Reynolds brother
‘Volunteers can usually ge a ler the Mash

(£225) Listen again and complete these extracts with the words you hear

3 Lean gurantee and we organise barbecues and other social events

2. Welle very raefal for Le

3 Nineoockis U on Saturday and Sunday momings
4 Just come along to the Marsh and wel hou you =
5 Cantask ==

(EIS Look at your answers to 1.4 What words begin each cause you have written?
13

112. What you've told us is very intersting (= The information very interesting)
ave proboby als heard that the Marsh has been given tothe NWT te look after (= You've probably ako
hearths report)

[ine cock when we usualy meet (= Nine tek sour usual meeting time),

‘A noun clause funcions in a sentence ina similar way toa noun (5, information, report) or noun phrase
(eg. our usual most me). Noun causes usualy begin with that oF awh-word (eg what hon, where,
which ho, ty lso whether whatever how)

That-noun clauses

Informa conos we often leave ou that a the beginnngof tht noun use
(eso good knoe that hey e helping the environment 0.10 Ana hey e heping
{can guarantee that ou make ao af new fends. or can guarantee yout make
e usual us th fact tho (sr anto)
{then the noun cause subject
The fot tha ot at rember ofthe trast makes o free. (cher than That youre not amember of
the tt makes o diera)
+ fera preps or afer werbssuch a charg fc (up o) and erick
ave ac (up) he fat that we dont have enough sources at he momen
Wan fe we words Ike argument asumpton, be lai, dea notion and ew instead of fc
The hea that al ord mor js wong

Wh-noun clauses
en a ou clase los certain nouns (eg example problem) we often have inclue of before
the wh- word

‘ie ike to flow the example of what they've done a Broadstone Pork
Some verbs (eg adie, tech) must have am objet before the horde

1 be happy o advise you when o come

"Noun causes begining how are commonly used afer certain verbs (e, dei, ow)
13 enrely up to you to decide how much time you con give

Wie can wie awh noun ase, but nota that-noun clause, aera preposition:

youve got ary questions about what Ive said sofa. be happy t answer them (n
cojer.)

Wie can lso use noun clases begining with whatever (= anything ori doesnt marrer what whose ( the
personfgosp who, or any person/goup who) o whichver (= one thingor person rom mite number) o
talk about things, people or times that are indefinite or unknown:

‘Vie wil be very roel for whatever te people can pare

‘You can phone whoever isin charge of omanging Hs on te wockend you want to come.

Rather than whnoun cause, we can ofen use a noun or pronoun whic has a meaning related to the wh word
‘Why most people vlunteri cha they want fresh ir and seis or The reason (uhychat) mos people
volante

‘lenng the vegetation it what urgent needed Clearing the vegetatin something which thats

re needed

abouts

4

113. 4 rana 16

‘Other words used inchs way include the place (athe than where) dhe time (rather than wen), he way (rather
than how) and somebody someone (rather than who),

Whether and if
We an use whether asthe wh- word in noun cause when we talk about possible choices Whether has asimilar
meaning
cont remember whether it runs on Sands.
Notice the ference betieen sentences with whether and that noun causes:
ai know whether he bus envie has ben canceled (=i mayor may not have been canceled)
Ii xo thatthe bus service hod ben canceled (= twas cancelled: now know)
In more formal contents, particularly in wring we can use a to witha meaning similar ‘about or
“oncerning before a whether noun clase
There was some debate as to whether h could legal give us he ona.
We use whether, nocif
+ before o not
Int know whether o net be able to come on a regular bows
However
1 dont know whether 4 be able to come an regla ba or not
+ before a toinfntiv:
‘cant make up my mind whether to help on Satuys or Sundays
‘+ usual after a preposition, and ls afer Ue verbs advise, chose consider, debate, sus, enquire, question:
‘You can think about whether you et be noise.
You com choose whether you want o work indoor or eutdeors
+ ima clause actingas subject or complement:
Whether you help with the outdoor or indoor work depends on you. ( subject)
What Im not ear abouts whether we can get af tothe reserve. (= complemen)

Grammar exercises

(EIEN Read these comments bya resident, a fire ofcer and climate change expert about a recent flood,
Complete each text with that or he fact that.

Resident: Nobody really thought (that loading this bad would happen again, but as the river
level rove we had vo acepto (2) ‘wei have to leave out home, Personally blame he fie
serve. (3) been aning heal here for five days should have meane tar they were
beer prepared wo help ws.

Fire officer realy fe! (4). some of the cticsms of my ire offers are una, akhough

16) today sa public holiday dd mean that many of ou sta were here ro hep wich che
rescue However we warned residents yesterday (6) ‘hey might have to eracuate cher houses
ith emote, and che ificuley in evacuating people fom ceirhouses vas ape by
(0) they wanted take large amounts of personal belongings with chem.

‘Climate change expert: We caf ignore (8)_climace changes going to increase the rk of
flooding and a number of sudie have suggested (9) inter river levels throughout che
country willbe much higher than in the past. Unfortunately the situation in ths area complicated by

(10) so many res have been cut down on the hilt around here and rainwater lows more
{quickly ico the rivers So there el possbry(11) serious Nooding could now happen
here very wine.

ns

114. 16 sn

Read this extract from the blog of an American woman ving in Pars. Complete the ext sing
‘word from Box A and a phrase from Box

A

the igi shi
the cthedeal

designed the carhedal
duecionyouaporos

1rentad a cer yesterday and drove about 50 miles from Paris to Chartres. The area around
Chartres is very Mat. That probably ha rason (1) why i was buit Were dominates
tha landscape trom 2) Ais | wasnt sure

e ofthe catharal Im pretty independent ná eto wander
‘round on my own. But is time | decided to go frit, and (reel lad | dd the guide was
‘excellant Sho talk a lt about (4) —itwas begun befor 1200—
And to us 8) Some ofthe stone was transported from hundreds
of miles away lover understand)"

0 isnt known, Apparat In hose days architecture was a
‘cooperative effort by ho stonemasons waking on the sit. She alo gave us some idea of
w_ Tt sounds like an incredibly hard He, thought he tzine glass
windows were awesome. was so impressed with (8) and creates
patterns on the cethedral lor After the tour, ooked again at my guidebook

and noticed that itmentoned the ‘easy climb’ up the north tower, so of | went. But
(1)___musthave beon super Forme twas along, exhausting
limb, and there ware tines when | didnt now (1) pe
‘magnificent view was cortaniy worth the effort when | got the top, but be warned!

JEJE Match the sentence halves and join them by filing the gaps in a-h with whatever, whoever or.
whichever

4 Mekato has resigned as managing director anditwilbea — à angine
if jo for

2. must have that painting and wil pay D side they ae on,

3 The police have sud that to protect the public they willtake Le _waseer_replaces him.

4 tvebought his armchair hat aus slt the body shape of _ actions necessary.

5. Weve gots of cakes, so just choose e icons.

6. Acthe is modem Olympic games in 189 athees cou wear — comes ist

2. Housesnextto the river are a sk flooding, = one you Ike the lok of

{Both the number 4 and 47 buses go into town s get on bh __ they wamed to

116

115. wouncauses_ 16

TEBE complete the sentence sing the notes in brackets and where, what when, why o how. Add any

other words necessary

4. Our Maths teacher made th exam qui ey for us In ours lesson he gave us some
(1) _esangles of what would (examples / would be in the paper and he
@ {told questions) o ane,

12 A: Theres ajobadvert here fr rain driver Do you think should go for ie?

Be But (3) (know to drive) eaint
‘A: Na but Im sure hey be able (4) (teach to do). might send for an
pplication frm,
3, When} got to hospital a nurse took meintoareomand(5)_____(¢howed /to st),
Has very ansiout (6). (would happen (net) and.
o (ested e doctor) would be coming
4A: Remember (@) ae
were stolen?

(time J were in London and our wallets and rain tickets

8: Lcerainh do, Then we had (9) (problem to et back) o Manchester
without tickers or money.

A (10) {reason mention) now's thatthe man who gave us the money to ger
homes onthe fron of today paper He wanted for robbing a bank

7

116. Reading and Use of English Part 1

For questions 1-8, read the txt below and decido which anewer (A,B, G or Dj best fs each gap. There is
an example atthe begining (0)

Homework: how useful ie?

part of schoo ite in most countries around the world. However there is ill

Homeiwore an (0) 3
coneiderable debate among teachers about (1) homework as asignicant educational value. On the
cone side ae those who (2) that takes too much timo auay from ether more useful activites. On the
ther ae those who 900 homework a enforcing schoo! lessons so that concepts wil nat be forgotten,

a
hls home provides support or elective homework. Parent in low-income familles often don't have the

soften neglected in this debates the role of parental involvement and (4)__or not the

time to make homework prorty or aran' able to af a computer or acdiional books. (5) —— money
they have goes onthe basic nacessties of ite accommodation food, cating and heating, However, the
(6). that only mccle-class parents support hair children’s education is qut obviously wrong. Not

(A wel: to-do parents give the support they should, and some parents ving In the most impoverhed
Circumstances (8) find the time and energy to vote themes intel children's homework

O A ingrained a © allowed D sccustomed

Fan a © animer supposing

2 At a © cam D into

3 A Whatever 8 which © ma D wnat

4 À unete Bu © whatever Dit

5 A Whichever 8 That © whatever D Wien

6 A fa concept © dea D reason

7A each Bal Sony D every

8 A imaginable imaging, © imagined D imagino

117. Conjunctions and connectors

ore, hardly, first('y), however, even so, on the other hand, ete.

Which ofthese do you think learner
drivers find most feu?

versingarourdcomers over
Stareng on 3H

orrectlane danger
Using the rear

[DE Listen to Sahar and Claudio talking about their experiences of leaning to drive.
‘Which ofthe hing in 1.1 were particular problems for them?

DE uen again
1 Inh order does Saar mencion these advantages of being taught y à profesional strut?
à he pased on uel pe
hewasavays encouraging
he veda alone
ecoute she was ead taker est —
In what order does Claudio mention these dentes of bing taught by hi mathe?

© shevascalm most ofthe cine

ego or of ime o practise

she knew quit place to practise —
he did have to pay fr lessons

J what words or phrases are used to connect these ideas?
1 stalled in che mile ofa busy road + my instructor stayed completely cool
even
2. Uhad the mittor positioned + jus coulda judge where the back of the cars
levas disappointing co have replacement instructors + the replacements were patient and helpful

ies expensive wo have diving lessons +t would recommend it
my mum doesnt havea professional qualification + she has lors of experience
dir do anything stupid + she stayed calm
Even f 1 did something incrediny stupid Uke staling inthe middle of a busy road, hed stay

esla ce ng

118. TZ cosiunioe and connector

Sentence connectors and conjunctions: general

| My mum used to come and collect me from college in the car and rd drive home. What's more, shel lt me
¿emba we wen shore, ;
| Asetece coma (ea uh mor) koe sentence wth anche.
A mum aug meto de because cul fort pa or ing eso.
| A comjuncin (e. because) links causes within a single sentenee.

To link wo clauses we use only one conjunction, no we:
[Although expe having ring sso real recommend it (not Athoughisempensivehevingdving-
)

‘We usually puta comma between causes linked by a conjunction:
As lang as cid do anything stupid, she stayed prety cal.

However when because or whi (referring to time) begin the second clause ina sentence we dont need
Sentence connectors usually come at the begining ofa sentence and less often atthe end or in another
postion, The only ones tha ant come at the beginning are to and os welt

You can spend alot more ime procsing, es well

‘We usually puta comma aftr a sentence connector atthe beginning or end ofa sentence.

Min though was ready to take my driving test. However, fa fst time.

When a sentence connector comes elsewhere in a sentence, punctuation is more arabe.

There are lot advantages in having your parents toch you Thar’ the cost for instance

Sentence connectors an be used ro Ink clauses sentence ifthe causes are joined with and, but 070,01
23 semi-colon € colon (or dash (-):

My nsractor was very experienced and, as a result, he had lts of wel ps topos on.

Having a profesional teach ou o ve best however, an be very expensive.

Conjunctions: before, until
Sometimes we can us ether fore or un wich re difference in meanings

She would le me drive on busy roads before uml cou control he car well.

We use unt no before, when an action continues to a particular time and then stops
jas coria on how esos until mp instructor a as read to take the ding ts.

Conjunctions: hardly, no sooner, scarcely
Alter hardy and scarcely the second clause usual begins with when or bear; ate o sooner begins with
thon or wher:

Wei hardly driven out of our rad before we were shouting ot each other

no sooner passed my ts than hen my rend trad asking me for ifs

‘We often use the past perfect ina cause wth hardy, no soone or carey and a past simple in the other use
(See Uni 21,23 for word order in sentences with hardy, o sooner and scarcely)

119. AN VA

Sentence connectors first(y), at first ast(y), at last
‘We use fr ray o abel here point a iat and ot ro lab the fi paie. Wl us afi o
indian that theresa contras between two past skuaions and at astro show that something happened later
than hoped or expected:

Firstly cost eh ne ant in have dua contro,

‘At ist our ge he har ofthis at

pad my hing ea lat fur tongo ies

We dont use aso label the ase pin in ais:

Fist had o protesting on hi... Final Lay instructor made me reverse round a come.

(et Atostheimtroctormede merce)

However
However often sentence connector but can also be used
+ asanadverb when is followed by an adjective adverb or muchimany
‘My instructor neve got annoyed however body wa rng, (= despite how bad}
«383 conjunction when fe means in whatever wa
However had the mierorpostoned jus count judge where the back of the car wos.

FX Even so (sentence connector), even though (conjunction)
ven o has a meaning ir t however. We use ler Inroduce a ac ha i surprising given what has jus
been si

He was great and didn't want tobe taught by anyone ee Even s, 1 ahaays found the replacements very
atin nd helpful

‘We use even though to sty that a fac doesn't maketh rest ofthe sentence untrue

Even though she docsnt have a profesional qualification, she gor lt of experience to pas on

¡EXA Sentence connectors: on the other hand, on the contrary

‘We use on the other hand when we compare or contrae two statements We sometimes introduce the frst.
statement wih on he one hand

moy be tht the quality ofthe tution is better witha profesional driving instructor On the other hand,
‘heoper our parents tech you. or On he ane hand, may bs thatthe quality of he tuto better with a
profesional driving instructor On the other (hand) it’s cheaper your pares each you.

(On te contrary emphasises that we eje the first statement and accept the second

Some people ay that its more expensive tobe tough by a drang instructor thon a fiend or lave. On the
Contrary, works out cheaper

Prepositions commonly confused with conjunctions and connectors

These at reposition and can be used as conjunctions or sentence connectors

As wel as being calm and patent he was aways very encouraging (not As elas hewn ein.)

‘Apart from he cos of surance ik mach bete be taught y your parents (not Apa rom the
]

[there oo of ther god gs about hang your parents teach you besides saving more

{not … besides you con save money)

recommend profesional dren stars despite in spite ofthe espere

(00%. ete inspec they ar pense)

The ean wen canted due tothe hey rin. (DE. due 1 was ring haar)

We wed to top diving at ome pent during he lesson, and he would ak me hw if 1d improved.

(Got tome pine dering more hanngtheienen)

120. il Grammar exercises

I starch the items, joining them withthe canjunetion or sentence connector given. Write ithe one or
wo sentences as appropriate. There may be more than one way af ining the sentences.

4. Amyason the phone fr hours — a iésapublcholday

2 sheahayafndstinetotaktostdents \ D amore wuld be contoesil

2 therestauant closed next Monday © vegocono the motorway

4 cba scsmologit noticed she been eying

5, tuition fc have ben increased © hestuies earthquakes

5 weuraeled much aser {the number of pplication hs en

7 thegovemmencsbeingurgedobuld more _g_‘ieshoeswereblack

nuclear power stations

& hewas wearing the same dochesasme ho busy shes

1 d Amy wis on es ne for ute, Lar, | roce she'd ben erg. (ier

3 = (ae)

q ati sy)

5 = (eso)

A ann (once

7 (tomes)
(except)

Choose the correct word or phrase

1. Sheinveryinteesed in science subjects. On the contrary On the other hand she ely loves studying history.
2. He walked quickly down the corridor before until he reached the

3 Ay nt was fllowed inc che room by my to nieces and three nephews Lay A last came my unc,
caryngall the suitcases

44 Henew had the righ qualifications and experience fr the job Even though / ven, fle very nervous se
walked in to face the interview panel

5A college! had only two tutorials week; but this ie men | was busy On the contay /
‘nthe other hand studied a las se days a wock

$ Once hed done the washing up and got the children to bed, Mat sat dm in front of he fire Lay /
‘A st he had sometime to himself

Een though von so the snow had stopped fling, wa sil een col.
18. We ad no woner hardy seated ring than the childrens Are we there yet

121. emmener 17

JEJE] Compite erences using word from box anda phrase from box.

tim savingup to buy my own ee Mambo, my parents ae Wing me boro there
away keep some candlsin the house
Ay busband adores Chinese food.

‘The boat is made entirely o reglas.
Wie should be able ta wade across the river,
Your Sister ea say with us

The lunch breakin the Personnel Department is 30 minutes.

8 Vier planning on having picnicin the park

Complete these extracts from emails. Choose from the words and phrase in the boxes
mp

I'm m Jamaica fora week. (1)__Allhaugh__ its a work visit, ve had a few days free,
80 I decided to have a go at windsurfing (2) — m here. never tied it
‘fore (3) “Im nota very good swimmer. (4) ound it
realy dificult to stay upright, but it wasn't long untl | was going quite Tas.

151 dt go far rom the besch

‘eventhoush hardly in addion

The weather here is terrblo, (1) heavy rin, we've had gale force winds.
a the bad weather, we're doing alot of walking. Yesterday was typical
‘When we got up i was wet of course ~ and wa decided to wait (3)

rain stopped. The sun came out by midday and we set off for Wicklow Hil. We had
w started to cimb when t began pouting down! (5) _—
che wind was So Sting, we were almost blown over. But we stil got to the too!

123

122. | Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 6

‘You are going to rea four reviews from a website in which diferent writers give thor views on a book
about ha the Ea would be ike if people disappeared rom it. For questions 1 4, choose from the
reviews A - D. The reviews may be chosen more than once.

‘The World Without Us
Four rames comment an author Alan Wiss book aid The World Wihalt Us.

A
‘Aon Welsman imagines what the Earth would bo ke humans were suddenly and complete wiped ut
“This string point ignores the fact that nothing cl oK us ff completely, a leas nat without taking
largo par of the rest of ite us. Even fa vus appnar wi a 98,68 percent kil rato, would sil
leave more than enough naturaly immune survors 10 repopulate the Earth o current level in 0,000 year.
‘This sa, Weismans book i fascinating, readable and thought-provoking. The mass of scientific evidence
of ruman impact tht he compas is mind-bogging, id not kn, tor instance, rat therm aro one lon
‘annual bir deaths rom fying into glas inthe United States along; or that graphic designers have been
Caled in to imagino what warnings against approaching nuctear waste containers wil be comprehensible
10.000 or more yeas am now. His solution i a mandatory one-chid it or a families worowae, Race,
but undoubtedy necessary. ashe convincingly argues

8
Alan Weleman’s "rough! experiment in The Works Without Us sto imagine what the word would be kat
‘every human vanished tomorow. But he offre no rea context fr the Book, no ratignale fr exploring this
‘pntesy cher than his unsubstantiated bei that people find fascinating, Perhaps they do, and we might
guess their reasons. But none emerge in any compeling way to explain hy important to know, for
instance, thatthe Great Wal of China wil crumb in afew cames, Much ofthe book comes revelations
‘of ths kind, but there is ite information here that i al that nes yu follow environmental issues, nothing
in The Word Wihout Us i kel to shock or astound you. The way to avoid the apocalypse, so Weisman
bolos, ito Im to one ch every human female on Earth, However his dracenian colón i ely bly
‘scribed and comes much 10 late inthe book tobe convincing

e
‘What Alan Weisman does imagino what would happen to the word if we were al wiped ut. Ana itis quite
nderstandabe, as wo loam during the couse ofthis book, to take his a a raie prospect as we aro
var, very bad for ur own environment. Wha sats outwith promise continuas cisappointingly. For those
wall vorsed in the sconce of envronmental degradation, the bock provides numercus anecdotes about

our appaling impact onthe Earth hat sound al oo fama, Personally | found Weisman’ journalistic style
Incroasingy matin asthe book progressed Ist really necessary to know that is ntrviowsosincudo a
*eury-halrs young drector or someone "trim and your in thor erly tities"? His most extreme solution,
10 il tamis to one chi, is unreal. Although readers might agree that her are 100 many of us, few
Wit share Wisman'scotainty tha to tado a cd for more song lea good bargain

124

123. ee 317

Exam practice

o
at woul the Earth be Ike everyore was led of y an astronomical event or disease? Such thought
experiments are the stuf of Alan Weisman's new book The Wor Without Us. Weisman's argumant would
be an interesting read it werent for the nagging suspicion that there fs something rather luderous about

its very promise hat a word witout human beings could possibly mate Lo us. The themes in Waiaman's
interviews with people rom around the word ar fara. Ovecharvesting, averfaming and over
Irdustrakcanion ro dectroying the planet Uness we chango cur ways, wo aro doomed, But there Isnt much
new evidence to throw ito the debate. The books saved, however, by Wetaman's wring. His engaging
Jourralam makes fora gripping fantasy that wil make most readers hope that at last some of Us can sick
round lng enough 10 es how the Journey ofthe human race on cur planet tums out

Wien reviewer
has a ferent opinion fom the others on how retvant Weisman's imagined situation? Ex
supports reviewer A opinion on Welsman's wring sti

| mu
has a iferant view from the others on the originality of Weisman's evidence? | mu
| mu

takes a similar view to reviewer © on Welsman’s proposed solution?

124. The passive

Context listenin:

¡EJER vou are going to hear an interview with a government minister talking about crime statistics
[Before you listen Look at chee newspaper headlines and match hem withthe crimes they refer to,

us ne cms |

in mobile thefts

carerime cus CONTROLS FAILING, } gang inked to | * venice rar
rer” | 500 brealins || cost zoom

fear ofeces |

2
3 areetcrime
a
s

vandalism SAYS POLIC

EI DD tien tote inerviw. Which crimes are mentioned?

Listen again. According o the minister, ate these statements true (T) o fase (FJ?

8 a being victim rime has ln by 40% in the ne ten years

Petr Mile appointed a new head of the police service.

The government has spent lot of money on CCT.

The government copid the Make Amends scheme from another country.

More people sel drugs now than ten years ago, ——

heures in the report ae complete

1
3
5, More people ger mugged now than ten years go.
6
8

EI D sten again and complete these extracts with the exact words used in the recording
Are the verbs you have written in an active form or a passive form?

2. Yes indeed, ae deighted ven! the figures.

2. Thishasmeantthata much higher proportion of ofender
han ever before,

3 les grafic ci centres for example
4 cage for see rober.

s tainly ue hat more people seling drugs
6. Ilan give personal example. my house only last week

125. repaire 18

Usingthe passive

Br

‘The goverment has published a report toy (ach focus on he government)
port has been published bythe government today (passe focus on a report)

We often us passive verbs

+ when the agent (the person or ching hat performs the action) is nat known: iy house was broken into only
lost eek

2 when the agent people in genera The details can be found a the back ofthe report (= anyone can find
these desis)

2 when the agents urimportan,orisobwous:A much higher proportion of offenders have been arrested.

e age ileal the police)

“wen we dont want to say who the agen st maybe thot some minor mitos were made in clin the
figures = she might not want to say who was responsible for the mistakes)

+ to describe procedures or processes, focusing on what vas done rather than who edits Ihe gues were
collected over at yor period

+ to avoid repeating the agent in a description or narrative: The poles have made good use of CCTV ts been
introduced to mary city certes rather than The police have made good we of CCTV. The police hove
ntroducedit in many ety centre.

Ininformal contexts we often use active sentences with a subject such a peopl, somebody someone something,

we. they oryo even when we do not know who the agents In more formal contents we often use a passive to

cid mentioning an agent:

People are sexing ls grin ty cents. or more formal Les gas being seen.

Some verbs describing states (e, have, become. sce) are not usually made passive

(ther countries havea similar poi, (not A-simlor pol had the courtes)

However other verbs describing states an be pa (eg inte, now, own):

‘ur oe poster campaign is intended to reassure people

‘Active and passive verb forms

Compare these passive forms of active ver pattern.
| They started to keep records ten years go Records started t be kept only ten years ag.
Ts figure is expected to als they star using | Ti figure expected to fall apy a new
ew technology to race stolen phones. technology stars being used o ace tien mobiles
They made thems repair the damage People found guilty of vandalim are made to repair
the damage they e couse.
The pole caught cher sling drugs ‘More people were caught sling rugs.
We expect he fur to fll ri Tis gues expected to fll reply.
‘We want the enme rae t fal sil farther Some verbsin ths patem have no passe:
(oe the enmeraterenonte to foi urher)

127

126. 18 mern

Perfect passive forms are also possible: More people aim to have been the victims of rime. More penple have
‘ben cogh sli age hs yar than ever before. th fur is expected to have fallen by net peo

Most passives wth modal verbs are formed wth modal + be + pst participle or modal + have been + past
poriipie

The reason for this can be found in he huge incre in the number 0 mobile phones

Same ofthe fll might have been caused by lower rates a reporün (past)

Passive forms of verbs with two objects 7

‘was delghed wien our crime stats department gave me the figures (active)
‘was delighted hen was given the figures by our Crime Stats Department. (passive) or
Iwan deca when the gues were given (10) me by our Crime Stites Department (passive)
(See Unies, 2.1 for more on verbs with two objects)

Verbs followed by object + complement inthe atve have one passive form:
Aides have changed snificay since eter Miles was appointed head ofthe police service

Get + past participle: get/have + object + past pa

‘START POINT ER Poa PS.

I ue thot more people get mugged today than they did ten years ogo oF. are mugged
People hk more careful about commiting. o crime he know they might get caught or. might be

ae :
Particularly in speech we can use get + past participle instead of be + pas participle

Get + past participle is most common used oral about unwelcome events eet mugged), but we can also
‘seit with positive events: When we go elected ten years ago
Wie dont use get + past participle with verbs describing tates:
He was known to be a high fective senor police afer (not ego known tbe .)
We can use either have 4 object + past participe or (more informally) ge + object + past participle
eos that someone arranges for someone se to do something fr them:

Virtually every person in my road has had/got a burglar alarm fied rece
20 sa that something unexpected, and usualy unpleasant happens 1 someone

1 had my TV and stereo taken o very informally gt my TV and stereo taken
‘We wie a reflexive pronoun wth ge co suggest hat the subject is responsible for their actions.
People wil ink more carefully thay now they going o get themselves arrested.

127. Grammar exercises

Complete ches text wth the appropriate form, active or passive, ofthe verb.

a
"Acupuncture (1) Fa bean peacised. (pratie) in China for over
3,000 years and today 1 (2) (widely use)

Alongside conventional medicine ntadional Chinese medicine, no symptom
e] (view) in isolation. Instead, the body and the

mind) _ = (evaluate) together. The goal of acupuncture
©) @e)tocreate harmony in the body by restoring the
flow of Qi (pronounced chos"). This (6) (eomsider) to
bete life force involved in al body functions. Qi 7)

(collet) inthe organs and (8) (rave) trough energy
‘camels in the body. Acupuncturists (9) (believe)
that diseases (10) (occur) when the circulation

Of QD) (prevent, whether by injuries, hat,
cold or other factors By redirecting the low of Qi, acupuncture can
a» (help cure disease.

“The first mobile phones (1) (construct) in
Stockholm in the 1950s - but were not very mobile! They could only
o (use) in curs because the receiver and |
transmite @) (weit) over 40 alos and had to

@ earn) in the boot. But technology
(9 (advumce) so quickly tat by the 19908 mobiles |
could 6) (iol) inthe hand and people talking

on their mobiles M) (eeome)afamilarsight |
Ofcourse, not everyone weleomed mobiles, and in th mid-1990s ir use |
® (ban) in many schools. Even recent

research which (9) "(suggest that prolonged
exposure to emissions from mobiles might be heath hart

ao) (ot discourage) their use, and analysis now
AD (predich thar by 2025, 95% of al electronic
‘communication (12) (conduct by mobile phone,

merci 18

19

128. 18 semer 7

‘Write passive sentences with a similar meaning to the first. Start with the word(s) given and use the
‘verb in italics. In some cases, the passive ls or posible
4 They pad hima millon dolrsto appear in the film.
He was paid a milion dollars to appear ote f _
2. His names Robin, bu his rends cal him Bobby.

Ha names Robin but =
2. Dr Davies demonstrate the procedure co usin the chemistry nb

4. Themanaging director willannounce dhe news to tallar today.
The news ——_— zn
5 They have offered mea new jb in Hungary
1
6 Themecicalseaf have declared the surgery a complete succes

The surgery
7 My English teacher suggested the idea to me

8. Myuncle bought me this necklace when he vas in Zimbabue,
Thisneckince

EJE Complete the conversations sing che pairs ofverbsin the box. Use be + past participle, get +
(object) + past participle, or have + (object) + past participe. Add che object In brackets where thisis
supplied and give alternatives where posible

1 Ar Did you ber about Natasha?
8: Whathappened?
A: She suas/ge rte, on her way to college.
1: Not she okay?
Ax Yes she fine but she her handbag)
2 A Voutelookingrird.
si sy by my neighbours dog,
[As Doni they keep inside at might?
8: Usual yes but inkitmust because t was barking so much.

3%: Stefan looked different somehow.
He han)
A Yes and think het Ie Tooke much smarer hs jacket)

130

129. tiepasive 18

4 A: Whatan amazing house!
aie by son Norman. You now, the rack singer

À lnouhimiyes

B: The problems, hes never there and it eeps

[EXE Rewrite the undefined part ofthe sentence using passve form where possible ici ot posible,
rie No pasive

4 When shine Hugo o give he main presentation a he conference he was delighted and wrote
immediately ro accept
Hago was invited to gee =
2 During our military traning thy made us run ive kilometres before breast

3, Elfe tat the pay and conditions a Timco were unsatisfactory and many of hs ollcagues seemed o
pon her

A. Wesvanted ula to come tothe party.

5 Isle on a very vague memory ofthe explosion. remember soma asking ms to leave the using
because there vas ae en but not much ater that

{Although a fist the children were fightened by Mr Demir’ strictness aera few weeks mos ofthe

tie in shelas came to ke him,

7 They cauah him vying o breskinto an expensive spore car.

8. Sameane heard her remark chat Ben was too ol forthe job

3. Henry performed badly in he ast match and we need him ro pay bete hi yla

10 People espect ore 100000 demonstrators to march through the capital in protest against the government’:

echion ogo to war

13:

130. Reading and Use of English Part 7

You ar going o read a newspaper rc, Six paragraphs have been removed rom the at Chooes tom
the paragraphs A @ tne ono which ts each gap {1 ~ 6). There I one extra paragraph which you do not

ees to usa,

‘Alexander MeCall Smith: Terrible Orchestra? ,
Bestsling author Alexandr MC Smith explains why ha started a bard or usaless musicians.

‘There a two emotons a parent can feel hen
atoning the school orchestra perform. One is ride
“the most common emotion inthe crcumstancns.
= and th other is env Wouldn't have been great
fun to be in an orchestra and now. a 100 lat. Or
sin

nn

“These musical stands ar ul of amateur orchestras,
ui most of these ar realy rather good, Wo wanted
aomathing that would eater or those whe rally
‘were vary wank players, those who might have gel
as für as Grace à on ther inttamente and hovered
‘around tat level or years. So we formed the Really
Tarte Orenastra in Edinburgh, acy known for
having a numberof fine amateur orchestras. The
name was carefuly chosen: what i said was what
you would get.

E

“Those who joined general ved up to the name.
‘Some, though, stood ou for her musical weakness.
‘One cel player some years ago even had the notes,
played by the open stings ten In panel on the
bridge of ha instrument Another = a carnets =
hac had only tree or four lessons an could nat go
above the middle B fat. He played only he bottom
ote, and not vey wo.

En
Our heads tuned, we decided to ols a concen at

‘he Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The important thing
about the Fringe i trat anybody can perform, ith

tho rest nat her ar avays a corn number of
ppal perfonvanoes whan tract ny avons,
mu

“The fortanes of he orchsıra continued to improve,
cron playing dis no. We presumed to make
‘wo CDs, uch somahan ot mo the hands of
rac tations abroad a rav row been layed
‘mor than onc by the Australan Broadcasting
‘Corporation, y th Canadan Broadcasting

Corporation, and by Natona Publ Radio the
United States.

=
Even the orchestra nar gas to New York, that
wi be enough. Of cour New York was urn the
Famous Florence Foster Jenkins woud appe at
the Carnegs Hal, and trum har tne wih nr

Lorie img. Perhaps ready or an orchestra
that wie up to he

a

‘Which makes one wonder: what si that makes
people want to sten toa group of extremely bad
musilars torturing a piece that most of tharn
‘cannot play? le there something about fare and its
‘cheerful acceptance? Whatever it, there's cortan
Sometring quintessential British about 1. And the
‘orchestra does a very fire ‘Land of Hope and Glory

131. Exam practice

À The response was oveniheiming, particularly
‘rom clarinttets. | suspect hata very high
proportion af the populations exposed to the
Clarinet at some stage and at Eth artos
ar crammed fll of forgtton clarinet cases.
Many of tee wore sted ff fo the first,
meeting ofthe Realy Teme Orchestra, as
‘wore various other instruments. We appointod a
profesional conductor, Richard Navi Tue,
\wel-krown Edinburgh musiian and founder of
the ensemble Ludus Baroque, and we Bogan to
rebar, The result was cacophony.

3 The Reaky Terol Orchestra, however,
was an immediate hit, The concert so out
wat inaganca, a has done every yaar
noo, atractng an audience of more than
500 people, some not actualy related tothe
players.

© Wear pretty awful’ admitted one of the
bbessoonsts. Thee isa very wide range
of paying abies, she added, noting that
he herself had only passed Grade 3, the
examination normaly taken by 11-year-old
Eten sehonichleren.

D Eghtyoars ago my wife and decided that we
would do something about never having played
Inthe schoo orchestra, We ar bath very

challenged musicians: at he time she played
the tute hesitantly = and played the bassoon

= extremely incompetent.

AS

"Now what has become the words most
famous amateur orchestra about to perform
in Londen. The Cadogan Hal is tha ste of his
Imminent musical isaster anda 800 ckete |
vanished inate.

An ores reso prt, and we decked
tohadaconcen. Way, wetesktheviow |
trat vo audence oué bogumaden |
ice oreven moro tran gar, ato |
thaconcet Tha este nar enjoyment |
and understand leur sync |
ptormarce Vrualy avery ice we played |

|

|

was greeted with shouts of applause and a
standing ovation.

The orchestras tame spread. Earle his year
the Now York Times, ora monton in whieh
many profesional musicians would sa thie
soul, devoted a quarter of a page to an

article about ho Realy Tomble Orchestra. A
few days ater the appearance ol tha arica
‘the orchestra's chairman, Peter Stevenson,
received an approach from the same New York
impresaro who had

tre US,

st taken the Beata to

132. Reporting

Context listenin;

[ETE] ttyou vea close oan airport, what problems would you be most concerned about?

1033) There are plans co expand the small spore near the lage where Leyla and Magnus ve.

eya has been toa meeting to discus the plans, and she tells Magnus about it Listen to their conversation.
Identify three advantages and three problems ofthe airport expansion that were mentioned atthe meeting.
Advantages Disndvancages

(133) tsen agin and complete these extracts with the words you hear

1 They told. us thal the expansion would rete around 2000 jobs tect

2 They growing number of peopl in he local area supported the expansion.

3 They vs nformed about future developments

4 They there nd look ar the plansin deal

5 she the port authorities were noe eng the rth.

6 she Lo out local polticans with our objections

7. She lo suggested inviting che Minster for Transport co hea our complaints. coher

[ERED Puc the pase sense verbs you have written in one ofthe columns according tothe pate that lows

‘hem. Which one of the verbs can sobe followed by one ofthe other pattems?

verb + hardause | verb+toinfiniie | verb object + ‘verb + object +
that-clause tone |

‘old

133. reporting 19

Oa YS
bs ha er ca ov ot ami hin oat he There le pb ng

ring clause with A a — Reported dase
Besen ana

Structures in the reported clause: that-clause
Reporting verbs canbe followed bya number of structures in the reported clause, The most important ones
with hat Causes ae given below
> verb that
Sue reckoned tha ne expansion woul domage tom
+ ve + object thet
He convinced me that rose wouldnt bea problem or u. (not Hecommnced that.)
verb (objec) » that
She warned (us) that the amare authorities were not eng the rth,
Compare the use of tl and sy in ehe reporta cause:
The told us that he expansion would create around 2000 jobs (tl + object + that) |
They said (ous) that might neecse tour in the region (oy + Lo + abject) = that) |
+ verb + that + verb or vob + object + Linie |
und that his reasuronces were quite conancing or more formal Jound his easuroncesto be quite
convincing.
15 ver + (oth à object) + that
They admite (o as) that they not sure exactly how many people it wil rac.
‘gree (withthe ant-expansion group) that he pons wil change the rea
‘We often lave out that in informal contents, particularly with the most common reporting verbs e, reckon,
say, tlh). However we dont sual lave it ou ifthe that. clau docs immediately flow the vers
Sue reckoned (hat) he expansion would actualy damage tourism.
‘agree withthe ant expansion group that the plan sol charge the area,

[EZ Structures in the reported clause: to-infiniive and ing

These ae the most important structures wih a toinfiiciv or sing form inthe reported aus:
verb tonic
ve decided to wal and ee what happens nes
+ verb + object + toinfnive
They encouraged ut ogo tothe village hal.
+ verb + (objet) + toni
expected chem to be confrontational or expected o hear mor objections.
verb toni or verb + tae
They promised to keep us informed. or They promised that they would hep us informed.
‘+ verb + object +tovinfntive or verb + object + thet,
She advised us to write to cu acl poicans with ur objections or She advited us that we should write to
‘our loco politicians wth ou objection,
= Verb sing or vero hat
‘She suggested inviting he Miser for Transport wo her our complames or She sugested that we should

invite the Minter for Transport (ot Shut to ot.)

135

134. 19 sepeting

Verb tenses in reporting

‘when reporting we often change therense hat was in che original.
"The por authorities ae not teling the truth She warned that the port authorities were ot ling
the math.

"We carried out th il fights ast mont => Mr ely sad thot the hod carried out he trl sta,
month oF Mi Kely suid tha they carried ut.

We dont usally change a pas perfect vers
"We had hoped jor more support He ad they had hoped for more support.

We can use a present tense verb fora situation char sil exits when we report it

Magnus sd he's worsed abou the rudeer power station on th coast. or. sad he was worried

We usually use a past ense in the reporting clause However we can use the present simple to report eurent
ews or views what i alas sid or what many people sy.

hear thot Boeing 737 wil be landing there.

Eryone Tue spoken to thinks its fu

‘Modal verbs in reporting
“A modal verb in the original sometimes changes in the report.
© il anges to would con to cold, and may usualy changes to might
1e may incre tour ın the ora > They eid e might increase tours in he region.
However ifthe situation we are reporting stil eis rs in che future, modas don't change there isa
resent tense verb inthe reporting claus:
‘ell be playing copies of the plans in dh ge hal > They say the be puting copes of he plain
the vilo hal
‘We can use either form i theres a past tense verb in the reporting use
“Te expansion wil rate 2009 jobs They tld us hat he expansion ul would eect round 200 jobs.
+ shall changes to would o talk about the future and co should vo report suggestions, recommendations and
request for advice
shall dede ote He said he would decide later
‘hat hall we do next? > He asked what hey should do ex
+ mus does change or changes to had to when ts used to sy itis necessary to do something:
"You must ok athe plans before making any decisions > He said | must / had o lok atthe plans before
making any décors (Had ol more natural in speech)
+ could should woud might, ought to and use to dont usualy change nthe report
‘We ought o wnte to our loco policia > She sugested we ought to wie

Reporting questions

26,
“cnr san > Thy ake ur is ee or Way ad ar) ou ion

“oe ua rey mor ci > Tg ted ro hehe we odon mre er.

Uni 23 mar anche ote ere ar and)

136

135. agering 19

‘The usual word order inthe reported wh jor whether clause che one we would use in statement, and we
M dort usea question markor che do alar.
How exact mil boost tourism? 1 asked how exactly would boost tourism.
‘where did you get your fires fo? She asked where they had got ti figures rom.
We can use negative form of doc report negative question:
"Why dont yau won the airport to expand? He asked why id want the arpa to expand
Fhe original question begins what, which o who flowed by be + complement. we can pu he complement
before rater bein the report
"Who's Sue Ray?“ He asked who Sue Ray was o He asked whe was Sue Ray
report a question with should aking for advice or information, we can use a0 infin
"What should we do 1 protest” Someone asked Sue what a do to protest. or. what we should do to protest.
We dont use a toinfiniciv to report why question
Why should we ele ther? She wanted to know why we should belo ther. (not She manto knoe
eh them)

rammar exercises

Complete the sentences with an appropriate form ofthe reporting vers inthe box.
a preposition or pronoun if necessary.

1 Before parked my car outside Diego house, 1 checked, pi im that it was okay.

2 ewok ages to feel he customers and by the time we got around othe last ones they
‘that the food was col, Bu just ignored thee complains

3 lime tat Tomas enjoys his workasa gardener bue when he ce be the best job inthe
‘word was’ sure whether he was being serious or not

The company hadnt paid me forthe work done for them, but when phoned they
‘hac my payment was on its way

5, Carkon dint want to speak ro the police yet. He dant anyone hat he knew
ho the murderer was uni he had concrete evidence

6. Teresa gave me the report but sid twas only a fis draft She ‘that ie shoul remain |
«confidencial unt the statis had been checked.
7. Jus before stood up to make my speech, my fend amir came up lose and me chat my
shire was hanging out at che back.
1 Temp sid that he was going to re-pain the car himself but managed to __thathiswasa |
bd idea
9, When heard about her disastrous jo interview, phoned Martha to he |
10. Au frs the security guard stopped me goingin. but when] him that had an

appoimement he lc me through the barr.

137

136. 19 scoring

Stephen san engineering student who has applied fora job when he leaves university. Complete
these extracts from Stephens letter af aplication using he notes in brackets, Urea that, o-nfntve or
‚ing clause in your answer and give alternative where possible

Dear Mr Car,

Lam uirg with reference tothe post of Sonor Research Engineer advarised in Engineering
Monthy, | assume (1) tab the pee ie / the ost to be he pos] sul vacant. My Supordso,
Professor Ken Newton, has arised (2) —__ (apply) and nas asset

a (my research, which is descriad in detal the attached,
documents, wi De ol interest to you
l'expact (4 (complete) my PaD by the eng ofthe year ana

propose (3) (puoien) the Ancings of my research soon afterwards
Tako (6) (my quaifcations and exparenco) aoproprale tor
tho post.

I pope 7) {ea rom youn the near fur.

Yours sncerey
stephen Finch
Stephen Ach

Stephen go an interview, but wasnt offered the job. Complete his account o the interview to his

supervisor
They asked (1) me to explain. (explain) the main purposes of my reses. 1 (2) (ls
wring on anew hydrogen fuel cel admitted (3) (hove problera) inthe ery stages the
work They were very help ey suggested (4) lok a) Che's Hume' work at the University
of Haron. They agreed (5) me /myreearch) many practical applications, They even
invited (6) ___ (vst) thr laboratories ic would hopin my research though they didn offer
‘me thejob they recommended (7) (rie co them again after Ive ne my PRD, nd inthe
meantime they agreed (8) (contact) Many other similar obs come up. Of course they cou

guarantce(®) (afr) obi he furor, bu they wre very encouraging

EY Change the sentences ino reported speech Give alternative tenses where possible
3. broke my leg when was skiing’ She said (ds) she broke / had broken her Lg wen she vus sing
2 going to ran ater today’ He thinks __ tater today.

3 "dont hink hiss my cost She dit ink

4. You mustsetthe alarm when you eave the house!“ Shesai

5 "Where have left my handbag? > She could remember

5 Im playing football his afternoon’ > He said

7 not be abl to give yous if afterall! He sald se have to take an
8
9

Ml esterday afternoon

How much do you ean? > Ne wanted to know
‘We might 0 totaly inthe summer’ => She mentioned in the summer.
10 "What ahal do wich this painting? => He wanted to know

138

137. oy.

Exam practice

Listening Part 4

(33) vou wit near tne short extracts in nich poopl are tag about moving om the countysise tothe
ile you listen you must complete both tasks.

rios 19

TASK ONE
For questions 1 6, chooso from the ct (A H} the reason each speaker gives for leaving the countrys.

‘excited by diversity of cultures

A. slow tcadbane comecton sort CEN
coed ha ot |
© limited cultural activities ‘Speaker 3 a
D lack pracy sr [EN
E popa seco [E
Fitton ajoo
poor hong aly
totes shopping carentes
Task Two
Fer qustons 6-10, choose rom he et (A= hal ach spear as about he upon fing
pue
À rape have centraron posar
B eves omaha ends Spear
© enteo wth occormecaton speakers
Dion hosp neuy Spears
gata fora ta cora Spears
E era vay otpacosta
est wit spr tes

138. Substitution and ellipsis

You are going to listen ro two college friends talking about adventure holidays. What actives are
in hese pictures?

25) Listen to he conversacion. Which of these tems does Allen advise Ben to ake with

cooking equipment for camping [_] atacemask [_]

|
O attejnckee E] |
|

net ep

asun hat O acen

(ERED (5) uen again. change these sencences to show exactly what Alison or

venture holiday base in

eh local organisers met me a the

y the end of the holiday was exhausted, but was very ft

1
5, Preferably plastic trainers
6

7. You certainly ned some nsec replien.
8

Int imagine youl need to take ent and cooking things.

140

139. 20

el

Grammar

BERN substation: one/ones

They do ding holidays in aut a few places went forthe one based in Brisbane. (one = diving holiday ome
replaces singular countable noun oranoun phrase)
Take a coupe] pars of od wanes - preferably plastic ones (ones «trainers ones replaces plural noun)

We dont usualy use anefanes
+ to replace an uncountable noun, Instead we use some
Don forget inset ep. YouTcertiny need some. (not. need one)
+ cotalkabouta specficitem Compare
Do pou know anyone who? gota skepng bag? was hoping to borow one.
Have you sl gt your seing bag! Can I boro it (= a particular sleeping ba)
“afer he unes follows an adjective
‘are these your trainers” No, the leather ones are mine
runs her isa descriptive phrase air onefnes
They had a number o adventure holidays on of and chose the one that was cheapest
wen for he one based in Brisbane.
+ after a posesive adjective (eg my) Instead we prefer a possesive pronoun (eg. mine) ora phrase with
anadjectve:
You can borow mine or You con borrow my old one.raher than You can borow my one
However onejones sometimes used ater possessive adjective in informal speech.
ie dont usally use ones on ts own ro replace a noun phrase. Compare
"ull need trainers Okay bring some or bring some old ones (not Fring ones)
‘We can either include or leave our oneones after which, whichever, superaives either, ether, another, each (but
not every the fstsecondlot the other Us, hat, has, those: and often after colour adjectives:
“Teak decide whether to goon the adventure holy to Thailand or Australia: Ym sure youl enjoy whichever
me) you goon?
Gt yeur own face mask: Buy the bes (one) you can aford.
ie had re holidays wit Trans World Adventures. but te first (one) was the bes.
ve or thee uo sleeping bags hat this (one) ther dry. ese ones and those ones re only used in
informal speech)
We had two smal boats to pact sailing in One was gen ad the other (one) was ed. use to sal in the
green one)

191

140. 2O seine api

Substitution: so + auxiliary verb + subject; neither, nor, not. ether

$

"Was ving as fut as you expected Prhaps even more o. so = dificil replaces an adjective)
Trans Werd Adventures provides al he equipment ~ teat presume so (so = TransWorld Adventures
prowdesallche equipment replace a clause)

‘We can uses instead ofa clause after certain verbs to do with opinion (eg epee, suppose. think), bit not
after other (eg accep know, be sure hear

“Wile met tthe apart expect so’

The monies are rely bad a the time of ea” Tue heard ha, oa‘ (no Fr heard sto)

Some verbs are common used before not orin not. on shor negative replies

You wort er a sleeping bag fits realy hot suppose ne’ No, dent suppase so

Other verbs ike this include appear, ser, bee, expt, imagine thik. (With the ast four verbs we prefer
rot. s0ininformal contexts:

‘Do you think eed to toke a tent 1 don’ imagine sor formally imagine not

Before not we can use be afraid (= showing regret sume, ues hope resume, suspect

‘Do tay ofr any holidays in Africa? Tim afraid nt: (nt Im not ar se)

We can use so aun verb + subject to sy that a second perso does the same hing 15 person ares
mentioned Inte negative we use nether. nor or nt . ithe:

1 ike to go to Tounonia So would Y

"in not ral very good sanmmer No nether am or Nor am L'or Tm na ether or Tm nota very good
immer either”

‘Substitution: do so

le cam sea frm of do so o replace a verb and the word or phrase tha follows ito comple its meaning:
When esked whether the intended o offer holidays in fica Trans Adventures sid they had no plans to
de 0 (do so = offer holidays in Ara)

He planed o goto Ausra this year but now tha ho hos Jos his ob he hos hule chance 0f doing so (doing so =
going to Austala)

‘We cam use do so where the verb describes an action but avoid iit verbs that describe state and habia
We wert down the river by boot. and saw lot of wildlife while ing so

Same people dan enjoy the hard work, but id (not bei

Less Formal we use do r da that wih similar meaning

‘We put up oor tents bythe sde oh ie. We did that at bout four ane every aftemoon or formaly

We did se

Vie use de (rather than do so) in informal English, especially ater modas or perfect tenes (but noe that we can
often leave out:

Do they pronde al the equipment” They should (do)

‘Could you have gone so Thailand iseod es could have (done):

141. r sama 20

‘Have you decided yet” "Yes have (= Yes, have decided)
A lat of people go tothe Great Barrier Reef when theyre in Australia Were you abeto! (= Were you able to go
‘othe Gren Baier Ree?)

‘We often leave out or change verbs to avoid repearing them,

We cansometi
taking about:
Id certainly He ogo hack to Australia. hope to next yer (= to go back to Australi)
+ after certain verbs (eg age, promi, stor
E went to read ot about Australia before o. ve started (o) aad
+ after most nouns (eg dea opportunity) and adjective (e frightened wing) hat canbe followed by
koinfnitve use
‘ve lys wanted ta ga but Tue never had ne chance (to) before
‘pe they dei sk us co swim rare ae sharks around 1 be afld (to)
‘after wont and would ein fetuses and uh-cause
Wie must talk about more Yeu can come ver whenever yout (to)
Wie dont use to ater ie
You cn come over whenever yo ke
We have couse to
ter vers (eg expect, man, need) which must havea complement
You can borrow mine fou need to
afer a negative
You dont have 0 si on your own you don't want to,
Wen have Gt) isa main ver in the rs luso or sentence, we can ofen use ether have (ot o do o avoid
repetition in he following dase or semence:
Have you gt a sein bag! Im sure you have (= m sure you have got a sleeping bag) or Im sre you do.
{im sure you do havea seeping ba)
When have is followed bya noun to describe an ation (eg havea shower, have a shove, have a good time)
we willy us de
wasn really expecting to have a good time but id.

es set inscad ofa clause beginning with a Bonnie when cs clear what we are

13

142. 2O sinon nd pu

A Grammar exercises

TEEN Read the undertined parts of these dialogues. Cross out che words which can be left out.

2 A: What was rong with Sue?
Br She was frightened o at least she appeared ro be fightened
Az You should have asked me. could have given yous int tour.
B: Thanks but didn the o ask you | know how busy you are
IA Has Sarah aten anything today?

8B: No dont think he as eaten anything cody.
Az My grandmother would have been shocked by all he changes in che ige
8: Yes lim sure she would have been shocked.

‘A: Dont forget were going out tonight. Can you ave work eth?

8:

x
8:

a

x

8:

8

Okay er to leave wor
We could gett the land across the new bridge

But hast been opened yet

‘thought it had been opened

‘hope get promated thi time

‘You cetaiy deserve so get promoted. You work really hard

1 ión know you were getting married.

Sony thought you dd know Lvs getting marred

Replace the underlined word(s) with one or ones where posible. is posible to omit one or ones,
putthe words in brackets.

1 Ar Doyouwanconeaf these sweets?
(ones)

Be Ave there any green anges leh?

Ar No, theyeall gone

Ax labour die we got some new curtains

1: Okay, well let's go out and buy some new curtains.

a

®

a

| know 4 muddy outside, bur shall we go our fora walk?
But have got any Boot
You can wear my ol boots

fo gero your house, d take the fs or second turing?

Be You can cake either tuning,

Why id you buy those green apples?
‘They were the cheapest apples | ould find

143. 4 A)

{6 Have you seen the cr keys! cane ndihecar keys anywhere
7. That micos mios my parents have got in their sting room,

3 Thisgsshae gota crackin Have you go another gast

9 | dropped my brothers mobile phone snd had to buy him new mobile phone
10. We've got chocolate biscuits or these biscuits Which biscuits would you prefer

JEJE complete the sentences wher posible with sed, do 0 arso do, wigan appropriate form of.
Hi nor possible, suggest an alternative.

1 Shestood up low and was obviously in pain as she did so

2 A Miler pa

Ay badly did het
Be Buc_therest ofthe eam

3 Ax Are you going Spin gain for your holidays?
Be tm shaven decided yet.

4 Louise willbe meeting ut tthe import Atleast hope o

5 Ar Apparently Haruns dropped out o college.
8: Yes Td heard too.
6 Wedo more orlessthe came job, bu he ears much more than |

7 As Weean takea shortcut if we wade aeross the steam,
8: Whats the point of. 2 The bridges far

18 He has yet to win a tournament bu he came close to in Monaco.

9 A: Doyo relly ink se end you the money?
Be Imsue

10 Megan loves horse ring and Victor

144. 20 susto nd eps

[EXE improve this email by editing the underlined parts to avoid repetition.

Hi Chas,

Tied phoning yo cae, but you must have been out. But just
have wo tell somebody about the terrible day I've had :-(

At started badly and got worse! When I got up the kuchen was
Mooded - 1 left he freezer door open! Ive never (1) lft the
frocace door upen before. By the time I'd finished mopping up all
the water twas getting Ite. Twas going to take my big handbag

10 work, ut was so rushed I picked up my (2) small handbag

by mistake, leaving my purse behind so I dida't have any money.
Lui! bumped into Bob at the station and he was ab to Fed
me (9) some mans. My office key was also still a home, s when
1 gotto work Y ud borro (4) an oie key.

Then had 10 get to an important mecting. Our company is hoping
Lo do some busines with a Japanese frm. My boss thinks we have
good chance of signing a dal soon, but I don't think (5) weave
A cd chance of signing a dal soon. Thought the meeting was on |
‘he Fourth floor — in fact, vas eran (6) twas onthe four flor.
"Butt ad been rearranged and nobody had bothered to tel me
Sol was 20 minutes Inte. I wasn't very happy. and (7) my hos:
wast very happy either. To make matters wore, 1 been boping
to rn through my presentation er breakfast, but had no

(8) size to run through my presentation over breakfast. So my talk
lune realy badly. Afterwards, my bos said she was disappoimed
‘with the way the meeting wont But (9) Lu dissppoiated with the
sway the meting went too

‘After such a dreadful day, I was hoping ' have a quiet evening
bot 10) didn't have amit evening. When T got home 1 found
tha my cat had knocked over some glasses ~ you remember the
‘beatiful ol Swedish CI) glasses that my parents gave me? 1
‘wonder if be abe to replace ther? (12) don't spac TI
able to place heno

The only good thing i that t's the weekend. Come over whenever
ou 13) want o come over In fact, are you abi to come over
tomorrow? If you (14) e no able fo come over tomorrow how
about Sunday? Or sre you stil 10 busy decorating the house? 1
(15) hope vou re no oo sy desorating the house, Bu ve me a
cal and let me know.

Love

Beth x

146

a

CE —

CE —

m

o

ao

a =
2)

a)
a)

as

145. Exam practice

Listening Part 3

(£330) vou wit ear part fa radio ineniow in which David Evans, a chef in Bish school, staking about
ris work For qumstons 1-0, ood the answer (A,B, Cor D ich fs bea according a chat you her

41 What waa the students! na reaction tthe fod they were served?
A Thay ide Ike being the subject ofan experiment
8 They would rather nave aston traditions! British food.
© Thay were not sue whether it was good or bac
1D They ft that twas an adventure for thom,

2. Accoring to David, why do some students have fut in aconpting the restaurant syste’?
A They aro uncomfortable eating meats with acute.
1B They aro not used to having meats with others
© They dont ik talking about food
D. They have to walt oo lang too serve,

Wat main role do the staf play in the schoo restaurant?
A They check tha scents are ating thee mea
B They find out about the student’ home vas,
© Tray dea with student" complaints about he food.
D Thay lp students find out about a balanced diet.

4 Aecoring to David, where does mosto! the food sare in the restaurant come fom?
AL anywhere tht can provide fresh ngrecients
the school gounds
© allover tne were
D supotora close to the school
'5 In David's view, which of his previous obs prepared him best for his work a a school chef?
A teacher
B manager
© waiter
D cook
6. Win does Davi think tat his approach could be ciclo ntoduce In other schools?

A Students tnd tobe relatant to change.
Not al tuent soe healthy eating as important

8
© Other echoole don't cae heathy eating a a pro.
D Parents would be unwiling to accent

146. Word order and emphasis

OD) Listen to this speech made in honour of Mara Adams a music teacher. Which ofthe qualities
and characteristics in 1.1 does the speaker use to describe her

false,

HEN inten again and say wheter these sentence are true (Tor alse (Ff sente
sy wy.

1 Mya wat ln before she became conductor — T

2. Inthe Muse in eho projecc he coun ges children msi nsruments.
3 Musca ae no pad take pr in he Warn Scho pro.

2. Chile In cy shook nw have to ay or the music esons

Maria helps children go to other counties to play musi,
[EIEN DIE) These ideas are expressed in a ferent way by the speaker Listen again and write dawn
‘exactly what he sid
1. Weise mec in che mid-1990%

Li mas inthe mid -190's Ba we frst meh
2. She scesmaking musi aba fundamental par o child development.

3. Theway she calmly and carly argued her ase impressed us most.

A. 1 have rarely mec anyone with such pasion or their ef.
5 Thecounci hae tred eo make changes to the Music in School projet a number of times inorder to save money.

66 The council backed down only after Maria threatened 10 withdraw her support rom the project.

[EES wha iference do you notice between the sentences given and che ones you have writen in 1.

148

147. emphasis 21

Fronting
We an emphasise a particular part o a sentence by moving tothe front ofthe sentence changing e usual
sword order

She ces making musi aso fundamental part of a A development. + Making muse che ses 0
fundamental par fa child development. fronting o object)

‘She rested his Thi she rested. rotin of ect)

‘Moria had been wnting to me for some weeks — Far some weeks Maria had been writing to me (Ranting of
avail

Cleft sentences

Pes fs.

is among chen from poorer backgrounds tho the Musca Schals projec has had mast impo.
(emphasing among children from poorer background)

Wh imprsed us mest was the way she cal and clearly ergued her case. emphasising the wey she calmly
‘and leary argued er cose)

‘An hf has the structure + is + emphasise part «relative clause. The relative pronoun can be that
ahh who or no relative pronoun, When and where are used only in informal English

lt mas in the mid-1990 that we fst net. or informally. when we frst met

A sentence wth a whee usally hae the sucre ute + os emphased pare Sometimes we use
instead of what

What she was suggesting was thot members ofthe YCO would volunteer her services.

Ale ever wanted todo s se wos rowing up was play the violin. (= the only thing she ever wanted todo)

[Aer he what clause we usually use a singular form of be (5 or mos) However nformal plural form ar oF
ere) sometimes used before a pra noure

What she hopes to se ifare chidren who enjoy a wide range of musical seis

We can sometimes ut cf atthe end ofa sentence:

The wey she calmly and early argued her cose was what impressed us most

The Musi in Schools project's what came aut of our meeting

To emphasis action we can use a hf with what + subject + form of do 4 form of be + (0) + infinitive:
What she did was (to) convince us ofthe vale ofa musical eduction,

re

inversion of normal word order

In font ofthe committee sat Maria.
Seldom id she raise her oie

use in order to emphasise them. Ths kindof inversion i found mainly in formal speech and writing.

149

148. Inversion occurs after words and phrases with a negative meaning
«the negative adverb never (fee) rar, seldom: bare hardcore. hen/beore:.n sooner .than;
rowhere: nether, nor
Rarely have met anyone with such enthusiasm.
No sooner had Maria walked trough te door thon she started t ak about hr proposal
1 hadnt met Mana before, and nor had the other members ofthe committee
(See ao Unie 17,2. for more on hardy, no sooner and scarcely)
+ any + atime expresin (e. ft, later then) or prepesional phrase:
Only after Mana threatened to withdraw he supper id the coun back down. Ñ
+ the prepositional phrases ato time, on no account under in no circumstances n no way for no wey in
informal language)
“At no time has he ever accepted payment jor hr educational work
She argue that under no crcumstancs should children from poorer backgrounds be made to pay for
nuse lessons.

+ expressions with not not nf, not until not sine, not or one moment not once, ot a+ nouns
Net only has she persuaded YCO members to give up their time, but she has als encouraged visting
musicians to give re concerts in schoo

+ file witha negative mesg:

Lite did she realise when she st up the project

Inversion also oceus ater

+ ime sequence adverbs such ft, nes now, then wich be o came:
And then came an invitation & be a special ads othe government on muse education.

Ifehere isa coma () or an intonation break in speech after the adverb, normal word orders used
‘Then an nacion come rom the government (RO Hhem-camean mt)
+ so + adjective. ht, emphasising the adjective:
‘So suecesful has Muse In Schools been hat thse involved in music education oround the world have vied
‘he iy ose the project inaction
+ such + be. that, émphassing the extent or degree of something:
‘Such war her understanding of music education that the goverment wanted draw an her expertise.
lr understanding of music education wae such tat.)

it would bes inlet

Inversion in conditional sentences

Informal o Iteary Engh, se cn use elses begining were, should and had with inversion of subject and
verb nstend ofa hypothetical conditional:

Were she ever to leave te orchestra … (= shee. or she were oleate.)

Were he here tonight... (=the waslwere here tonight.)

‘Should you need any mor information about Muse in Schoo. (= you need.)

Had Moria not been around... (= fshe had nox been around.)

In negative clauses with inversion, we dont use contracted forms:

Had Maria not et up the Mus in Schal project. (not Had aise

150

149. orient andemstass 2 1

Grammar exercises

JE rite sew sentence with a similar meaning tothe original. Emphasie the information undertined
Using an it-left ora wh-<lef at che beginning of the sentence. Sometimes both ae posible,

3. Iwan you ofl the ati whe put on this collar
2. She announced she was ging to joi heat force a her ih bithlay par
3 A Sohow did you ge the cr ou ofthe mud?
Be Washed farmer to pull us our th his actor
Ar What do you think’ wrong wich the a?
8: Thebatery could be fat.
5 This huge bunch of flowers arived for me his morning. don't know ho sent hem.

6. Myyparenes must have given We my telephone number
7 Therevearch shows link between sl intake and rates of heart disease

8 Hisnerwauslaugh made me think he was ing.

1 What I want ya do do is hol the cab ty wise À put on this. collar

Match the sentence halves, Write new sentences with asimilar meaning starting Should...
Had. or Were

4. Hftaes were to be increased further, there would be a huge pul

5. the doctors had operated sooner we would nox have begun the climb

ere president, iewillbe repayed next week

7. your ight is canceled, they would have noticed the expresion
8 Itheavy snow had been forecast, tpanlesn ber ce

‘hI would introduce three day weckends.
Arc Shvuld you require further details, please contact our publication information office.
a =
is = =
6 = =
8

151

150. AA

‘Complete the sen

41 though the insurance policy would pay my hospital fees A no time mas 1 tld. / was | informed.
that ie did no cover sng njunes.

ses with appropriate words. Use three words only in each sentence,

2 Seldom piano playing ofsuch maturity rom someone so young Im very
impressedindeed

3 Hefelesomeonebump against him onthe crowded bus but only cer. thats
wallet had been stolen,

4 found the old bracelet while as walking along the besch Lite shen tact
had made one ofthe most Important archaeological discoveries of recent years

5, Norsince Php and Gary Nevis played in 2004 ‘wo brothers inthe
England football team,

6. Lasked her to describe er atacker but only afer several minutes me
Nosoome > imo bedthan his flatmate started playing his drums

8 The Adanticcrosing rook eight days. was in sabes company on several occasions, but nora word
to me until near the end of the journey,

{EE Rewrite the underlined parts ofthe conversation, emphasising the word(s) in italic. In each case use
fronting, a lee sentence or inversion,

hear you and Anna dit have great holiday on hc island
No, noc really although (1) we hd land lot (2) The hotel was the real problem

‘why? whe was wrong with ie

Our room was jus afl The shower only had cold water and he air condttoning die work,
Didnt you complaint

(Oh yes Anna was pretty annoyed and went down to reception to complin But they told her she

asus being fuss nd (3) she go ely furious about that She insted on sein the manager and
demanded that something shoud be done.

Ae And wait

1: Well wc had a steady seam of workers coming no the room afer that. ($) Am elericn came first
and then the net day. plumber Bu neither of de problems ot fixed. (5) took them thre days to
decide thar we needed another room.

sora

A: You mus have been fed up with the hotel by hat time,

think (6) the nice of te ta annoyed me most = they realy just dd care. (7) Lts gue
een such Cota lack of interest from people who are supposed o be providing a service (8) Noone
apologised once the whole time we were there

ie island we teed a It

1
2
3
4

152

151. ¡Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 4

For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence otha I ha a similar mearing o ho fst sentence,

Using the werd given, Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six wor, including

the word given. Her ls an example (0)

dat 41

(© He aay cali his house hia ‘cast’
REFERS

He chuays refers to his house ass ‘cast’

4 She was prova of her work, ad she was also wll respected by her colleagues
TAKE

Not only her wor, she vas also weil reepected by her colsagues.

2. Shohated pucllity so much that she never gave any ini to the media,

HER
Such — of publicity, that she never gave anyIntrvions to ho media.

3 Daring her ness, she realised thal the only cholo she had was to take say rethement
ALTERNATIVE

During her ins, she realised that th 10 take warty retirement,

4 nad on juet complained about the now timetable when twas changed

MADE
Nossoonee about the new timetabe than it was changed.

5 Fmawe she would do an excelent ob i she ever became head of department
WERE
Fm gure she would do an exe job head of department

6 It's dstinety possible that vil got promoted in the near futuro

or
Ter isa promoted in the near future.

152. Nominalisation

| Context listenin:

(ERED You are going to listen toa radio news report Lok a the photos What da you think ho report,
isabourt

[EID 1339) Uren and check whether you were right. As ou listen, number these events inthe order
the reporter mentions chem.

a. Two power stations were built close o Lake Taal,
bo People were evacuated from round Lake Tal
1 erupted and around a hundred people wer killed .

© The lvoe
a
+ The aa Emergency Strategy vas introduced.

‚ists found chat the temperature of La Taal was neesing,

LA stat ofhigh ler was declared
1. TheTaalvoleane erupted and over thousand people werekiled, 1
(338) Listen again. Complete each extract from the news report wich a noun inthe fist space and
à preposition in the second.
The__treakdenn in _ communication costa last hundred Ive.
2 Thereha been an __ the number of people living lose to the ae
sm he power stations would leave thousands of homes and businesses
without decido
4 There was ao a dramatic ‘he evel ofracongasin tha
5 Their concersincreased withthe thousands of dend fh.
5 Twodaysago che around 30000 people began.

IN write new sentences with similar meanings to those in 13. In each ease use a verb related ro
he moun in the first space

1 Communication bote down and dis cost ab least a hundred. Lives.

153. sms 22
|| Grammar |

Nominalisation

‘othe late has iereased
‘The danger ofthe situation made it necessary 10 bring in the army o oversee operation. The stuaton was
o dangerous thc it was necessary tn ring the army to oversee operations

We can sometimes use noun or noun phrase for an de sally expressed bya verb or acte This
process refered to as nomination. Is especially common informal tyes of writing

Anadverb moeityinga ver changes to an adjective in a nominale forme

Scents ned sudden rise in the temperature er lake or Siem noticed thatthe temperature ofthe ke

had ten suddenly

The main noun ina noun phrase often followed by onc or more prepositional phrases

The industrial development of the area ho eres the rarer of people ang ner the ake.

‘There was ako a dramatic rs inthe evel of radon gas in the sl.

Me use nomination fora number of reasons

+ wavoid mentioning the agen (the person or thing that performs the action); for example fe want co be
impersonal orto make the agent ss important. Compare:
To days og the authorities began to evacuate 32000 people (gent = the euthoris)
Tin days ag the evacuation of around 30000 people began (no agent mentioned)

+ expres eno clauses more coneich 25 one cau:
‘The building of wo power stations jus a fe llamtresauny as wrong enticed by environmental or
Two power stations were built jst a ew hlometrs away. Ths was strongly cited by environmental.

+ to giez diferen focus tothe sentence. Compare
The provision of temporary seer in à safe locaton forthe dispacd i he army top privy (New
important information s usualy placed a the end ofthe sentence or cause. The focus here ison the army
top pry)
Temporary sheer in a safe location fr those apace being provided and hii the army's top priori.
(No paula focus being provided and he army’ top prionty are both in new information position in
their cause)

Do, ive, have, make, take + noun

Vi can sometimes use a form with dolgvelhaveimaketake + noun instead ofa vers

The authors took immediate action or The authontes acted immediate,

The decision was made to evacuate the arc. rl was decided o evacuate the ore.

‘Often, the dojgverhovelmoetake + noun paterns ae ess formal than using ver alone
When my mother was il had o cook or he family. (more formal

1 had t doa he cooking ast wec because Mum mos away ss formal)

155

154. 22 vie 7

Grammar exercises

EHEN rewrite ehe sentences to remove the agent. Use a nominalised form of the underlined verb and make
any other changes needed,
The government rss the prisoners unexpectedly,
‘They organize the conference very profesional.
Spectators turned ou in huge numbers for he match
“Te amy withdrew the moops immediatly

“The banks ingrasad erst rates or the thie cen wo months.

‘They aes on extra funding or
They decid vo postpone the race a Ue st moment.
“The release of the prisoners was unexpected. / There was an unexpected release of prisoner,

1
3

A

5, Weneed to shake top management or che company to be sucessful again,
6

7 projet

8

Rewrite each sentence usinganominalise form a the beginning. Leave out the agent.
2. After scientists identified the HIV vrs in he mid 19805, here were enormous efforts o produce a vaccine
“The identuicaion of the HIV virus in Whe madl=37005 Led de / resulted in enarmans effrts Lo

seduce & vaccin o
2. Johan isobsesud ith cars and this started when he was quite young

3, The goverment has expanded the nuclear power programme, but th ha been crie by opposition
polticans

4. Thepetol companies have reduced the rie opero, whichis good news for deves

5 Thecouncil abolished parking charges inthe cy centre, and asa re
business.

‘shops have reported increased

6. Parent organisations are demanding heather food in schools and this resul rom growing concems about
chilchood obesity

7. The rain wll deparchalfan hour ste because of engine problems.

A ne college principal has been appointed and staff may eave asa consequence

156

155. sominanten 22

IE complet the extracts from newspaper articles using the informationin the box. In each sentence,
use nomialed form.

1 Detectives were last night questioning man about We diseprearance of a punter of valuaNe books
from the Nation Library over recent months

2 The teaching method we have developed acknowledges — and
sues children towards a herr understanding in cry controlled stages

3 The Heakh Sen

is hoping appoint 480 new nurses, Last night the Health Minter said
was ‘excellent with 2.000 application in o dys

Chinese remedies are rooted in 000 yeas tradition, bu growing Western interes in alternative
medicines has increased = Products conficated by
environmental officers included some using the seedpods ofa rare orchid

5, The ox pubic spending wl need tobe pad for and, wih borrowing ruled out chat can only mean
Duttingup taxes. Given this could undermine the
governments chances of being redacted

{6 Residentsofthe south cost are beginning to return othr homes ate the recent severe loading.
However. = means that some wil be ing temporary
accommodation for many months

[EXE make hese conversations mor informal where posible replacing the underlined parts with
appropriate do/gverhave/make/take + noun forms
1 A Have you (1 sad yet
B: Ive(2) saved onic. Bu there such ot 0 do, and you knowhow much Ihae it
‘As Wel fm ging outside r (3) wor
8: (4) Shout f you nee any help,
Ax No thanks. You jus concentrate on the washing up!
1 dove the washing-up 3
à 4 u
Ax ve (5) decided Im going o apply or job at Rags.
B: Good fr you.1(6) el yout real ge on there
x
a
Pa

she garden.

Tue 7) arrange ose thei head of personnel next Friday
And how sil you tel Try yout thinking o eving he company?

Wel ie von be easy but suppose just have o (8) breath desaly and (9) gain so him why
Ivan to 30

157

156. 22 sonirateión

2 A: Oi you (1) talk Natasha about the holiday?
Yes (11) called se night and we (12) his about i then

And how did she reer when you sad we werent ging wit
She just (13) gd nd said Thar okay Bu she was obviously upset
10 == À

n = = 5
& As Imeshausted. m going to (14) shower and (18) es before we (16) cook
B: Im prety red too. (17) loi at what in the freeze or maybe we could ea out?
wo 16
ÓN

38

157. Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 8

‘You are going to ead four reviews of popular scence books. Fer questions 1 - 10, choose from the reviews

(A-D). The eviews may be chosen mor than ance.

Which review mentions

‘recent technological development that has become important for many people?

an ait to thinkin general rm?

the unexpected elect o siento development?

scientist who began an area of ciento inveetgaton important today?

an author's view that some people ae Il o disagree with?

someone whose most influential work was done inthe ei part othe fe?

1 book aimed both at people who approve of technology and those who dent?
conte Investigations whee valve was oly ater understood?

an author who combines practical experience with an ab to it wall?

ask that people ar born with rather than learn?

158. A À Monk and Toe Pea: by Robin Mara Henig
“The work of au Augustinian monk fon Bene sd he
undacons of de science of genous Gregor Mes
‘wae horn in whats now the Caca Republic in 1822
ad entered he monary atte age of ints

expect wits pes plant grows inthe monastery
vale and ed these for nen yee Over
the period, by cri pes plats which ad clear
diferencatioms in height, colour, ec and by cell
Tonga the ren, Mendel wa able o formulate be
test principles Behind herding Mendel work was
aly pubis in ohare urna he wa eventually
Ted aay fiom science by aime duces atthe
ruso and vas only om yrs fer ht death
thatthe sgficance of hit work was appreciated
Mendel Be was à que. one but «very izipor
ne an he riens ofthe

ue Dar el he or very wl, explaining
“let Mendel’ experiments and ding ou their

B The Maths Gow by Keith Devin
For those who are mateamtially challenged it an

rive notion that everybody poses alent
‘lene for math and ha tut a queso of fading
the igh key 10 ane it. Dev, dee the ee of
his book: mot sagging that her a ene fr
that bat be Homan Genome proper might sde
tote is sy tat we ha & natural abil to do
sata Ba ext in everybody and there are sou
‘canary renom wy this the cae The ability
to de mi, leary mens an ab w handle abrace
‘dese ad re om and this provides advances in
er rs. Ae man ngage emerged,10
tho id à new capsiy for ration and tis formed
{he Gouadations où which auchemancl though hae

‘bul Some sedes sight ind Devlin’ a
‘luton orgue debatable but his ideas
‘Shout the razo of our mathemacal power and his
prcrcal eiggetons about how fo improve thor ae
Constant som

CH Thing ite Back by ward Ter
Stile "Technology and the Revenge of Uni
Consuenee Tenner book san entering look
tad way in which advance sien an
nology sa so eco gas, What vr ga
‘om the runabout we one on he sings Antibes
promis ele rom che pai of majo dieses
And end up encouraging microonanizas po develop
resence ro them Wideirend wie of a condi
‘eosin an incre in the temperature doom,
Shs eequcng further cooling systems An

ral an incrs in more vient pay and injures
ac re Tenner mounts up dhe evidence in 2 book
desgned to appl to techrophl ad tecnoplobe
Ale, And remember, he dre at Chernobyl vas
trigger during stoy ts. mie ke das

ID A Brief Hoy of the Fee by John Newghron
So rapid ht the Internet besote au ingl par
‘of many people ies ha ies cy to forge at
tly a ew eae ago i was non to he general
public if aa à playpround fr nerdy academis
And that iis ae ofthe mor toni of al mans
Sueno Joti Naughton, fellow of Churchill
Colega, Cambridge and regalas jouenalis on The
Obere and other newspapers, hu bee on the et
for many years intl and she ideal per
à history of what he elle hit ore of unimaginable
sg with tve le -known torio at
950s, Naughton maces che ory through
res Lee who reale their
em imo what the tue say old Werten
rh e sil one might expos ous «Line oran
and informed withthe knowledge fan engineering
profesor, mong the fist humor ol he net but
kel to remain among the het for somo timo to

159. It and there

"iris planning on moving out af he family home and buying her own apartment. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of living in a town centre or on the edge ofa town?

1132) Listen to the conversation. Which of the advantages and disadvantages you thought of do
sand her parents mention?

(E33) Listen again. Do these statements refer to the town apartment (1) or the out-of-town
apartment In Caney (C)? (Ignore the letters a-m for now).

1 rébeen onthe market fra long ime. _T
2, Mes obvous why they ve been having problems sling it.
3. are shocked mero see how bad it was,

es about 15 kiometes from sere int the conte

5, "There's bound tobe a regular bus service from here.
s

7

8

There hat lovely ce river that runs nearby.
The rooms in are quite dark and that made fl cramped.
‘there is expected co be a afintres inthe property
XX took again at the sentences in 1.3. Some of the examples of it and there (a-m) refer back toa thing or
place that has been previously mentioned. Which ones are they? What do they refer back to?
= th the ton apartment s

6
a

161

160. 23 sante
|| Grammar |

Introductory tas subject

Mother suck me ho e Cane apart mp ui nay wih tht buy ond eat +

liz ut sn su aor cation (a res back o Ur un phrase Cnly oponer)

Al posse ito go back and lok a the Carley apartment again Ct retrorwar o gong Et and
loción ab Caney parent an)

es goto be hod to hose ben thor (roduc tas gammaticl sube)

igi own would mato much coer a eto wor (inwoducon tas gamma objet)

Introductory ita grammar ca subject is commonly used
+. totak about weather tmo distance and to deserbe situations:
Iekramıngagein. Mh fue llo. 15 quiet in his part of own,
lt about 15 Alometre fom the Carley apartment int the centre
1+ asanaltomativo to hat wh ing orto nine clause a the subject ofthe sentence
A pty that he tum apartment so smell rather than That he town apartment o «mal à pity.
Its obvious why hey been having problems lig. rather than Why they've been having problems ling it
‘obvious
A certainly an advantage being able o wall to work, rather than Beng abet walk to work is certainly an
edge
realy shocked mew se how bad it was. rather than To se how bod it was realy shocked me.
Irie more sual eo use ntraductry tin these contents, alebough in formal language the ternative wth thot,
i ing to nie cause a subject ie often use,
In writing we dort usually use introductory tas an alternative toa noun as subject
The town apartment more expensive (not Jean pene ow anamment)
However is quie common in informal speech in orde to clay whats beng talked about
Hd be goad o live near work, butts more expensive, the tou apartment
We often follow inroduetory it with be + adjective nou, but other pattems ae possible
+ it verb = to infinie clase le might help to run though the pros and cons.
© ir verb + object» tonfiiiv aus: shocked me to see how bod it was.
Sit verb 2 that-laute Ie appears tha they min trouble cling the aparement
+ it verb + objec + tha use truck me that he Caney apartment might be quite noi:
informal contexts a common way of reporting what said by an unspecified group of people sto useit +
pate verb that or i+ pas verb cause
eis said that he cost of accommodation in the town centre wil a. o ls formally They soy that the cost of
accommodation in the town centres going to go up.
He explained how dit to prever flooding in he ore. ores forma Tey explained how ail
do prevent flooding in the arse

Introductory it as object
Wie can weit asthe object ofa verb ina number of pattems
verb oi thai boca

nol ke ef haat get up ot ak

‘cou beine I when he aga said he decoration wes in good condon

162

161. F bo 23

+ would appreciate +t + use
Y would appreciate it you could send me farther details ofthe aparment
+ verb + (e) + arca
Me just ot to accept that neither ofthe apartments is perfect. or informally Viv just or to accept tha
aire apartments is perfect.
verb fe aji + thot thin clause
The camer didnt make it dear whether hey were included in the pie.
think ie hihi unlikely. (informa hin i ighly unlikely that te slr wi reduce the pric. (forma)
+ leavejoue +t «to somebody + ton
{ink we should leave ito the estate agent 0 talk to the aumer about wheter curtains are included
verbe as + adjective + that [eb lause
seit as estental hat there shouldbe somero to pork

BA There

‘Theres a bus stop jst outside Ue apartment block

There are os of apartments being bun the y centre

There + bes used to introduce new information, saying that person or thing ext, happens or found in
particular place

Because we use there introduce topic, the noun ater thre + be often has an indefinite meaning so we often
vs aan no article, anyone) + noun or sme hing), nobody
There a carpark behind the Canle apartment book (not There the carpark.)
There’ something about parking in the information the estate agent gave us
to sa or asf people or things stor ae found ina pariuar place
Theres nowhere o park. (not li newhereto pore)
Was there adishwashe in he ther? (not Wis oihwasherinthedicheni)
+ winoduce information about quais and amounts:
Theresa big grs area atthe back ofthe block. There wasnt much space in he bathroom,

There = be often followed by
noun + the Jah ing/toinfntve cause
Theresa chance (hat) he might include crpets and curtains.
‘There or plans t build new oparımants no fr rom the one we locked a.
+ boundicenain(urikey/supposedsure + 0 be
‘There bound to be regular bus sense fom thee
Theo on followed by av, was or were However, alo common ae:
there + ausiary/modal verb + be
‘There must be someon we know who would redecorate
there seemlappear + tobe
There seem tobe good and bad aspects of each apartment
+ there + passive reporting verb «tobe
There s expected tobe loo interest e proper
‘Other reporting verbs commonly used inthis pattern are estimate, ind, rekon, report say, ini
+ verb there + tobe
lol expect thereto be mony people interested in buying the apartment or woul expect many
People abe terested

163

162. ii à

¡fte own after ares singular or uncountable he verbs singular the noun plural the webs usually
plural (though there often used in informal speech):

‘Theres a supermorke within woking dance

There re sa many rings think about or informally There’ so many things.

¡fa noun phrase after tere consis of two or more nouns in alist, we use a singular ver ifthe fst noun is
singular or uncountable and plural ver ifthe ret noun e plas:

There wes just bed. a sal wardrobe and some bookshess

‘There were us some bookshelves a bad and a smal wardrobe. or informally There was just some bookshelves

‘Common expressions with its no and there's no

Common expressions with it no inludei no secre thats no surprise that no ua/god= ng i no
corcidenc lcciden ha, longer cesary ots no bad hing o, no doubt rue that, o doube the
ne ho, no exoggraion say that.

les no wonder they e been how problems seling the apartment

‘Common expressions with theres no include there no doube that ther no chanee/dem ing that. there no
(eeelatematve but to, teres no chance hope 0f + ing bres mo need to, there no point in + ing theres. no
‘question of + ing, here’ no reason to, her na harm in ing

Theres no hury to decide.

Grammar exercises

Reuritethe underlined parts ofthe sentences where possible beginning with there

4 Sometichets ares forthe concert. Do you want go? Trere are some ticket left —
2. thought heard voce. ut when opened the door nobody was in e om,

3 Omarshavinga party hie weekend even though his ida se until net month

4 You ean find lots of bookshope in town nfs. one opposite he allay ston,

(Only en places are avaiable on the course, s you ned o apply soon.

en | opened the ride | found that nor
bands wer salgas walked into the exam om,
Something was onthe radi this moming abou wing wees in cooking

ef, —

LEZ de misingitr are oeste nan appropiate ace a br

1 When che eather (a) = is dy (6) tis estimated (e) = that 50000 people cycle to work

inthean;

2. Fraserhas sad (a) he wl etic rom football (b) is thought o be no chance of ane
injury healing (in he foreseeable cur,

3 1s(a)___asimming poolin the hotel (6) wire staying (0) ar

4 males (4)__woried (6)_me see (e)_Mialoakings thin.

164

163. tante 23

5 Although (a) 10ok(b) _hours of practice, eventually managed (6) to pay tune
on the fue

5 Mos peopled left (a)__the party and decided (6) carlo) wa me went
home oo.

7 Scientists say that (a) (b) very le evidence that () mobile phone ute
damage health

8 Howard) from) Paire erin?

Complete he sentences using an expression with 5 no or there’ no and one ofthe words from the
box Add any other words necessary.

1 Az The opinion pols don look good for President Broom, do they?
18: Well he raised income ax thee timesin the last year and over a millon people are unemployed.
les vo wonder hessounpopular.
2 A: Ion warmed Rashid about the bad weather
» blaming yoursel for the accident He knew it was stupid to go walking in the is
when there wae rik of heavy snow.

3A: Apparent, Lys ooking or anew ob,

= hat she thinking of leaving She ben eng everyone about the job es
applied for

4A: Doyou think your ser would lend usher ca?

wet — aking her She can only ay "no.

5 A: eran we might just get the 2.00 ain,
B: No, catching t now Lets havea coffee and wat or the 930,

6 A: FmrealysormyImised the meeting
e to apologise. We didnt discuss anything articula important.

Vie used o spend hours paying in the river when we were children.

uit s0 pllted now hat possible to swim init safely
‘A: Come on well beac. The fm sears a 7.30) doesnt?

me “There always os of avers on before the main fm sar

EXC Complete the conversations by reordering the words in brackets. if necessary, add itor there

3A: Why di you move out ofthe fae?

B: My farmates were constantly shouting at eachother. and|_hale when ae argue allihe
time (argue = ate = people = wher)

2A: Doyou think youve go chance of ering he ob?
8: Not eal but Putin an application. des (does — hurt ~ to)

165

164. als tando

ee

ee

10 x
&

166

Helo, Ive got an appointment with Dan Jackman What room shin?
Em som but the name of an Jackman here (by s= nobody)

id you find your car keys evencualy?

vos Ile them ac home (ou - that - tured)
Do you think the concer vil bea sell-out?
Noi many peopl there at al (be dat expect 10)

Sos aclaseroorm autant, what do you do exact?

ve. — 10 help th weaker pupls keep up withthe es ofthe cass

(os = my = roe —

As il ou be abe to email me from the hotel?

Yes

in every room (inert = think =)
(Oh great, lemon sorbet My favourite

' youlkedit. (remember -saying that = you)

The forecast says it's going tobe much cooler tomorrow. Not very good for our walk

Actual, ith chil don ike hot weather. (1- = peer

lim not ely looking forward to going othe dent tomorrow.
Youll eine. wore about it. (rason = et = to = no)

165. tee 23

Exam practice =

Reading and Use of English Part 4

For questions 4 6, complete the second sentenco o that has a mar meaning to tho fst eonterce,
sing the word quen, Do not change the word given. Yo must use between three and ix worcs, clung
‘the word given, Her s an example (0),

(© People thnk at there are fewer than 4,000 gore surviving inthe lin India.
THOUGHT

Tore are thug. to be

io than 4,000 ers surviving in the win Inia

4 no secret tat John moved to a part-time job o that he could spend more tine playing gol.
ORDER

Its no secre that John moved toa part time ob able to spend more time
paying got

2. Althetickets have been sold, 90 tis impossibe to rearange the concert tis stage.
QUESTION
Alto ickats have been sold, co

a concert at is saga,

13 had seen Mia for over 20 years, but nt find ficult recognise hr al the port
DIFFICULTY
"hadnt seen Mia for over 20 years but had erat the airport.

4 Akhough Clara and Mark have very diront personalities and interests they seem to ha
good relationship
ALONG
Although Clara and Mark have very diferent personales an interest, they sam to
‘anor very wei

5 Toy déni mention the subject of unpald holidays unt the
BRING

I othe Intern

Not uni the an of th interview — the subject of unpaid hove,
8 ve made my mind up, soit is usoless to discuss thi furor.
POINT
ve mado my mind up, 20 tis turer.

167

166. Complex prepositions and
prepositions after verbs

Complex prepositions; verb + preposition: common pattern:
phrasal verbs: word order

‘Osman is fying tomorrow afternoon to vst
his friend Sofa in the south of France. What do you
know about this pare of France?

E330) sen co their telephone conversation.
Which ofthese instructions best represents the
advice Sofa gives to Osman?

aka tx from the import to Montpele sation. ake the bus from Montpellier Perpignan. Tae aa
from Perpignan station to the hotel, En at Cafe Mathison Wednesday evening Bein the hotel Foyer a wo
‘lack on Thursday afternoon,

2. Take he bus fom the aporto Montpellier sation, Tae the cai from Montpelier to Perpignan, Walk
from Perpignan sation tothe hotel, Eta Le Metropole on Wednesday evening. Bea Cal Mathis at wo
dock on Thursday afternoon

3 Take a tai from the airport to Montplie station. Take the ain from Montpelier to Perpignan. Walk rom
Perpignan sation to che hotel Ea at Le Metropole on Wednesday evening Bein the he foyer so
‘tlockon Thursday afternoon,

44 Take a tai from the airport to Montplie station. Take the ain om Montpelier to Perpignan Take a ai
from Perpignan station co the hotel Eat a Café Mathis on Wednesday evening De in the hotel foyer at wo
clock on Thursday afternoon

10235) tiscen again and write the exact words from the recording. The number of words you should
‘write in each space is given in the square brackets,

3 lea sory but Ive messed up 15] our ars (2}for tomorow.
2 Sotwontbeableropick —. ____ i) tthe sirporesferslt
3 tye ound __{1]__13} from the SNCF website
4 You need o buy a ticker before you gee 0 a
5 so when you've checked - m (2) 1 sugest you pet a mal
6 More m [2] when pick you up on Thursday afternoon.
Relax on Thursday momingand walk {1} on
In which of the extracts can you reverse he order ofthe words In the first space and the words.

Inthe second space?
168

167. Complexprpetions and preponson ster vete 24+

Complex prepositions
Prpotionscan be eier spe one wor) or comple (oo more wor)
Fry ey sony be (mp

The bn ma ont yo fer se mai sur (comple

Caron eamples of compet repotiosincidein rio mis gis leg u ae om
Ir men fin change r rapie onthe art ofp of ore sak of sob way of
Some camplexprepaions tae a mann mir oa ml epson

[egies a man o pos Gaon)

Irs pp boc db qc alo in E)

Verb + preposition: common patterns
START POINT i
Dom forget bring your comer with you
nist on paying your ht! bil

‘After some vers a reposition is needed o Ink he vrb co what allows. the preposition followed by à
second verb, the verb must bean ing frm.

+ verb object + prepositional phrase
1 ed o reschedule the meeting for next week, butt’ just impossible
“verb + preposition + objet + preposition + objec:
Shecomplained tothe company about the unreliability of ther bus sevice

verb + preposition
Dont worry about getting os
+ verb + object + preposition = ing
advise you against catching the bus
‘+ verb + preposition + object» ing
You can depend on che train running on time

EI Phrasal verbs: word order

sas

ve Booked you into a te not a ram the station. Book no isa ranséve two-word phrasal ver. The |
object hereisyou and the article int. |

he your ering around lookout for Café Mathis 100k ou for ia ran, cece phrasal verb,
The object heres Café Maths and the paris are out andor.
Somethings come up at work Come up isan intransitive phrasal ver. There no object

Some phrata verb can be used transe or intranet with the same meaning
Feel fc o call me back eres anything hat ot ea bout tomorrow.
Call back later

169

168. ZA cogi portions a prepstion herve

(Others have different meanings when they are used transitively and inane
Ie looked up the oline timetabe (vanstive verb = ve found the information)

The weather scems t be looking up now (intransitive verb = improving)

ich most phrasal vrs, he object can go before or after the partie:

Fort au the il when! pick you upon Thursday morning o soe the bill ut when pick you upon
Thursday mom

Wich these verbs we tend to put the object after the patil ihe object song:

You might want to take down some ofthe information fm going to giv to ou rather than You might want Lo
tae some ofthe information Im going to gto you down,

and we always put the object before the pati the objects pronoun
wore be abl to ple you up at the part after al (not wi beablete pickup yw ah portae ll)
Ice object consists of two or mare items connected with an, can occur before or afer the parti even f
‘one or both a the es a pronour:

Wien tm next in London lok you and your wife up o... ok up you and your wife (ok up = go and
seche)

ch some phrasal verbs the object must g fur che partic):

When youve checked into the hotel, suggest you get a meal there (not When yu checked the hotline.)
‘With afew phrasal verbs the object must go between the verb and ch parte:

[Although she wos the youngest in Ue cas, she used 1 order the other children about (not... she used to oder
about be here}

Aw three word plrasal verbs have two objects, one after the verb and the other afer the paris

‘take you up on your offer o buy me a meal (verb = take up om objects = you and your afer)

| | Grammar exercises

JE complete the sentences using the notes in brackets Use an appropriate tense fr the verb. wo
‘word orders are posible give them both

Sam singsrealy wel He takes after ic aller (ale his father after)

(throw some of myo sec back frm school

2 I ecded ie was ümete
way).

3, Sofa got really angry during the meeting and eventually she (gather!
her papers up) and stormed out

at (bump Leo / ino) in town, She sid shel phone you aer
5 Veale fliehen apart. they ook im.
I done suppose ther any way we can (talk ou faving coge leu of.
there
7 Ourneighbours are so inconsiderate. La night they (uote
me and my husband up) at thre Geek in the morning playing loud muse

8 Thenei shop has loads of computers on show so thar you can (ey tem
ut) before buying

170

169. Compe preposions and reostins aer veto ZA

BEE complet the sentences using complexprepostion wich includes he word in brackets alowed
ba sentence eg fom the box Use eh commen compl presiona ln 2 nh rete ap os.

2, Theworkers got extra pid holiday in exchange for a cub in tur salaries. (xchange)
2 Theconcereatracted only 2000 people {oppesed)
3, chink haltheare chou be available ral people, gardes)
4 She’ asa lo of weigh recently. hante)
5 Myparents want co move somewhere our ofthe ety | (sake)
{5 lemaybe only asmal town, butt has an interesting natural history museum

a
7. Melos his temper wich me ast week, so he gave me a box of chocolates

(way)

8 The road willbe closed fr major repair (eft)

[EE] Complete these extracts from a radio news report by expanding the notes in brackets. Choose
appropriate forms fr the verbs and add prepositions and pronouns where necessary

1 Police have aopealed to nilnseces
fire which as led tothe closure ofthe main ess cons aline a Crewbury. A factory ne
was burned down yesterday, causing major damage to the track Ral passengers are curently being

nte use) he in.

2. Inthefrstinterview given by the Foreign Minister since newspapers reported hat he personally approved
legal arms sles, she (dss the reports completely untrue She went
‘no sa that the acusaron would noe rever do) her job, and that she
intended o continue in her post.

3 Ten youngster between the ages of 12 and 16 met the Prime Minister today ater they competed in th
World Youth at Challenge. The Prime Minister (ongraulte achive)
excellent esuks in the competition. He said that they (benef / take part)
the After School Mais Scheme set up by the goverment to encourage young peoples enthusiasm for
the subject.

4 The Agriculture Miniter Maram Hadad, (quae! European counterparts)
the sue offs conservation During discucion on she deine in th stocks, Me Haddad got ino a heated
argument which (end walk) out of te meeting

ion _(oppeal witnesses information) about the
heine

m

170. DA AP

EID complete this eter by writing a preposition in each space.

Dear Jod
Sorry [haven't ben (1) in touch 2) _ you for such long time, but t's been a busy few
months.

asie this year heart dat my re
users" house, ide really know
let mea crie along (6) some mone

sunt had died. Apart (3 seeing he a couple of times at my
So you cun imagine my surprise when I found (4) _ she'd
in he wil!

When I saw the cortago, ust eli love wit ¡5 close (6) à beautiful ile village, alt
Tooks out (Me sea My great-aunt used ita holiday home, and I've decided to do te same,
Unforunateiy Ws been bay looked (8) ove had o spend most weekends this year sorting
the place (9)

new itwas (10) need (41) _ somo work, nd at frst thought I could getaway
(02) giving ta quick coat of paint But 1 scon realise it was a much bigger jo. There were
hoes in the roof, andthe wind frames were so rote somo ofthe panes of glass were (13)
mg (14) falling out

Las walking around the village one Saturday, wondering what best 1 do, when who should run
(5) bot amey Adams Do yuu remember him rom school? As luck would have it, he now
‘works in the village a a builder and decorator We go talking, and he sud he'd come (16)_and
ook.) he house

Natural, took him up (18) _ his fer! He go really enthusiastic about it, He talked
(19) replacing al the windows, and he's pu in a new central eating system (20) place
(21 __ the old coal Fires, ve had to prevent him (22) extending he kitchen, which he was
een to-do! He's checked the roof (23) and fortunately that does: need replacing. Thanks

(24) —— Barney, he house is nove looking bilan, and (25) comparison (26) other
ailes, he doesn’t charge very much,
“The next project forme sto clean (27) _the messin the garden, a t's completely overgrown,

and

Af you want to come (28) sometime, feel fre Ya

very welcome.
Low,

ep (29) days be

Emily

ya

171. || Exam practice | SR lose DE

Listening Part 1

DEN) vou wit rear too diront extracts, For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A,B or ©) which fs
Dest according to what you hea. There are tuo questions foreach extrac.

‘You hear two fiends talking about doing team sports in the school thy want o.
1 Wien aspect of parepsting in tear sports do the trends cleagree about?
A that it kept thom ft
B that they made good tiers as malt
that competion in team sports fs postive

2 Inthe man opinion, team sport at his school
A. helped him to avi falle inner o
distracted him ftom his academic studie.
(© encourages him to do sports an aut

Extract Two

You hear two friends talking about racing,

3 What she woman doing curing the conversation?
A porsuacing the man to uso is reader
complaining about paperback boots
encouraging the man to road more

4 What reason does the man ve fr prefoing printed books to o-roaders?
A. They aro easier to road
B Troy display a persons interest.
©. Moy canto share with ends

Extract Treo

‘You hear two people talking about recetvng marketing texts on mobile phones.
5 Viny doesn't the man Ko marketing texts?

A Thoy ae rot intresting

B They ae not acte

© They are usualy unwanted,

5 How does the woman respond to the man's crclem of marketing texte?
AA. She says poople ar interested in receiving them,
18. Srasays she send Iham to pape ho have agreed to receive them.
© Shesaye it can be dificult to prevent companies breaking the ne

172. Prepositions after nouns
and adjectives

Context listeni:

(EIGN D you preter reading the news online orin a newspaper? Why?

(ERED (5D) Kate Pearce has se up an online newspaper called Happening. Recently she visite her old
school to alk co students about how she setup the paper Listen to the question and answer sesion and
number these stepsin the order Kate mentions them.

a contac advertisers

learn howto designs webie

sivemere about famous people

father feedbackon the website

ane the idea of newspaper for teenagers 1

EI ID) Listen again and write the exact words you hearin the spaces

1 also had the opportunity o do a course on website design and that fluenced. _ my deckion
2 Mel that there was abi an ont e

3 Butwedid money tie on

4 Wetookthe work ont for sx mont,

5 Ithink there always be a _—wadiional newspapers

6 And do many people

7. Inch early days we used ogee quite lo of urnewe coverage

Young people very high standards nowadays,

10 Young people may be able have an government police
Underline the nouns you have written in 13, and find the related verb or adjective. Which nouns
used the same preposition as he related verb or adjective?
1. influerced (vert = no preposition) + 10 unfuence on

7

173. ‘wos ificle to generate business at fst.

ER

Noun + preposition: related verbs and adjectives
Many uns ae folie bythe same prepositions as teirrelted verb o adjective:

We ued to et quite alot 0 complains about our news coverage. or People wed to complain aot about our
ews coverage

wanted o increase young people awareness of cumen fair or | wanted to make young people more aware of
cuentas.

‘few are Flle by cierne prepositions rom their related adjective

We eke pride inthe desig of eur website. We are proud of the design our webs

Some take a preposition where her related verb doesn:

"Youre people maybe able ta have an influence an govemment policies or Young people may be abe to influence
goverment poles.

Noun + preposition + ing or noun + preposition + noun
Most noun + prepsition combinations can be followed either by an ing form or a ours

There have ben protests about locating a new nuclear power sation onthe eat cast. here have been
protests about the location a new nuccar power ain on th as cons

Some noun + prepesition combinations are more often followed by a noun than an ing form:

et here was a demand forthe publication ofan oia newspaper rather han it there wos a demand for
‘publishing an ovine newspaper.

[BEI Noun + of + finitive
Some nours cn be followed by ether e ing ra infinitive wi ie ifrence in caning

“The idea of eting up some Kind fneunpape for you people came fam that time or The Meat setup
{had the opportunity todo course on web design oF had te opportunity of doing a cause on website
design

Some ours have more than one meaning and are followed by her + ing or winnie depending on
Vich meaning suse

Young people ge the chance o contribute in varios ways. (chance = opportunity)

The banks thought there wos lite chance of making ito comme succes (chance = Hethood)

Some nouns an be flit by af ang but nora nie

The fly of persuading te banks o lend us money meant that we had to boro mane from ou parents
(vot Telit to persuade the ans.)

Some nouns canbe followed bya t-nfinitve, bu no af ing

‘We ook he decision o work on it for sic months not We wok don of working omit.)

igor noun + to-i

175

174. 25 positon ter nouns nd aies

[BI Noun + in or noun + of

Vie use ineraseldereseräefal + in when we tak about what is increasing or decreasing and crete!
creatine + oft tlk about the amount ofan inreate or eres:

‘The recent increase in hits onthe website means that we can charge mor for adan space (not Fherecent-
mére ofits.)

Weve had an increase of about 50% … (not Wave hacen nereseim about 50%

‘Ocher nouns Ike hisindude: cut cine, own, drop an, growth jump ep.

IX Adjective + preposition: expressing feelings 4
‘Many dj ich fro ings or opinion ae followed by paula pes

Young people sem para very enn about the vie

Thy wer very wary of adri onthe se

DS Adie
Some adjectives are followed by diferen propositions, depending on meaning

‘new they were concerned about wht was gong on (concerned about = wottied about)
Weave a reviews tection which i concerned with fms CDs... concemed with = todo wth)

A Grammar exercises

EX complete each sentence with an appropriate preposition.

+ preposition: different meanings

1 IVebeenafrld_ ef che dark ever since was young

2. Get Flo de the decorating He particulary good wallpapering

3 We oughtto ge our website redesigned. think would be good Business

4 twas real furious Steve for tuning up ote

5 Local people are furious the decision to build à power station

16 Theteacher kept the whole clas in after school which og was unfair ose ofus
wi had been behaving bac.

7 Iron. the coffe on the carpe. ide notice your cup there

8 Heel relly sory Ara She lost all her work when her computer crashed

Rewrite the underlined part of each sentence using a noun related to the shaded verb or adjective.

[A the meeting we discuss the pros and cons of private education. had. a discussion aout / on

She admitted that the salary increase fused her decision to take the newjob.
Alex has done very wel at university and we are proud fis achievement.

Although don't sree with his political belies, cal aire his wring

The flooding seriously damaged many of the houses in the vilage

ose the problem of severe rfi congestion, drivers rer be charged £10 day or bringing the ats
into the cy conve i

176

175. reso ater our seves 25

Choose the correct option. In some sentences both are correct.

1, Researchers have developed a treatment hat hey claim can significantly reduce the Helio af getting /
to get sin concer

2 After hisheare attack, Tom ha the sense of cating! cut down on the amount of fat foods he ae.

3. The government has withdrawn its opposition towing / he use of priva hospitals inthe National Health

4 Hasthere bee

increase or decrease in sting the number fies tothe National Park over he ast

eas Nur who had the ides aforganiting/too7gunisea fashion show to ase money.
Have you ever regrette your dein of moving to move o Sweden?

“There seem tobe tw mai factors behind sing the desur ofthe car factory

“The focus o the conferences on protecting / he protection of endangered species in the rainforest of
cena fie

9 The pars how no sign ofrecovring J recovery rom its lection defeat las year.
10 As ene as writing, | noticed she had avery strange way of hong / o hold her pen.

EX choose the correct prepositions.

AA conversation beiwnen wo employees ofthe some company, Timstep.
AL eye (1) y it for my jb. Ive been doing the same hingat Ti
‘ied (2) fin! tthe same old routine

18: Ba thought you were keen (3) fr af on your jo. Youve alas seemed so enthusiastic (4) with /
about forte

IA: Wel sed tobe very impresa (5) 10 Jo bythe manager. But now they e any inerestd (6) no /
weh making money and they sem indferent (in o] y how the sa fee There are rumours hat business
ie going well so lat of people are woried (8) by aba in her obs In fact. one ofche senior managers
Heat week. He obviously wast safe (9) mt for in the way the company being run. Maybe és ime
started looking around for something new, 00

ap for ten years and

8 Par ofa speech made by a senior manager of Tinstep to employees

“Tk that some of you have expressed anxiety (1) about / wih in Mr Mason's sun departure
@) for! by from the company Ist week. was very disappointed (3) or / with on his decision

to resign. Emus admi that the last few months have boon dificult and at mes we've been very
camcemed ounclves (9) by in / about he future ofthe company: However, we have now developed
‘an association (5) for with of im of reales in Southeast Asi, and we're extremely pleased
(6) with for! in this development, We id at fist have a dinagreement (7) for by / ner safety
Standards, bul this has been resolved and they have now indicated ther satisfaction (8) for? to with
the design changes we've made. We hope 1 sgn a major contact with them inthe

Toall of you 1 want to express my grade (9) wi or hy your bait (10) in with about he
company und your continuing support (11) in /for/ y the management tam.

176. Reading and Use of English Part 1

For questions 1-0, reac tha text below and dec which answer (A, B, Cor ) best te each gap. The le
an example atthe begining (D.

‘Seasonal affective disorder
Seasonal sfective disorder or SAD, is a 1yp0 of depression tat flows the season, with most SAD suterare
(OC symptoms during winter montas. Symptome include stur slosp and dificuty staying awake
‘during the day. For many, SAD I a (1) condition which causes (2) discomfort, but no severe
‘suffering, This form of SAD ls refered o s ‘winter blues. For otors, however, isa serous loss which
gr rom Inga normale,

‘SAD is a response to the (4) f dag hours an lack o sunigh in winter tis many found
(6) poopie ving in high attudes. However, itis rae within 30 degrees ofthe Equator, where

daylight hours ar long and constar The relationship between reduced dayight and SAD not (6)
understood. is thought that affects the brains production of serotonin and malatorin, but precisely why

depression is tiggered by a fall (7)__the production those hormones is unknown. The most common

roster 8) SAD eight era in wich eter ar pool a vey bgt ght for upto four
ewer ay.

© À como 8 addessing COLE D Indra
1 à ma B vu © oie D sight

2 Ate 8 tome ca Doo

3 Am 8 Pont Coma D wohl
4A wm Bahn O ide D shotonng
sam 8 on Game D beten
Dr ny Ca Demas,
7A tom en on Dot
sam B tor cs Dey

177. | [Urban growth

M EEE Think of city you know well
Which ofthe phate do ou socie
vehi a

rundown etes
affluent suburbs
M teeped in history
seriously polluted
dense populated
Fendi and welcoming.

IA Choose the bese words complete the ext.

Urban pra isthe unchecked spreading fa y or is
esidencs, often involves the
ideal or commercial buildings in
herwise undeveloped
urhoods of acity. Typical

lo
(8) residents commuters ol oso areas live in single fi
by carto their

on the 8) aussi /neig

iphbourhoods to
sprawl i sometimes associated sith increase air
Cr from car exhaust fumes

Find words in the text which match these definitions.
lated to tom and cs

related o trade or busines

par ofa place

resis built on

5

people who ein pl -

178. Dom y

WORD BUILDING) Complete ch able with words which have related meanings.

[Roun verb Adjective
emotion =)

‘place active)
(company, person) developed

resident (person)

(Gerson activist)

polation (problem)
(substance)

Complete the compound nouns in se sentences with words from the ox

1. ThebifelToweris one ofthe most popular ours. Inthe word
2 Ourenundiisdeingeverychngitcan to combat
congestion inlucing charging divers everytime they div nc

3 The underground isan integral part ofthe public
system in many lege cis

4. Since the town centre became talc ee destin

shopping as been a more pleasant experience

5 East from cars buses and lores re the main
cause ofa in is

5 Therearefrequene afi during the momingand
evening hours in many towns and cies

EXE Complete the following sentences using the wordsin bold and à
y

suf from the Vocabulary note.
1 Our neighbourhood doesn have any crime es
neghbourhood, In everyday speech and wring we
2 There zone around the school where cars cannot go. Iba use pepe asthe plural form of
zone perso There wore alt of people on

3. Thecouneili planning make the cy centre suitable for yes ts | Visto, but ony ane person go on
goingtobes cm eae EN
e lara form persons sa
4 eed aconmodaion wath Alo pd edie
Senna formal context: Ihe crimes
5. Theyoung people around here ae al obsessed with their cars Theyre all | commited by person o persons
. unknown

6 Many of my colleagues are obsessive about their work. They're all —_——— —

180

179. f cus 26

EAU LD) ten wo people taking abou ing a cy. Complete these sentences with words used

bythe speakers.
3 ustlove athe and bustle

2 Inmyworkand my if come in regular. ith people from all over the word
3 Youjust ake for granted the increible of enertainment on of

a Theoni downside isthe fiin

5, Her parents own a fat inthe of London

6 Ie was really convenient, jus being able to on abusor take the

7 Crime ae ge inci han arcas

(REI vivas do you think are the advantages and disadvantages o iy fet Make two ists, Use expressions
{om 2.1 and add your own ideas

ADVANTAGES | concerint pubic transport,

DISADVANTAGES | crime,

Match the two-part expressions in italics wich their definition.

[EXA WORD TRANSFORMATION Complete the text with the correct forms ofthe words In capitals at
he ends ofthe ines

The (0) —explesise — growth nthe number of closed-<ircuitteleviion | EXPLODE
(CCTV) sureilace system in recent years ansforming city centres in
some countries For some people, the camera ave (1) PSYCHOLOGY

benef as they take comfort in the (2) ‘hae they are BELIEVE
being watched and protected In some neighbourhoods, there ae eve

socily(3) CCTV systems which allo local INCLUDE
0 ___—_touneinto community TV and watch what is RESIDE
happening ourde tner front door. People know the cameras can be

re] in solving rimes but are they right believe He

that cameras are keeping them safer? According to ane cime expert
they ate not. He conducteda study of 14 CCTV systems and found |

that in general he (6) ofeameras has INSTALL
a lie impact on crime. In only one ofthe 14arcas SURPRISE
coulda) drop in erie levels be inked ro CCTY. SIGNIFY

1

ai

180. Exam practice

You ave going to read a magazine arce. Fer questions

12 cronos the answer AB, e D) wich youth | Metaresfen questions which late
In Da scorn oo * tothe main de he text e els
jeans about tat. In thls race
Be nenn js cote alae
Rome: ancient lif In a modern city

Sigmund Freud once compared the human mind tthe ety of Rome, He walking bot ie nin Iyer
Fst the mind lus à build-up of emocion, Rome has tory that goss desper and deeper every modi
‘hat you find he medial bung, and chen ancient Rome
ho hive id tat = jus a wih the mind — a you go deeper into de iy you Lind the
e olores well athe clean, splendidly proper prs,

Vulding on op os renaiance oe, and und
ich, Fred ig
nes pars i

‘Ancient Rome wat hs 0 amon peopl and wos, in is me, he bigges iy in Europe. Mos ofthat milion,
om he dockworksrt to the sien, de lv ın spi marble il Ihey were packed nt rower block
at lios marron srs, with hay any publ service Le must been cough pla

So were cas you sil find sgn of these ordinary lg Rowan’? Amazingly the answer al ovr the cy
You only need to kuow where o Took, and keep your eyes open, My fvourte enant of ondizary acen
Rana ei stl sing in the heat of coi Rome Ie prt of tomer block, al aurviig to Live storey i
à modern square ~ jer ndemmes the Vier mane! monunsent Mos: of tev Mock ave falla dows, bat
‘hic one wa y and beca tune ito hoch

Jos cay 0 work out he base organic ofthe block At ect evel here re opa and workshop. The
nel wa, he higher you ven, he wore it gut. On the it Boor you can we sore space family ao
nd ave tha, bests Te question how many people were squab int there rooms? If hey wer for one
1 person, en thi vas very "tight ivi". Det i they wee single eons without balhroom or cooking facies,

feigned for whol ames they must have been lly reia codons,

And in ariont Rome - at hi particle highs Hock reminds wt = rich and poor ied and worked side by
‘ade There werent many zone ven over excel ether tothe ich or he poor In er, yo look ha
‘enough, you can nó tac of ordinary people imide the mote nanos and ceremonia lg ofthe y

A vtt the acens Roman Foru cas bea dsappoinonent This was once the cese of Roma publi i
Ihre the senate me, T mov à ater your tof aio, wäh jus a few sanding ado: oplendid
«ciumpbal arche and the tre vr colimas ofthe Temple of Cason The Foru becomes amore mece
on alto ook den or the evidence ofthe antinory men and women who dated tis space wi the ee ad
fhe good = and who had their un tng to de chem, rm bi of gaming to basic entry.

using slong is sou sido are the now decidedly unimpre
Joa, home of one of Rome’ av cours, plas some govemme
sual de steps lag up (0A batier now prevents «han fom walking is
stes, and you vil se de lea tac cu into the son of cor af
the exact roles of the games, but never ei. clear hat
rs go back 2000 ear and you wou cd de place liter with me wid ie
guien of backgammon,

rin of what was once the plndid sica
offices. Not much rene beyond he for
ide; br ana you dont eed

swat jos pce for bay a

181. = 26

[Nextdoor to the basic isthe great Temple of Canton. Here you lve to take yous eyes off the columns and look
more el a he high platform on which ey saad Di at is series of nl shops and storage units
‘ight underneath ci grand monument One ofthe corner unit wos a prmitve dent surgery Among the |
most memorable moments für me vs goin to see the aos 10 teth core a ew yous ao in its dais
(ich one expertly extacad and rotten othe core Each one 2 witness o human agony. thought

1 Me man point the writer is making about ancient Rome ls nat |
A ie compete nen by modern bullängs
Braces of it can be seen evenhere.
© Ras very similar 10 modem ces.
D Khaz nada long and tascinating ison. |
2 One ofthe tal buldinge of anciont Rome has been preserved because, |
A Ai ilinhnbited by orciary people
Btls used a tourist accommodation.
thas been bul
Dias used fora ferent purpose.
3 When she uses the phrase “tan living” inne 17, the writers pointing out hat
A poopl ved in very small spaces
people did not havo many possessions.
© people tended to ve alone
people dl nt need much Iing space.
4 According to he til, the etizons of ancient Ramo,
A Ine with people ofa similar economic stats.
Bed onthe top floor of tal bulings thy were ch.
© ware not athoused according t how wealthy they re
tends to lve ln largo stone houses,

Mat unoffeia activities does the wete im took place in Basica Julia?
sculpture and other visual arts
tetes and other sports
games that involved gambing,
the ging of aga advice
6 Viren were the ite shops in elation tothe Temple of Castor?
A atthe same height

A
8
e
o

Below
© ao
D alongsde

182. Personal history

Ancestry

IE Where could you find out more about your ancestrst Puta (/)-

official records older reves od amt photo albums.
bare Family dires local newspaper archiver

(EID Read the introduction toa tall about investigating your family history. Choose the best words to
‘complete the text.

‘Theres nothing more exciting than (1) opening unlecine de mysteries of your own pst. With euch
tional cle, your (2) ancestors /esaciates will become mare ıhan est names or des on à
)genealogontgecogia! fra. In is (4) proces 4 progres you wil aise that mast of them were
‘xduary people just ike you and me.

In gencalogy you always stat rom the present and work (9) hate forward. You shoul proach he
search as you wore a detective (D conducting! concluding an investigation: Looking fr es, imerviewing
(resources [sources and careto (8) daramantng /delosing your ass. This is important because you
‘oe to be ble to prove that your ine of (9) ascent/ desen is comet. Anyone can ise that they ae à

(10 descendant uccesor of Geonge Washington, ba roving is acer hig together

IE 1339) uisten co the tal and answer these questions.

3 Whois th ace aimed a? =
2. War does the speaker war stenrs about?

Information tan uncouneable noun
and cannot be made plural 7 ie some
— Information about my Jamiy. (note

some mformatems..)

(0335) Listen come tal again. Find words and phrases whch mach these deinkions. The number
tof words ou should wren each spac liven inthe square rackets Use the recording cet help ou

1. check yur informations correct verify your facto _ a
2 enjoy talking about memories m
3. the most dif problem 1 overcome mm]
4 sara proportion o correct informacion
5 shocking personal secrets from the pas. fs
6 setalinitforsomething st
7. seprateine of your ancestry td
8 coller lot of data Bi 5

184

183. renenathistoy 2 7

WORD BUILDING Complete the cable with words which have related meanings.

Noun ver | Adjective E
(postive) |x ‘accurate (positive)
(negative) |

ancesor pesan) A
(genera topic) I |

embelish
“proces venty verified
LT (person) _ (possible ro de)

HEHE Complete these sentences with words and phrases from 1.6 and 15.

6

‘Of the dis we faced when we moved to America, overcoming culture shock was the Biggest

Even convincing ars usually include afew

of euth nth stories

Researching my family trees just hobby and

acspending

Everytime my father els toy he adds some to make them funnier or more dramatic

Hizorans have accuseda new biographical lm about the king’ personal fe of being willy

There’ an anima ving inthe woods that makes a sound strangely ofa cying baby

‘When we tlk about secret we often use the ides tha there fe something uneen or hidden, eg.

Sheleans in the cupboard Underline the language of secrets in

A cer published history of the lca

poses long bute secrets ofthe family and therinfluence

les not fir eo keep residents inthe dark about development pans for th local area.

ural shouldnt pend their time digging up dir on cales. 5 not in the public interes.

“The government seem to think chat they can just sweep recent statistics on innert rime under
thecarpe

Although he had ied hard cover his acs ll investigators had to do was fellow the money.

The councillor tied 0 muddy he waes over the scrapped housing development when he raised the sue
of sri-social behavior.

Match the expressions you underlined in 1.7 with their definitions.

1
2
3
4
5
6

investigate to ind unpleasant or damaging information
make evidence more ick orimpessble o ind
‘confuse ans under discussion

not share information wi people who are interested

make information publi which was unkown for many years

(one or avoid discusion afan sue — "7

184. 27 rersna istry
| | Autobiography

How san autobiography different from a biography?

[EBA complete the ext with words from the box.

aided rte tad Jon Bakewell

Autobiography is a cuiously naked busines. It requires intimacy with your awn (1) Feige |
‘which you might have been avoiding fr years. You have lo (2) your guilt and fers
raging fom decp dow things you might eather (3) — Then you must weigh wp
‘whether they are (2) in any objective sens, or simply memories formulated from

Any ie a long mins has left a made of — | Tre mot valuable proved to
be those nearest home. Ever since was a child, have (7) scraps of paper, lish
sketches, soppy poems, notes from gis in my clas at school, exam papes, school (8)

and boxes and boxes of les,

“Then here are the dias: the dally record of events and (9) _ The casual entres in
numerous lite pocket ias, thrown casually int abi box a each New Year allowed me o pinpoint,
though only roughly the wre many (10) pages what was dong in any particular
year of my life

[EEE] which of these words are possible replacements for the words in italics in 227.

Wordin 22. Possible replacements
Liwehup [comider “tect regard thinkabour |
[tormes creed originating _purtogether prepared
[Ba mutitade of arowd of uns many numerous
avant | expensive importe precious wu

scraps bs crumbs _fragments_small pieces

HEN complece these sentences with words related to the words in capital etes at the nds of helins.

1 Many people read autobiographies ou of ‘curious
2 iveradthe ox presents autobiography several mes. He describes the many

experiences of hise FORGET
3 Anesental of any autobiography is hat should be honest. REQUIRE
4 leis very dificult to check the of information in autobiographie. ACCURATE
$5, Authors often write about past behaviour that stil makes them fc uur
5 Authors who are may nt inelude important past events. FORGET

186

185. Exam practice raie 27

‘You must answer hi question. te your RER =
nn 200 ban ote es bearer. ee sure that you read the question and noxee |
RR Be carefully, s0 that you know exactly what you have
id te do. When you answer the question, remember
te deal with the three methods listed Ifyou want
to make use of any ofthe opinions expressed use | |
our own words. I is always a good den to start by
‘making brief paragraph plan so that you cover all
{he points inthe question,

Look atthe exam task and answer theve questions,

1. How many of the ways listed in the notes do you
ave t refer in your eseay?

2 In what wa is expressing an opinion not enough?
3 Ifyou express one of the opinion listed, what
sould you do?

‘Your ass has attended a panel discussion on ways a which Nstorea information relating to your
neighbourhood can be collacted and recorded fo fue generations. You have made the notes bel

Ways in which information relating to
yourneighbourhood can be collected and.
recorded for future generations; |

+ conaut writen records =
1 record personal interviews | Some opinions expressed in the discussion:

+ collect ola photograpns “Wetton records can provide fats but not
personal opinions or felegs.”
“Old peoples memories can be unreible.”

~Photograahs may be in peor condition and
therfore ficult to interpret,

Vite an essay dacusaing two of the ways to collect and record information In your nots. You shoule
explain which way you think would be more affective for colectng and recording information fr fue
‘generations, giving reasons in suppor o your answer,

You may, if you wish, make use ofthe opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your own
words as ar as possible.

187

186. Which ofthese events would you enjoy? Which would you
choose not goto Put a) ar 00)

1 ameshbtion of bya contemporary super

2. classi mus played by an orchestra ana cb sols

3 agigbyasandupcomic

4 astarstudded perlormance ofa popular Shakespeare play

5. the première oh best Hollywood blockbuster

6 legendary jazz musica in concert —

7 an eshbion ofhixorcalanetas
.

>

anew piece by touring bale company

a thee ay festival headlined by international ack stars
10. acallection of portraits bya photographerco-thestars
12 thetelevsed auditions fora TV talent show
12. acallecton of jewelry belonging to someone famous.
IE where would you see each of the events listed in 1.12 Write

the numbers (1-12) next othe venues (sh). Some events could be
seen at more than one venue,

a anopensir stadium © prestigious museum
bo abistoric concert hall £ atheatre__

© apubiicartgalley_____g_acomedyub_
à amulipleccinema acy park__

REI At your own word to ches iss.

sata agar,
ces ofmusic | sou
pes ofltratre | more
pesordince | bale,

genres of

In 1.1 here ae uo adjecrves which ae
ofen confused wth similar words.
asiel/lsse

Clase! = rational in syle o form: of
the ancen civilisations of Greece and
Rome: laica erature usuoly makes
heavy reading

dass = established over time as popular,
the hes or most typical fis Kind: The
lil lock des a lasse look
historical Historic

historia = connected with or based on
past times historical novel about the
historic = very important in sory: These
historic events il shape the nation’s

(See Unit 5,24 for more on the use
‘he definite article)

a

187. mem 28

IES COLLOCATION Match each lst of verbs with a noun,

1 play hen writ, end aan
2. shoot, watch produce, show bo avenue

3. appreciate, buy. rete vien © afm

4 ead, conduct jon hear à music

5 Ron, take o, leave, appear on e an orchestra
5 book fi, headline choose Fo thesage

(BEES Complete these sentences using an adjective from box À and a noun from box 8
j E j EE

3 Astloscopeisa medical instrument ‘The sxaphone isa

Ascapel sa sharp the was sold out.

The telescope wasanaary

2
3 Thestrikergvea

The company deivereda good University entry depends upon

EN 1235) Listen to three people talking about arts events. Match the speakers with the events they
describe (a-d). One af the evens is not described.

Speaker. 3 acomedynightaran unimpressive venue
Speaker? D abizare event ara modern are galery
speaker © anoundoorareinsalstion

4 amemorabie concer by anew group

1335) Listen again and complete the sentences with words and phrases used by the speakers

levas one ofthe best ire music events fever been to
‘The venue was petty ordinary a
‘They play ei rather eclectic mico! materal without —_ =

Fveneverbeen sandup.
Hehad the whole audience

1
2
3
4 Theyregaininga devoted
s
s
7. Imnoceven sure exhibition‘

The shapes are all perfectly formed but they were made enlich

189

188. 28 means

Match these reviews with two ofthe eventsin 1

1 [ Paying some of his botica back catalogue, de now 79-year fos jazz saxophonist One

Coleman proved toa capacity audience what lasing gens hei. What was chaotic and panf 1 en
vo in 1960 sounds melodi 40 yeas om. The oo ofthe music alternates between euphrie and
melancholic, bt it always exciting and en surpris.

Speaking an estimated Fry percent o he lies in the pay, Judo Law, as Hamlet, pesan exhilarating
performance. He incospoates physicality ougbout, and infuses a breaking amount of energy into
the par. He alo knows what he’s aking ubout There is wo cto or uring by ro her. I's plain
that after he yea he vas given to prepare fo this oe, and aer the hrs months of performance in
Laon, Law has anita understanding o is character, the language andthe playas a whole

Find words and phases inthe reviews wich match hee defiions.

1 pastrecordingsofa muscian __ werd an actor has tos
2 largest crod a venue can hold 5 role played by an actor
3 pleasantly musical. 5 repeat inorder to remember

Write the nouns related to these adjectives from the reviews in 23.

1 chat 4 melodic
2 melancholic 5 inmate

3 esla, 5 euphoric

HEHE Read these sentences. The words in ales have similar meanings. Underline che word in each pair
hich is more positive.

The portrait which hangsin the National Caller sone ahi more afc / allan work.
The band draus heavy on 1960 influences ving thi latest album a classi / dated sound.

His proses understated on and his use of narrative device is weok / subtle

“This waza eypiealy ad rate routine from the undisputed bad boy of comedy.

1
3

4. They payed ima cramped an intimate venue oa boisterous / roucous crowd
&

5. Thesweet yrupy vocals and repetive insisten best are reminiscen of dico
7

She gives an emotional a medhamatke performance sche lt. res singe

HEN Complete this review ofa novel wich one word which bes fits each ap.

‘The Rochas a heauy shi i emimscen(1)_of _ clas weneh-cenury role sch a OF ze and
‘Mer and The Old Man aná he Sea. The Secepivey spe nara both upping (2) revealing of
an nu

‘Tee novel (ih sy of a athe and son they travel art desolt landscape (4) _searchof
{ood an bli. becomes clear (9). a huge distr (6)__befle planet eat, The su as stopped
shining ane € lib plans dono row animal ae avo and aan (8) e bin of
‘ninco. Society hs broken (9) ane few people at rein sh te past (1) another.
‘A de faeries deapectely to (D) is som alle, he ars tha th rests an ee of als ot fo,
(02) hope forte futurs.

190

189. meus 28

Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 1 ET |
woman Ca onto o ena |

Wen choosing options, ok for
Janguage clues inthe text such:

wiser a ees (olbcations and prepositions, as well
[Astor ofthe Gotan Project ee
Goran reso 193 enotomuesconn | Namou your hoe by

liminating options which are

1999 and their debut album, La Rovancha del Tango, released at

wo years lator, ipod thom to achieve intematinal
0 =

‘The band members are Pilppe Coher-Sola, a ormer French composer, Chatophe Mil, a Swiss
musicien and Eduardo Mañaro an Argentinian gutarst. Tel sound can be described as fusion of
ectroic music and tang.

Prippe and Cristophe are the feunding members of the band, and st met in Paris in 1905. Philippa hac
ay) ‘a rame for himself as a Composer and had also worked in the fm industry as
‘music conautant for (3 European film directors. Christophe, wrose background was in
tectonic, had bulk uo a () on the Swiss electro scene.

Both Philippe and Chistopre shared a (9) for electronica and Latin American musi,
and(@)_____itottinstanty. Thay wonton to (7) their own record label,

YA BASTA! and worked on a number of projects together before (8) hei to favourite
musical nuances to form Gotan Project with Eduardo Makaroff an Argentinian guitar ing in Paris

Shen nes Cu a

4 A repute B reputation © status postion |
5 A enjoyment B feeling O love D interest |
Faux GO m |

190. Migrations

[Departures |

Complete the text with words or phrases from the box.

Y ve
The potes en ended EU
cine eee te’ or |
Pra a Dis
Sein
Singer. Suber common serie
Staking wide nuda eee,

— Sea |
a O Y
ne will succood ia their aims and gain status as legal residents ol ae MALER,
‘country they have mao to, These people ae technically called | |
me (7) in the eyes of the officials. They may also try to enter an ‘immigration |
EHEN Answer these questions.
Match these words with their definitions.

191. WORD BUILDING Compete the table with words which have related meanings.

| Personal stories

DI) You will hear the ist part ofa
about emigration. Listen and complete tht su

radio programme
immary Write no more

‘han two words for each ap.
‘Many people imagine hat their fe ina new county willbe more

chin han he (1) ofhome Burn far, although
their new 2) re better hey often pin or aspects

of thor old Jane Foreman as experienced painfl

()____-Herhusband Dvds

(0

‘hemo Kuala Lumpur in Malaya 18 months ago. Nowallahe wants o

dois) 10 Northumberland

quest

tow listen to the radio programme and answer these

1. What postive aspect of fein Kuss Lumpur does Jane mention?
2 Whatas happened to make Louisa fee happier in Canada?

oun ew Ace 7
danger endangered

ose) = TS)
Hess (ess) ¿legal (negative)
esse peneeute

(peon)

(ace) rude

(peter)

(particular area) nn “pec |
pecto proces)

mn)

affirmative sentences We refer to use
alto ros of more informally know
‘many lot of people ik he She has
‘many lots of good frenos:

‘Many used in questions and negative
Sentences whatever e love of formal.
(See Unit6,22 for mare onthe use of
many and a lof eof)

193

192. 29 moon _

IAE March there definitions with words from the recordings.

1. neding or wanting something very much a pinetor
2 ass something very much insecure
3 having strong supportive retionhips © wie
4 feel deeply sad because ofa death à familar
5 anxious, not confident © dlose-koe
6 wellknown and easy recognicd £ desperate

“The adjective prefix mul means many! Complete the sentences with an adjective starting
with mult.

1 Thecityishome ro people from many diferent cultures Isa wulticuldura ci
2. Many diferen languages ate spoken in ur country a society.

3, HSBC à bank which operates in many diferent nations rca company
4. The abri sprinted with many contrasting colours rs fabri

5, My printer has many different function. 43 printer

‘Complete these sentences with phrases from the box.

11 Were leaving in half an hour and he hast finihed packing yet. He hasno__se2se of urgency,
2 I havea real ven though Ive only lived here fr sx months

3. Nothing makes you laugh. You have absolutely no
5

He di’ realy want co see his parents He oy vid them out ofa
She has looked afer her brothers and ser singe they arrived in the country She has an amazing

6. When my longterm neighbour moved house was surprised bye — If,

Answer these questions. The dioms In al canal be found in he recording serps.
Ifyou dre of pastas nom what d you want do?
Ifyou sym hear some, d you anto bein that plc or no?

It you fin your ee, do you feel more or es comfortable ina situation?

Aou go off the beaten tack do you travel o popular tourist destinations or noe

Ia rug os pulled ou from under you, woul you fel mare ores confident?
\ things are looking up your iio geting easier or more dice”

1
2
3
4H youdo something tke a shot do you doit slowly or quickly?
a
7
1 Ifsomeching you planned t do of the menu, can you do that thing as planned?

193. Listening Part 2

(£335) vos wit near Lindsey Jones, a recent graduate talking 10 a group of students about traveling abroad
10 fied work, For questions 1-8, complete the sentencas wi a word of shor phrase

According to Lindsey, Germany and Singapore are two of the more unusual (1) for young
people looking for werk in other counts.

Lindsay thinks thatthe Bish jobs she could apply for are not the right level fora (2),

Lndsey betioves she has a better chance of finding a job at home i she has experiance of working in a

Peale) —

Food ana (4) are more expansive in New Zealand than in Britain |
A end I) LUnctey not to expect to find work asl In New Zealand, |
‘Some young poopie Ike to use (6) o hoj them organic thelr sts

Working as a watvess in Sydney made Lucy fo! Ike a (7) ofthe ity and par ofthe

community,

Lacy 8) has increased asa result of working in Australia,

194. Risking it

IE match the pictures withthe port

1 bungeejumping © 5. scuba diving
2 hangahing 5 ring,

3 Kechmbing — 7 whitewater ating
4 pothoing — windsurfing

Which ofthese spores have you done?
idyoutry?

‘The compound nouns for th

fare written as hwo separate words, some have a
Bala (and overt are ane wort
(Gee Unit 5,2.1 for more on compound nouns.)

‘Choose the best words to complete the text.

ie man or gh’ (3) esc
0 inceased (6)

activi ls that hey ed ob (12).
tive settee

Match these words and phrases frm the text with their definitions. Use a dictionary to help you

2 exaggerated descriptions used in sales

3 outcome poorly controlled or organised

4 mismanaged 4 movement ofthe body which rates the ear rate
5 characteristic © typical or noticeable quality

196

195. EI ¡coiocamon" we take risks and make mistakes.
| atch he words inthe box wth take and make. Usa dictionary to
= ‘The vera parts foloned bythe
reposan es png take port in
he ne Oy pi Games (mc Hes hop
(orale prt oft nt Ore Games)

MAKE, à de

‘Complete these sentences with one of the collocations from 1.5.

2 eon jut started but my sd instructor sayólam making good progress

2 tfyouwant many sporting activity, you should

From chose who are more experienced than Jours

3, Weimportane the participan extreme ports ul for their own actions.
4 Some pores are extremely dangerous even fyou do the proper
5 Ithinkyouhaveo abou the level of sk you find acceprable,

(PI 1955) vou are going to hara news report which says that ses
‘certain groups of people are more likely o take rss than others.

‘Choose the statement you think is correct (1-3). Listen and check.
3. Women ate more likely to take rks than men.

2. Teenagers are more likely to take risks than children or adults

3. People from dificult socia backgrounds are mos el o take riss.

2 1955) tien again and complete these sentences wich words
‘or phases used by he speaker. Write up to three words

1 AUSstudy__set out tn determine why people take ss.
2. Thestudy sampled 500 participants, divided into

3. One option in che study was safer, but would result in à -

The second option resulted in a two-thirds chance of ins,
5 Genderwasa, predictor fa preference avoid rik

6 Older generations tend to ven seing rik,

(PIED wat does the speaker mean by the one of adolescence? Choose the best meaning

197

196. BO ss

1. The dificulis experience by teenagers as they develop into dues.
2. The beginning of he sage that turns someone into an adult
2. Theatttude and behaviour ofadolescente a compared with adults.

HERE cross ou the word in each it which asa diferent meaning rom he wordin heft column

adolescent | teenager_youth sibling seen

2 sated |comem ar

3 (reseeing | predicting anccipating analysing,

4 til exiement enthusssm buss Kick

Eu choose the correct words to complete the text Use a dictionary to help you.

How to asess the risks in your workplace

Don't overcomplicate the process. In many organisations, the risks ae wellknown and th necessary
contol (1) mesures / ways ae easy to apply. You probably already know whether, for example, you
have (2) employees emplayers who move heavy Ioad ad so cou harm Unir eke, ur he places
where people are most likely to sli o wip. Iso check that you have taken (3) ration reasonable
precautios o ( prohibir avoid injury. I you run a small organisation and you are confident you
Understand what's involve, you cn do the assessment youre. You don’ ave to be a health and
safety (5) expert / leader. Ifyou workin a larger organisation, you could ask a safety adviser to help
you. Ifyou are not confident, get help from someone who is (6) competent lente. I all cases, you
Should make sur hat you involve your saf or Ici (7) agents / prenais inthe process But
remember, you re (9) responsible responsive or seing ha he assessment is cried out propery
‘When thinking about your risk assessment, remember; a hazard is anything that may causo har, such
as chemicals, electricity, working fom ladders, ic. The rik isthe (9) chance / apportaniy, high o low,
that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards, together with an indication of ow

(10) sensible serious the harm could be

Answer these questions about place you know well,
‘What are the most hazardous areas and objects?

Wat are e its actes card ut onthe premises?
‘who might be harmed by these hazards?

ar precautions could be taken to preven people
beingharmed?

1
a

197. Reading and Use of English Part 7

rising 3O

You are going o mad an extract om a magazine article about eying afah Six paragraphs have boon
removed from the extract. Choces or te paragraphe A~G the one which fs sach gap (1 =}. Theres

‘one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

‘Should eyeist be forced to wear helmets?

A recent attempt nthe UK to make cycing helmets
‘compulsory fa, Now, after a serfs crash that
Pa one ir eto a bran injury uni, ne ide fs
back on the tano. But how much protection do
helmets offer?

men I was 19, ith my heimet hanging frm my
handlebar, | wobbles out into the road and was ht
by a car Later hat day remember bang ok how
lucky as to be searing sala noting

So thay can ho aduce ir, should’ they bo
‘compulsory, just ka moto helmets? Australia
‘vod in no early 90s and tho resul was a 15 to 20
per cant crop in he numberof hospital admissions
for hea injures,

a

It claims thay would make eyeing seem more
angerous than actualy ls, and put people of
“The evidence for this is complex and contaditory,
providing as much support or those wh ar dey
‘s2eptical of helmet as fr those In favour of them.

ma

‘There's eva eviderce that wearing a het can
put you at mor ik. A study by Or an Walker rom
the University of Bath found tat vers passed
closer to cyclists who ware wearing helmets when
Overaking than they lato thoge without the. The
vers subconscious obviously 0008 thom as less
vulnera. Dr Walker, an enthusiastic eye, saya
Pi ud bo sensible, and would genuinely eave a lot
cof vs, i everybody wore a helmet al ofthe time,
butte suggest they are more necessary for cycling
‘than a range of other acte - including walkng
down the street and diving a car l misguided.

‘recent study has shown that eyeing has a poso
haath Impact ar greater than tha potential or mury.
Essontaly, there's a small chance that you have an
‘accident, but a very large chance that you'll duce
Your chances of eutteing mental iness and heart
cose,

= E

A tan eyeing organisation has long argued
‘against compulgory helmet laws or a simiar reason

xn le

Personal, below that wearing a helmet has moro
pros than cons, eventhough cyctng is not a ky
As many suggest. But ther are those out there

iho woule rather not ide than be made te wear a
hola, and or tat reason the idea a non-state,

198. Exam practice

À It undoniabo trat compulory salary devices
auch as seatbots in ara have been significant
esavers. But nether had the sam potential
focharmleide-efete: iesuade motereyclste
from ring and hey buy a ca, which is
actua ar sar

5. Cycing shouldbe promoted as an essential
safe, normal and enjoyable transport and
laure act, hich anyone can do in
watever clothes they prefer to wear, th or
‘without helmets

© ation otis, Ier th problam of
tenforing eur laws Inte fret year ater the
Ausrallan State of Victoria made heimats
compulsory, naary 20,000 Ines wer ssund
Do we want ote up that much pale time
on a crime which has no negative impact on a
thie pany’?

D Last year, however had a nasty fll and cut
my face it sn for my mel, in sure
oui have been worse. So, personal, now
‘almost never rie without a heimet. Pd rather
have it and not need i, than naa and not
have Studies dsagres on the benefits, but
‘some suggest that most head iris could be
prevented in this way.

Most people would rather not wear holmes,
especialy in hot weather t's practical
‘decison: Ad eng and citen enough and one
day all those years of unnecessary swoaty-hat
har could pay ot

rat means laws can actualy be
counterproduetve tay may reduge cyclng
mutes, but ony by raducing the number of
cycles, and those people thon become mare
kay te come to Some oiher kind of es
ram harm

That would have boen great, butt also
reduced the numberof eyes by around 35
per cant. The annoyance and, fr teenagers,
‘embarassment of wearing one stored people
away rom bikes and towards publie transport

199. Gender issues

Language |

JEREZ which ofthese job te tell you the gender ofthe person? | Wien sing genderneütralnaun,

Fete m (nal) ema) o nec en
en min vache een
ps oe a Amin ara woman wean ers
Fe role ps Danser
pres pie O ing of do at ate
Me e ‘pray rer ara
[este fab a ama don
ERA wo ot thse phrase ae fin ofthe Fete eso

enderneutrl language. Which ones?

3 language which it ncluive ofboth sexes

HEN complete he ex with words fom the bo.

oa wok hse 0) men ee
a il yh eae Homan ngage ee
À gg oars er dns of vd bles of Gate Many
| sender) settle e e ect fre
Tsk posto imp ee 6) ny

peak hc language to subconsciously

ote in the subconscious and

a an impuet on

society? Tis my view that our society should be
(trough

AA BD replace the gender biased words in talca with neutral words, Use a dictionary o help you

tour as sold ut at venus acres the UK

Stand-up comedienne Sara Mille
‘The ate of many ofthe planet’ species is now in the hands of mankind
chink my forefathers were probably farmers because my surname is arm

atsome aies are very high

1
2
A
4. The English language requirements for steward
5 leant wear clothes containing man made lbs. They make me itch

Transport wil be provided to and from he venue for conference delegates and thei wives

200. BA centers

¡EJES choose the correct prepositions for the word or phrase in bold in these sentences. There are similar
sentencesin 13.

“The language we use deeply rooted in with our subconscious

“The words we choose are evidence on / of ur fundamental ble and value,

Our early education hasan enormous impact at / on our future He chances

Isit igh toimpose any restrictions in on what people say

à
2

3

4. Urban sral can contribute fo or polation levels.

5

5. Should we be concerned about for peoples use of sexist language?

EX D) uen co an American talling about the use of the word in the UK and complete the

3. Thespeaker thought the way adult women ere referred to sis was
2. Ai isnotsomeone who forherat sh cil.

3. Inthissociey women are in comparison o men.

4 Weshould to the way women are addressed.

13) User again and complete ches sentences with phrases used by the speaker.
Asa mature aul you donot want to acl
Women are srhimgro into male-dominated society

1
2

3 Weshould lok st whether the word used
4 Men donot havea to deal with

A Gender in sport

Which ofthe adjectives in the box o you associate with sports people? Puta (4)
agressive

rogant
compare
ren 7
exible

sited
CT
passive
power

pure

HEBEN write he nouns related o the adjectives in 2.1.
agressive ~ aggression

201. cenderisues 31

[BIE] [worm TRANSFORMATION. Completos ith he corect forms ofthe words in capitals at
the ends ofthe ne

The positive outcomes of sport for gender (0) _eauality and women’s EQUAL
emponuerment are constrained by gender-based (2) inallareasané | DISCRIMINATE
atallleves of sport and physical (2) This fled by continuing ACT
stereotypes of women's physical (3) and social oes, Women are ABLE
Frequenty segregated involuntariy into types ofspors event and (6) compere
special targeted at women. Women’ access topositionsofls) LEADER
and (8) makings constrained from the ocaso he internationale, | DECIDE
The value placed on women’ sport is often lower, reuligin (7) ADEQUATE
resources and (8) wages and pies. nthe media, womens sporrisnor | EQUAL
‘only marginalised but often also presente ina diferent sve that reflects and weinfrces

gender sereorypes

J) Listen to someone taking abut gymnastics. Are es statements re (Mor als (}
according to the speaker?

The spear sed doing compete pyran berate teens,

The speaker vas physic fee from the major of other grass, —

1
2

3. She has sways nm that gymnasis it generally considered co e a female spore

4. Gymnastics is regarded as à feminine sport because participants donot need o be openly aggresive
5

The speaker does believe hat attitudes towards gender stcootyping il changein he near future. —

have related meanings.

(hing) [contribute
(person)
serminsee
equalie
involve
> perpetua

1 do su 3 Gh 5 open
2 consider 4 main 6 takepartin

203

202. Reading and Use of English Part 4 €

cam tip

For question 4 6, compat he sacond sentence so nit
has a smlar rearing to ti Met sentence, using the wors gen, | iesecond sentence must mes
he same asthe fs sentence must
Donat chenge the word given. You must us between tree” EE thei sentences
nai wore, netdng the wordgnen. Hee san example CAREY

Teo to arte te secon
e sentenee minimally accomting oe
(© was the fat timo 1 had een women playing competitive | Sentences
toot Bee
NEVER

women playing competitive football before

41 The manager accepted that ne was fly responsibe fr the way his tam periommec
ook
he manager perfomance,

2. We should not accept sexist language and ates inthe places where we work
ACCEPTABLE
Sent language and atitudes ought our places of work.

3nd peoples use ofthe word gis! 0 refer to adult women object
us
1 ho word ‘gst refer to adult women.

rable,

4 fret participated in compattve spor when was si yaar aid
PART A
ire atthe age of sx.

5 Ha boss lod him to belove that he would be promoted atthe end ofthe year.
IMPRESSION
He nat he oui be promotes atthe end othe ya

6 They've cancele this atemoon's match because ofthe bad weather
CALLED
‘Tisaterneon’s match tothe bad woather.

203. [tearing |

EMA which of these kinds of education have you experienced? Put a (4) or a (M).

oardng school — fee-payng school nursery secondary schoo!
distance leaming course independent school — preschool technical college —
Bit school local state schoo! primary schoo university

EF complete the text wich words from the box.

Maria Montessori was one ofthe mest important carly eus (I) _educakors _ of he 201 century
Se asthe frst woman o (2) from the University of Rue medica school end beca
interests in esvestion trough er work we a dock, can children wilh special (3)

When she went on to estahlich choo for the disduanagod children of working parents in Rome, she
approached their edition as 2 sient. She used he (4. 1 er laboratory for observing

chnren and finding ways o el im to ace thei fl (5)

| soon became apparent hat Montessori hd develop highly coso teaching (6)

which old he used with gest su wih each and eve cil. She bogan o travel the word establishing
Teeirng about he discoveries, and writing ticles right up tober deal in 1952. She wes atmue |
“cucaton Her nnovaive lasstoom prats and ideas have had à
on the econ of young ire ll oer the word
Montesor saw that irn lear bes by doing and ha happy sel-moivat leavers fora positive
o of themselves confident, sucessful people. Sh created specially designed resources
10 (1) independence and ove fr amigo an cry age
The Monteson approach e hit, tha is iam 10 develop he (LI child, Fundamental
tothis approach isthe belief hat a child's carly fe, From bird osx cars Od ithe period when they have
|e pene “re

XX Match these words and phrases with their definitions.

1 species a. person whos the frst to develop an idea
2 dt N able rowork at something without encouragement
3 achiew your poten € requirements due to phy or mental problems
4 pioneer new and origina

5 chidcenred € seed othe bes of your ality

6 innovative £ based on cheneeds and interests children

7. eltmarivated 1. without the necessary education. money et to

cuece in fe

204. 32 savon

Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions. There are similar sentences in 1.2.

My brother graduated _from_ Harvard University in 2008.
In some countries, children _ special needs ae taught in mainstream schools

‘The professor toured the word Iectuing.__hiseducationaltheovis,

Sucesfl teachers are those who have a goodinfluence cher students.
Children often learn better _ doing things themselves rather than listening passively.
Students wh havea postive image themselves are usually happy and succesful

Ever nee started school have hada ral love

Kamine

Everyone can succeed at something. Thisidea fundamental my beliefs about education

[EIS WORD BUILDING. complete the able with words which have related meanings.

Noun Vero 3]
establish
event process) | aduate
(person)
education (general noun) | ea person)
per) floral purpose)
thing des proces) | innove
(Deren)
influence
(generainoun) |__| mote (ofa person)
motivator (person) (ofa thing ideas proces)
‘motion (for the purpose of
increasing his)

RID rcouocaniont choose the correct adverb forthe adjectives in bold in these sentences.
Use a dietonaryo hep you.
1 The newy im established early years centres lrendy serving large number focal fies,
2. The historic university is newly fm established as top choice or internacional dents hoping to study
in the ci
3, Wearesedking advice on how to recrue high por educated workforce ned for these
skied roles

4. He plays the character of high / poor educated caretaker who has innate i for mathematics

His theory was increasingly! highly influential inthe development of educational practices inthe ater part
ofthe century.

$ Thedeparement will become increasingly / highly influential as the publication ofits papers in tp journals

7 Focus groups showed that parents were strong poticl motivated o do the best fr thei fing
ist being wary of other parents competitive behavior

8 Theannouncement today of adicional grants for poore students has een seen a «heng | play
motivacedatcempt co deflect allegations ofa U-urn

206

205. unten 32

Y Vocabulary note

Training

DE) seen o Peer describing his apprenticeship and answer
‘hese questions

at happened to Peer ar he lef school?
‘Whar vas thejob market like when Peter’ parents were younger?

2
13. What were the two major advantages ofan apprenticeship fr Peter?
4 Whidhindusty do you think Peter wrksin?

132) Listen again and complete these sentences with words Peter uses.

1. Not being able ro eta job without experience isan stration,
2 Youneed experience and good. ro geo

3, Peters apprenticeship provided him with, wok experience

4 Peter received alo of in engineering theory

5 Peter went on a number of health and safety

65 Peter has been given his own team of supervise.

7 Peters now roche companyasaneduator

EJE] choose the correct words in these sentence. abulary note

1 My siser abandoned jt schol at he age 16

2. Impoingro apply request or catering course in September.
3 My experience has given me real might / view into how universes
work

4 Modern companies fun organise group building / com building days
Lo enable afro work well together

5 While hewas working ss.an apprentice, Pete learned / rained a rade

WORD TRANSFORMATION Complete the text withthe correct
forms of the words in capital letters a the ends of the ine.

Mechanical Engineering among the most versed of the (0) traditional _ TRADITION
engineering disciplina. Mechanical engineers design and build machine and devices hat

a humans o Ive and workin space nthe ion the groundand | ABLE

under water Their machines can extend our phykal (2) andimprove | CAPABLE
ourheak and standard of ving. Students acquir an (3) ofthe UNDERSTAND.
Fundamentals of mechanies and ofthe thermal energy since, They ram o perform

o design tasks using computers and to select appropriate materials or | INTERACT
aspeciie(5)____- They ls become famitar with he chemical and APPLY
(6) sciences which are often esencial o he total design and ELECTRIC
CE of mechanical system. We havea small but active group of faculty | REALISE

® graduate students and undergraduates ho share a passion for | RESEARCH

Mechanical Engineering.

206. Reading and Use of English Part 6

You are going t rad four reviews ofa book about bringing up cren. For questions 1-4, choose rom the
reviews AD. The reviews may be chosen more than once

How children succeed B
Four revers comment on a book called Helping Chitin to Succeed

A
"expected ns book to enlighten me about why somo chien sucesos at school and ind work, while
‘thers dropout of education eur. alt find employment and continue Iving with their parents wel into
aduthocd. had hoped nat Hlping Chien to Succeed would provide me with wellresearchod answer
Le my concems, ang maybe suggest ways in which a engren can be helped to aonive success. However,
the author chosa to concentre on the fue of students from poor families and gave no indican that

he fet such chiér'e chances of future success might be improved, There was an interesting focus on

the signticance of aking students’ personaly into account a6 well as hr academic test scores when
predicting future success, ui I is ot new information, The same case has been established before,
‘based on wider research

8
oun Hain Chidren to Succeed tobe a facinating and naping book. What was most interesting

to me vias the reeearch cing that icon rom woah families are no more prepared fora succesful
independent futur than enlcren from poorer fails. Tha author cemonsirates convincing hat chicren
‘fom al backgrounds need to ean how to work hard but ago hor to deal wth flue without ang to
peces, The book enows convncingy how poor cridren as el as mid class ken and those from
‘wealthier homes ro capable of earning these skils necessary fr future success. This has mado me fee very
‘optimistic that no chill need ofall because of thor amy background and that something can be done to
Increase the fe chances o poor children,

e
For me the most interesting aspect of Holpng Charan to Succeeds the amount of evidence which shows
that enldren's charactors as wall as thir academic performance play a crucial part in tk fuure success.
“This seems to be especialy true In tra case of ehren rom disadvantaged lame. The author central
argument is that, ven though chieron rom poor backgrounds ar les Ikoy to succeed, determination

and hard work can overcome inherited disadvantages. This snot a novel idea, but found it interesting to
hear it restated with ceference to today’ sation. ner 1 isagr wih the aor i his assertion that our
education system requires fundamenta reorganisation f wo are to ol children from poor families. He seems
to ignoro completely ha excallent werk being done by dedicated teachers in today’s schob,

>
| enjoyed Hebing Charen to Succeed, but in many ay so found it sappoeting. Having fished
racing tha book, my main ris f tha he tie itso is msleaing because it focuses primary on
chiloron who fal, Mest eeearch studs quoted by th autho late how cficul ti or children Tom
par, disadvantages homes to evcesed or indeed to escape rm a cycle of fare. bout the book for
{he Ibrary where | work, thinking it might offer parents strategies for bringing up children to be successful. In
practice, the man strategies recommended by te autho are the folowing: avo becoming poor and dont
‘expect your chido succesd at everything. He slo suggests that chien shovle get used to occasional
{alu In my opinion thie is an unnecessary negative outlook.

207. pacien OZ

Which reviewer

A crane ca cou MT

open cow vw tom he tu bau por chiens charco cito acco? —

shares with reviewer A the fooling thatthe book did nat ve up to ther expectations?

gross sith reviewer A about the ergnaty ofthe ideas inthe book? 4

Read the four texts to make sure you underetand the
subject. Pay particular attention to opinions and attudes
expressed by the writers. Look out for any similares or
differences of opinion,

208. | | World health

Which of these health issues are problems in your country? Put a (4).

accestoheakhcre — demen heardsense— iu ses —
ane Geprscon _ infuenea rlniien__ mateo dense —
¡EA E csi aiterence even the words in exch pai Use dictionary to help you.

2 infectious / contagios 4 rana /conuace

2 samation {malien 5. epidemic/pandemie

3 reten: / medicine 6 sure preenable

‘Complete the sentences using information from the text.

Despite incredible improvemeats in health since 1950, tere ae stil a number of challenges which
should have been easy to resolve. Consider the following

+ One billion people lack accesso healthcare systems.

‘+ Cardiovascular discases(CVDs) ate the Digest Killer amongst diseases global; An estimated 17.5
million people died from C¥DS in 2005, hat is 30% ofall global deat

In 2002, almost 11 million people die from infectious diseases alone, Far more han the number
Kile inthe natural or man-made catastrophes that make headlines,

HIV has spread rapidly, UNAIDS, th join United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS, estimates are
‘oughly: 334 millon living with IV, 27 million new infections of IV, two milion deaths from
AIDS.

“There ace #8 milion new cases of tuercaloss (TB) and 175 milion deaths from TB each year,
1.6 million people sil die rom pneumococcal diseases every year, making it dae numer one
vaccine: preventble case of death worldwide. More than half ofthe victims ae children

Malaria causes more than 300 milion acute ilnesses and atleast a million deaths annually.

Around 11 million children under ive die from altri and preventa
More than al million people, mostly children, died from measles in 2003 even though effective
immunistion costs just 0.30 US dollars per person, and has been available for over 40 years

hi percent ofall SZ
In 2002, more people died of _

Peumacoccl dieses are prevenabl, ec

In 2003 over $00,000 people

costs ony ity cents

210

209. sean 33

WORD BUILDING Complete he table with words which have related meanings.

CS ver Adjective
immunization (proces) > sar
(este)
infection (problem) a or)
infected (problem)
medial genera)
mediested eect on person)

(used o con)
"preventable (posible to control)

(possbleto cure)
treated (no medial help)

(BD LAS) Listen to à talk about the smallpox virus, Answer the following questions:

How many people ar estimated to have had smallpoxin the tw

1
2. When ci the immunization program begin? _
3 Whowas Edvard Jemen

4 When as the decision made tory and prevent malo global?

EI DS) uisten again. Are these statements true (T) or false (F) W
ba pur a ar Y Vocabulary not
on iad life |

Tempo amande and sn proble. —
Spor oh desing vas na dae —
Fair woe proved e yt ace or apo —

The smallpox vaccine was often given to hieren —

Smallpoxis silla problem in some countries —

(BIEL The pre mis ads the meaning bad or wrong to aword.
Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box.

1 Wile he was getting out ofthe tas, he had the _ miäfortune. _ co floverand break hilo
2 The director being accuted of gro ofthe hospital.

3 The psyeiais vas found guy of professional

4 Thedoctors meant that the patent ner ded,

5 The drug companys advertising campaign was based on and has now been banned.
6 The documentary on poor hospital hygiene was a ofthe ruth

210. 33 um

| | Water and health

Read the text about water and choose the best summary (a-d).
Drinking more water substantially reduces your metabolic rate

>. Drinking enough water allows increased carbohydrate storage

© Water ids the consumption of excess energy

Drinking wate iby far che bese way to lose weight.

“The Penis of dinking water age merous, nd recent esis Suggest hat you mod wo dink water 0
Jose weight.

Drink more water to re-hydrate and detoxly your body.

‘Waters ot only essential for hal, bat increases the ae at wich he ody barn caves us well es being
a mat ppt supressn.

Wer also plays a important role In metaboising fod.

While we Ro thc wate is cial to the heathy functioning ofthe human ay, ses sut that water
roms de Towering ofen individ’ total enerey ita and alter mesh, Mos people wo re on à
ct do mo in enough te:

To metabolise food the body needs water

Forcvcry gran of eabhydüe, the body seguire three grams of ui. So drinking sufi water can be
our body burn up eabolygses instead of storing them, Adina; proper hydration while you ae où a
thet is ial for heath, because you are more prone to water retention a mr ad ats losing Qui long
with he weight Ifyou are dehydrated, your body wil slow down salian processes. So ik
er lone weigh

EF Find words and phrases in the text which match these definitions,
remove poisonous substances rom your body
something which prevents hunger

the overall amount of energy consumed _
change eating habs to reduce Body fat
liquid substance.

betty to havea particular problem

have inslfcent water in your body

IF complets these sentences using the correct prepositions. There are similar sentences in the tex
3
4
5
5
7

Regular meal are ital healthy ing especial if people do physical activities.
Although we should not eat too much oft. as essential our heat

You're more prone ___ less ten outre red or run down

[serie plays an importan ole keeping it.

Therate which you lose weight depends onthe number of calories you bum

Toremai healthy, a balance it isimportant.along regular exercise

Welivein an age where ch pic heat infrastructure ts growth and is development ae erica
our collective het

211. = 33

Writing Part 2 À report

‘You ses the folowing notion in your local health centre.

ral Heath Developmen Agency is colecing information about atítudes to pubic health
‘campaigns in countries around the wore, Please help by wing a report on alu where you I.

‘Your report should utine some of he main current nel concams in your county, escribe pope's
atts to any recent campaigns amed at promating healthy Hestles and recommend ways in w
you thnk paople could be persuaded o take healthy ing more seriously

ine your report in 220 = 260 words in an approprite aie.

‘Decide wo wil read the report and how formeVinformal your
Engage shouldbe

‘Your report should include fact information followed by |
Auegestone or recommendations.

Give your report a ie and organi your ideas int sections,

Sach win li on headıng Star by outining the pompes of your |
‘por Uno your orn worl ati nro a

‘nthe question. Exp the sensor for ny recommendations

you make

213

212. Complete the questions with travel, joumey(s) or tits).
‘Answer them about yourself

1. How do you entertain yourself on along ain :

How long does your round to school or worktake?

3 Howoften do you year
Where did you use 0 go on school »
Wag are the benefits ofir :

Where would ou ie to goon your ne

transport (a-h)

Match the phrases (1

board packed, commuter dinghy
‘atcha sightseeing. tourist. ab

3 Myinaligh win-engine ship

4 booka cabin ona rolton rol off pane
pedal three-speed folding h ferry
hallan emp black £ tin

7. sallona large, cargo bas

8 row leak infarable R bie

1) Listen toa talk about three bicycle friendly eier.

Match the features (1-7) with each city: A (Amsterdam), P (Portland)

‘OFC (Copenhagen).
1 Local authorities supply bicycles o workers with less money.
‘Theresa scheme ro stop bicycles from being stolen.
Almost thir of workers here travel to work by reel,
Cars are banned from par of this city
Here css have their own af signal
Around half fal ourney here are by bic.
Many more people ere cycle han ever before

214

©

Dont confuse travel as notin with
Journey or.

Travel san uncountable noun which
efes o the general activity: Ar travel

Tri teles o an occasion when you go
someuhere and come back: cont af
Journey refers an at ofraveling from
one place o another especial ina

vehi ur train ja m

Travels commonly used a verb
Journeys ony used asaverb in teary,
desenpeve wrting. Tp hasa diferent
meaning as a verb (se page 198)

k

213. pee

[EEE DE) seen again and complete these senences with words and phrases sed by the speaker

People fer to Amsterdam asthe ofthe word
Theceisan of ate and as ci ans in Amsterdam

Trek alo an effective scheme designed to prevent the ofbieylesin he city

Ie posbl for people who Ivein Amsterdam or visitors o Diles,

‘The creation o cycle path in Portland has esultedin a nh use of bicyls in the city
Porland was efes city in America to provide adults o with commute bicycles,

‘Thebicycles areal everything needed to use them.
‘The wold most sucessful community eyeing an be found in Copenhagen
In Copenhagen the majority o bicycle pate ar ceparated fom he main

Trt TS

Tereisa20kroner hen you use one of Copenhagen public bicycles

Public transport

Complete the ext wth he correct words from the box.

Dubai recently opened its fist Metro network ina ido |
reduce the number of people using their cars and cut.

(1) carbon emissions Te $7.42 billion project has 0 far
been hailed as a success as thousands of people have oped to

se 10) the ety, as oppose u Ue cu,
At rales the question that if governments are so enhusia
about citizens rlingushing thelr (3) to save

‘he environment, what oer alternativen aro there? How eke
are people going to get to work conveniently, o ther shopping.
‘or generally travel with cas and relative cheapness?

| ume ao of pate maso ns on
ue res plis an seat on
| Tale rss Howser, many allemal, uch as

‘we big read. Some

[EJER Answer these questions sing appropriate phrasal verbs from the Vocabulary noe.
1 you werein an unfamiliar iy, how would you travel from place ro place?

2. you were abroad and could speak the language how would you cope?

3. How do you avoid doing things you dont want todo?

215

214. 34 cerinsanon

Read about some possible new forms of public transport and answer these questions.
4. Which ofthe forms of transport would you keto use Why?
2. Wich do yu think would be sensible anspor solutions for your local are? Why?

whit

3 Which ideas are unreal

rs
is vhs sen four people
ron an paye
| Rite wein The ane finaly tings
Hote tineabled ad O Y
wil esemble ta service frase the fac that they iy at ll

Vamo sng Lo to, Users wil have the | lovers an pco,
Ange of viding contd ones wile be | | and use actin of e fl. Ano ey advetage is
o Energy consampeon | appli donot needa umay take

por Peer o quad of car

Zeppelin
| Agroener alternative o
plane these fying machines

Backpack helicopter

D

| machine would require viduals D | Jerre a speed of up
to undergo signifiant taining in to 20 km However
rivigation and sat. Jacks, s sen in science | | dey cannot eurent be wc on mus roms, Coin’ o

Popular eof ths personal ying SSPE | [etes miss ee

nen une
ideas =) [oder ins

run DE nn Ei
ee Een

een di een

erection pret in Sen eng se Bes
cae Perit pone Tt
en ee rata pen
a rre
o en
Arca | |tesecoiat na

TEE complete these sentences with the correct prepositions. There
ae similar sentences inthe texts,

Vocabulary not

1 In most counties cars are not allowed to drive w/a speeds of over
TO km.

2 Cyelingisagreener alternativer rom other forms o tranepor
New drives are not allowed ogo in on fast roads ike motorway,

4. Drivers cauahespecding have o hve training about speed
awareness or face a heavy fine

The pedestrian roneisconfined about ta very smal central ara,

6. Make sure you get the righ fue Diesel incompatible with to
peo engines

216

215. Exam practice uni 34

Listening Part 1

13) vou wi near tees citeran extracts For questions 1-8,
Dest according to what you hear. There ar two questions for ea

wu

choose he anse (A, Bor C) wich ts

au her a woman són er end abut chan EEE
transport habit. one correct answer but you,
1. Onuatoccsinsdovs ho sy housed to ave by taxi? en
A. when could gta it Shoes your unen oo sn,
en vos 08 dict i e
y li fully answers the question.
© when mised ha at bs rin Remember ou hear the
2 What the ab reason he sted vr more? Tending tice

A. He was spending too much money on tai.
B. Ho became tied of wating fr tas.
Gba mise hat waking was beneficial or him.

Extract Two

You near two people talking about thing
3 What did the woman think when the plot started spoaking?
A. She was determined not t lose conta ot hers |
1B She was fai that tho plano was in ral cange.
© She thought the plane was going 1 tum back because of bad weather.
chs the worst par of yng for
JA thot few moment of ho Might
BB the time she spends wating to boas the plane
© hon the plane is about to leave the ground

ha woman?

Extract Throo

‘You hear par fan interet wth a man hls talking about traveting onthe London Underground,
5 How did he feo! about traveling when ho frat used the Underground?
A He was tees

B Ho wae overexcted
© He found it very funny

{6 Wat does he think ofthe Underground as an ait?
A does inspite any particular feginge in him,
8 lts surounded by unnecessar marketing hype. |
© is an important part of Londons cultural heritage. f

216. FEBS Choose the best words to complete these sentences. Which picture (AE) do they relate to?

1. Hiseyestwisted/ named and he frowned wrinkled deeply sure signs that he was about co
jump 1 fly off ve ane.

2 Ashe delivered the rage / ere news his voice roan Y trembled and it was clar that he was
‘completly devastate | destroyed.

3, Shejust aves sas through fe without a conscience cae in the world. Ive never met anyone so
laid-back upigh.

4 calas el whem hes got something on his mind ches because he grinds! bites his mals and
ames stes

5, She may have her headin he cloud ske, but we need more dramatits/ damen o get he rest of
so brighten ighten up

reed, calm contented _B
angry arous, confrontational

‘optimitic, upbeat, postive
ejeced miserable, es
anxious, apprehensive nervous.

EXE] Use an adjective from 1.2 to complete the sentences.

3. Theconstan rain meant we had a thoroughly riserale time on holiday.

2. When twas time for us to o, he grew almost and as sory to eave

3 When told him what done o his ca. he was obviously very He was tery shaking
ith rage

4 Imayhave looked oursardly But was actualy extremely nervous.
5 Yourweekly shopping budget of€20is hopelessly You! end up spending mach more
an dat.

218

217. ‘write the nouns related to these adjectives.

1 angry anger 5 confontaional 9 optimistic
2 amious 6 contented 10 patient.
3 apprehensive 7 farias 11 postive
4 am miserable 12 reed

EIS Complete these sentences with verbs related o the

Adjectives in 14 above Vocabulary
1 Relax HKbe okay. Nothing going ogo wrong | promise.

Justo down,
2. Thevwaytodeal wit bulls ie chats simplyo them

and say yout no gong to put up with it any longs

3 Thearrogance of the ministrsremarks (he opposition

leader who angry demanded an apology

HERE Match an extreme active rom the box witha grade
Afectivo sida mear

5 say,
6 sil
7 surprising
a uy

the wordsin bold o complete the sentences.
3. Your such an exaggeraor The injection wasnt absolutely
sarta) excraciatig Is mid complete painful at worse.

2 hada particulary total good meal at the sushi place in town. The only problem is Im sil
‘completely averous hungry

woos 39

3. levas ute laicos / funny when te gir fed just because the man was bit absolutly uy.

{m completely rather petrified of spiders They totally hideous / ravenous.

5 What toally devastating | ptr news You must both be biter absolutely disappointed.

(EEE The words mood and atte are used in many expressions. Match the sentences (1-5) wich he

expressions (2-0).

He very up and dow.

He gota rea attitude problem.
Hé nat inthe mood
Hesinone of his moods.
chas cerible mood swings.

E would go near him jus now.

He's never pu off bya challenge.

1
2
3. Hehaces anyone with autori
4
5, He doesn el ke going clubbing ton. e He's go real eando aude,

29

218. 35 ces

¡EX Think about your own memory and complete these
3 that fantastic memory or

Fm terrible ae emembering

Amemorble evene was

indie easy to memorise

always remember to

Asa chi. remember

‘Complete the text with words from the box.

Asfarssour(1) memories _areconcered, my twin ste and couldnt be more diferent. She only
has o see or her something once to remember it -i what hey calla (2) nary

And shel (3). ‘that image or that sound more ruine As or me ve gora
@ ike seve you say something tome now il have (5) ‘ten
minutes later 1 case fin one (6) and out the other. ike an oid person = Ive

gota ternble 7) memory By contrast, my long-term memory is fanta ca stl

@ names of al the other children in my rs ass at school ~ tha’ over thy years ago.

{GOLLOGATION Rend the sentences about memories Put a (ie sentences about
‘rverberng something Put the sentnc is but ot remembering” bing able to remember.
“Theva my old scho treed an oy nema o my fore eche Mall

Paris sd ba ans polars wr caused by pei ume cid emer
Aare was ld oho te menor ofthe var dead, ——

Hered mon on with is ing he biter menor coro time ad ime agin
My ranma loves that eon She say bring ac tenured memories of a you

1 al so vogue ne something to jog my memory.

(EI Answer these questions using the words in ais from 23.

Which two adjectives are used o describe a very unpleasant memory?
Which two words describe memories fom when you were young?

1
3, Which tree expressions mean remind someone of something?
4. Which word could you user describe a memory whichis nor ear? =

219. Reading and Use of English Part 1

For questions 1 ~8, read the tox below and decide
‘which answer (A, B, Cor D) best ts each gap.

‘There isan example atthe beginning 1).

Study the spaces one by one, paying careful
tention 10 the words before and after Ihe
fap. The four options you have to choose from
Sie similar in meaning but only one wil fit
ap The correct answer may
also be the only word to fit grammatically

correctly

on 38

Remembering words successtuly
found tres methods which consiste improve ths important language learning 10) 8

creating a visual (1)
‘the wort (2)
methode (4)

forthe word you want to remembor forming word associations; and recaling

Learning new words in a foreign language

of story (3)

Nove new studies have shown so (5)

¡ts surpris ple tony (6)
00m to mater you don't ay the werd aloud — only as to ba m

sich m
sometimes in (8) often percent

9 A capably

1 A impression 8 proto

2 A means B ways

3 A Engines B Sudes
4 A re 8 tons

5 À Indeation B supper
8 A includes B neo
TA participants applicants
8A sopas 8 excess

000000000

Capacity
cos
matnods
Research
can
contestarte

dition

a chaney busines, ut over the last ory years psychologists have

Int atempts to remember liste of words has shown that nase
in memory improvements often percent exer simply reading words once.

fora fourth method which can bo added tothe othe hes;
‘saying the word you want to remember o yoursel doesn't even

competence
image
processes
Questions
produce
evidence
impies
contours

ona

These ar:

were asked to read and remember ste of words, researchers found mamory improvements

220. Fame and fortune

Celebrity culture x

(EIEN We the ames of people you know tat fe these descriptions.

1 anationalsportnglegend 4 aworéamous eebrity
2 ateleisonpersoraley 5 someone who's famous for no particular reason
3 abigmame in shown 3

Choose he correct word to complete the fist part ofthis text

(Celebrites have immense Social capital: they have many social perks |

FE
rer

a nt |
realen en
em | ns
pal tcp publ (0) appearonst oran od spent où à pie
subject totally unrelated to their accomplishments. {à celebrity = a person who is
DS iat a D DE ogc fer

Se pa era ni a |
a | — |e

fame and envy celebrities, de lfesiyle i no without its drawbacks,

eri =the state or quality

Some stars who have (7) atained f undergone celebrity often sales E
from life inthe publi ye and the risk of being (8) sated wbsered | [Emir has Aste rut |
by fans. ter status

=

EHEN Find words and expressions in the text which match these definitions.

wane to become inthe future
fee jealous of

poston in society

attention from the media

1. very lager great
2. wanted by many people ==

3. benefits which are not financial

4 slo learnt ehrough practice —

(ERE wich word in each group is different Why?

‘ame popularity prosperity __ stardam
benefit of sn talent

envy infatuation —_jalowy obsession
entitlement esteem recognition respect
te payment park revard

Y Prosperity e nol about hows much pale Uke yea

221. [ menus 36

Compite scona putos vane TEE
Tomi
Ci cate pere aim) |

of people can achieve celebrity. For those who do, the
O) can he go (0) —
‘work is often à lucrativo aa, a is advertising branded product. |
Wach any (5) — TV show and you wil fin
contestants who dream of (6) celebro
However, any fame they chieve likely o be fleeting and with
Tante social or economic (7) —
In many industries, such as the rt, lei cam ho
advantageous. Many (8) people working
eat are likey o be relatively poorly paid even tough
they may be as (9). ss their more famous
‘counterparts. This result in esentment amongst colesgues,
‘with people seta Facing os 0f 0)

{COLLOCATION Complete the compound nounsin bold wth a word from the box.

Heha à global media _eauire worth lios of dollars and his wife isa supermodel
She wanted to marry à football so cha he could experience a celebrity

Designers ry to get celebrity _of their products a kind of walking advertisement.
Media ofuhe royal vit lagaly focused onthe princes wardrobe
Celebrity tue or otherwise, sels a lot of newspapers these days,

‘The perssence of media from the ie of paparaz can be uncomrtab and incu.

(EGA ind and correct the wo misspelt words in each sentence.
Papua sack ceebrie an eam ge sums of money Peparz
His famos people bu think l'envie them abit,
Gebr

Many ver tllentedindvdues never become famous =

whe acheive fame very quickly are often forgerten just as quickly

esd sports personnalities often cam money form speaking fees.

2
3
E
15. | highy recomend he biography, ful of wierd celebrity anecdotes,

223

222. 36 rare arte
|| Reality television ||

Choose the definicion of reality television which is closes to your personal opinion.
3 ATV genre featuring ordinary people in unsenpred dramatic or humorous stations

2. Live leision char monitors the behaviour of real people in manufactured situations

3 Arypeot programming which shows how ordinary people behave in everyday He

13) Listen to three people talking about realty television and choose the phrase from thebox
which represents ther view. You do not need to use one ofthe phrases

Speaker? Speaker? Spesier3

[BIE 49) seen again and complete these sentences with words wed by the speakers.

1. Speaker compares watching reat televiion programme o radinga
2. Speaker thinks people nee programmes liso rta and

Speaker 2 compares elt television toa which you ca lok ay from,
Speaker 2 does not approve of produces manipula
Speaker 3s intrested in how new acquaintances manage to ind

Fy
4 the cresiey TWshows.
5
6

Speaker 3 fascinated bythe of people who have never met,

{WORD BUILDING Complete the abe with words which have related meanings

[es Ace
see
_ rom _
person) = a
= SS =
u) _ =

HERE Answer these questions, The expressions in italics can be found in he recording script.

What have you read or watched hat you conser ray?
‘what are some ofthe things tat you o to unwind?

1
3 What.on TU doyou consider tobe comple viewing? —
4 How do you find common ground with new acquaincances?

5

ati something hat you tke which sno everyone cup of te?

224

223. sitmm 36

| Exam practice

Reading and Use of English Part 2 OE

m tip
For questions 1 ~8, road th text below and think of

the word which best fis each gap. Use only one word
in each gap. There isan example at he begining (0)

Look atthe words before and after the gap
in the text This wil help you to decide
‘what type of word you need, such as a
preposition, an article a pronoun or an
Auliary verb. Missing words may be part
‘of phraal verbs or fixed phrases

The Hollywood Star System

‘The star system was the method (0) £ creating, promoting and explotan movie stars of
‘arly twenteth-contay Holywood cinema. In the pat, studios used (1) select promising
‘yung male and female actors, then glamorise and create now personatio for (2) ten

inventing new names and even new Iamiy and social backgrounds. Logondary actos (3)
a put through he sta system include Cary Grant and Joan Crawford,

“Tester system put an empasis (9) the image rather than ho acing si

0 as expected that women would behave ike ladies at nas, and were never
lowed to leave the house without stylish clothes and fll make-up, Mon always had to benave ke
gentiemen (6) public.

dm
to create thr star personality, o they would work together Lo cover (8) any incidents
{hat could damage the publie mage ofthe sta A star's personal problems, such as cvorce, woud

be supprassed,

__ studio oxocutivos, publi relations sta and agents worked alongside the actor

25

224. Relationships

‘Quickly read the article to find the answers to these questions.

4 The writer names five roles that grandparents have family fe. The fis is adviser What ar the other four?
2. When was easier han ics nowt teach ren about bei and values?
3. What phenomenon is responsible for the changesin chien today, according to the waiter?

‘The role of grandparents in children’s upbringing

(1) The word grandparents is descriptive ofthe unique dual pareting ol hat this generation assume It
‘ropa the ia pt hey play m Family ie. With a wealth of old word experience behind ther, and
wih he unique aii welaerpbose from advises oF medion into litera or fends, ey can er
‘ppt and ability a an ever changing word

(2) the underlying sense of esposiiity that pes wih iii emendows, Grandparents perform a
und st beten te needs of their adult clon and thos of ti grader. This role var.
is impera at ines, mated at ober. I goes underground whenever required, but it is solid and absolutely
dependani
| (2 Grandparents often bridge the gap between pres and ei lea, Reis, independent clon
‘who re trying to id heir feet ae almost sways at loggerneads with hir parents. The ole of grandparents
un be ver importan provide dey cts impar ues and se able convey is Feeling to oth pares.
‘Gaandlusen prefer to sten to the grandparets rates han thei parents, who fe find Uxemsclves up
agsiost a bck wal,

(4) One import ing. which sets 10 be missing in devs chile day a seas o family, vals,
beliefs and pups. Ti is were the grandpacets te in However, tiling bois und values aot

as easy ast was ly or ny yeas ago. Then, o questions were asked and there was an plc ens a
tease With changing mes ad changing llocs, hire hu war question the vat of everything
around them. Globalisation has eroded hir sense of belonging and weskened ideification With thei 104
Science ad technology force them to dot evry tational Peli

(8) Parents, who ve so many demands on dss ne, are pehups nat inthe best position ns rations)
vales in their offspring, Chien ae very demanding and grandparents, without appearing to be pushy, have
oth te time ad the experience t deal wth atmums. They can appease, soothe nd impar valves With
tremendous cas, Our lain culture ch and vcd, bt how tay children recognise is? Craniparems
‘sn tech them 1 appreciate ua sons an ior thei moral development

WA Match these expressions from paragraphs 1.2 and 3 with their definitions.

2 havea cath of 2 findicimpossble to make progress
2 perform a balancing ct lo deal wih different demandsat he same time
3 beat loggtheads © provide a connection

4 bridue gap à beunablero agree

5 beupagains a brick wall have aloof

226

225. heist 37

EHEN een he egin and ind words which match these definition.

2 a strong state which is unlikely o change ofl paragraph 1) DRE

2 trustworthy and relable (paragraph 2) — ‘usa form of nou
3 not favouring one side in a disagreement (paragraph 3)

EX Now complete these sentences using words an
12and13.

1. Adults often have to perform 4 balancing ack between looking
alter thee children and caring for tei ageing paren.

2 Money om parensofen__bebween what students
can am anc what they need to pay our

3. My bes frends thoroughly Shes atuayschere
when need het,

4. My brother and never realy got on very well We were constantly

5, Parents and grandparentsprovidethe which
(hildren need in ir early years.

{Parents should not take sides in their childrens disputes. They should remain

II which ofthese verb rom paragraphs 4 and S have similar meanings? Use the texto help you

appease: = seee

EX COLLOCATION Which of the adjectives in each box CANNOT replace the word in italics in the

Ha eue
a EEN

A « ESS

peters.
They told me that the succes ofthe marrage

EE |

of survival st for me to earn when home
Ame a ehe hospital by my anus parents
ho suddenly seemed very old and fai.

227

226. 37 reaionsin
[Friends |

Read these quotes about friendship. Puta (7) you agree. Put (Xf you disagree.

1 ‘true fiends one who overlooks your flues and tolerates your successes’ (Doug Larson) ——

2. "You can make more friends in two months by becoming interested in other people than you can in mo years
by trying to ge other peopl ineretedin ou! (Dale Carnegie).

3 Feu friendships would survive sch one knew whac his friend says of him behind his back’ (aie Pasca)

JE complete this ema to a rad programme with word fom the box

My Git and T woul tke to (1) _g2 eto business rogar bir would he an eig opportunity,
at Larreta cat of poeta 2) that ay 0) ou lasers
Does anyone have ay word 4) abou ing anses wih fends? lo Be sone
spats on ow we shold cre our anaes) ‘ven hat al fs wile making a
Siren cash imestnen and un © na ange of cat ways.

XI 1332) Four people called the radio show to give their advice. How many of them do you think will
‘advise against going into business wih friends? Listen and check.

[EXA CA) uiten again and match the speakers wich the advice they sive (2-4).

Speaker 1 warns against busines partners who get upse easly.
Speaker? 1 suggests including people who are no friends in the business.
Speakers © advice against endangering a friendship for he sake of profi.
Speaker 4 4. eteses he importance often plane and legal documents

Match che phrasal verbs in als with their definitions
IV business partners fal out the business may sue become less lowe over time

ie realy dont want co mes up ou relationship

Iclooks ike my brother and his afin have broken up

1
2 begin to fel romantic love for
4 My father fl for my mother he fs time they met

5

6

<isppoint ofall someone
end romantic elationship
Real friends wil never It you dow,
“They weed to bebes fend, bu

argue and be on bad ers.

ve drifted apar. ‘create problems, damage

IX complet the sentences witha noun from the box:

2 Wehad such high expctations of hers this kindof behaviour rea.
2 Thenewsof the ofthe stars marriage wasall ver the papers,

1 dont think hey be speaking to eachother fora whl,

3 They hada terrible

228

227. Re FA

Exam practice

istening Part 3

235) You wit heu art fa aco intenew in wrich two psychologiat, Ste Burrows and Sinon Pres.
aro ging asvie to oie workers For questors 16, choosa the answer (A,B,C or D) nich ta best
according lo what you hee.

1. Way does Stola mention Ihe smooth talker and ol office types?
A They ae success personas to opt
B_ Troy av people who dont contrbute much to a company.
© They ae kinds of people we should try o avidin offices,
D They are characters vary ofics worker il recognise.

2. Accortng to Simon, what shoud 'Werto-werk’ employees consider?
A the best way to impress th boss
B what coleagues realy
© aching a worksite balance
D. pertetion is desirable

3 According to Sala, why might colleagues berated by "orto" types?
‘A. Thay sem to have no amain.

1B Thor excuses may bo unconvincing,

© Ter

D Thr lack of effort goes unnoticed by senior sta.

not do her fi share of work,

4 Simon thins the majority of employees.
A ar to consciomiovs.
Bera neither of he types described
© donot make enough efor.
D have ahealhy work He balance

5 According to Stel, what il happen if someone doas not ake ther oe seriously?
A Thay wil inate thir cobeagues.

Thy wo tet of ta cleagus. efoe site, ea hough the
Sucré and uds mas
© stein warn enpayesaganst Se Gem This wl provide focus
constant seeing aves tom opera cores Wa ten
El y Br va wait until the speaker has finished
$ an ologue ret vers Sere ete
© hing ave ic wa naked a
D epenyereismgeirerpeopiconbuns | fuga newer ates than far

229

228. Time off

(EIEN Answer these questions from a holiday questionnaire

4. What was your mos recent holiday destination? 3 Why did you choose this destination?

2 How did you rave?” 4 What ind of accommodation did you choose
(EDDA complete the description of eildhood holidays with words and phrases from the box

‘When f was child twas ily unusual wo goon foreign holiday. Th
(1) _intemmatinal fgnis ere orbital compared to tho 0

days 2) Lee prey much ub
E) our uged cur with desa y would begin with a
ceive hou ve tough he night, Our (@) ic Scola

Nea

surrounded by (7)

bu ths mean Hite tome or my sis Pl
® Arm with hve and a owe
we would ear down to dhe Bac every min. We bul xia

‘ved the lve farol jelly ish, we coll jewel, and we dug to Australia. Summer holiday lated
Tpit the kids today ih ir 0) peak in the un. Who mars ln eats
Posting restaurant serving auto (10) Who nods arta lagnone featuring wave

machine and lato walerfulls? Show me an eight-year-old i

[EEE COLLOCATION Find collocations in the Vocabulary note
‘which match these definition. Vocabulary note

ae

ach witha ck and pad
snd show you wha ral holiday Fans allow

1 abreakforparentsand thir children a. fun ody, = ver = holiday: go on/have aftake af
2. a holiday with outdoor activities a

nn + adjective + halıay:pubi/annual/
3 aholdayin another country = uv weelfforeign/exatehaiay
4 aca off frown werk for everyone + noun + holday:packagebeachy
5 holiday athe seni See eee ey,

4 _ > holiday + noun: hliay resord

6 toamange and pay fora hol destination atason insurance

230

229. rime 38

HERES write sentences of your own which include these collocations.
1 cancelaboliday 2 winter holiday 3 holidapresore 4 holiday insurance

AREA match each word in che box with a word in talis wich a similar meaning.

iciates,
‘We wanted to honeymoon ina rmte locaton with incredible ves

We searched high and low for genuine regional handicrafts o bring back s souvent.

1
2

3, thinks watefulto bula man made beach when here ae homeless people in hs cy
4. Hyouwant 0 o o a fr lung destination youll have o ay excessive amounts of money
s

In the 19805, Thaland was almost unkmoam asa tourt destination for Europeans, but now it very popular

Enjoying exercise

EI COLLOCATION | March the nounsin the box with che correct list of noun collocations below.

ucing_ scident enthusiast, helmet

as routine: workout
Instructor fighter expert
our boots, pace

itch, league, tournament
lesson, coach, court
costume goggles pool
partner move, step

EPA complete the following sentences with collocaions fom 21

1 SheSsomethingofa__tartia arts expert anda

blac bee nudo and arre
2 Our PE rencher used ro make us run the length ofthe
ifwe misbehaved.
3 Thetralfc was soba that we cept along ata Ww
for mos ofthe journey. Y
4 ‘eat come inthe pool wit you ve efe my i
and my towel at home.
5. Igo ith some ofthe ater gels toa regular
ich ees mer fi
6 Sheneedsa new as ni jase

doesnt move wel enough

230. inf adjectives that expres your penonalopiion of 5 3
cach orm of exten W Vocabulary note

‘erie can be uncountable or
Fer me aeotico is exhausting bul extlaraing Bec ere

DE tinentosomeon ttngabos exec Arche | TEE UNED noun eee
fence (orte ronge ese? een

1 You have robe serous abour geting into shape

oe ue
3 Sigi en,
à jou denen ys mle movement Mn ue

rot een on dog grammar exercise.

+ a course of action to achieve

5, Swimming has three major advantages san exercise,

6 cymscharge roo much money

something specific
7 Other people can be trating when youre eereing. "The company Statement is par of

8 Thebenefitsof exerci are worth alice pain.

1335) Listen again and complete the sentences with words and phrases sed bythe speaker.

2. She recommends that busy people make some — 0 their daly routine
2. Shesays that dancing at home's an enjoyable way ol

3 She think that people ave discouraged by the — © some

4 She encourages Isteners wich a favourite porto be more than just

5. Shereassres istenrs that if they include neighbours in thei plans, they be

Complete the phrases in bold in the questions with the correct prepositions. here are similar
‘sentences in the recording script Answer the questions about yourself,

2 What kindof thing put you eerching Vocabulary note

“The phrasal verb particle offhas a |
number of meanings |
— + departure or separation, eg. get of,

se of

2. When do you etch with gossip?

4. What do you do when you're low ‘energy? Es a
an
en |
a

wearing off row

22

231. Ancsı 38

Reading and Use of English P:

You are going to reac an article about traveling in China contaring advice fr European tourists.
For questions 1-10, choose from the peop (A ~ E- Each person may be chosen more than once,

Which writor

vies tourists not to spend time worying about gating the best deals? 1
ves advice to tourists considering tavoling alone? 2
presses regrets about communication wit lea peor 3

mention the advantages of being wit somebody who can speak the loca! language? 4

a 5

suggest a way to meet ordinary people on public trans

suggest a region where travelers an find cheap accommodation?

vias against traveling by plane? E

suggest an economical way of paying ora rango of services?
advises poope o book before they travel y ral? 5

wars travellers that one of thenightime travel options i ilagal? 10

233

232. | Exam practice |

China on a shoestring?

a
‘You can probably mange
day da eh, yl hae 10 Too for he Jos tes
on buses or ins and say a hostel ox budget hot,
southwest China Taking
best way of geting fom ane big ety
to dhe neat, bu buses ar more economical There re
es you ca lee on for long journey hut having
vas ha, theyre pretty unenmforihle One tig |
tant ur enough: youl mis out on the al Chia
Fy y Geting off he beaten tack is ben. dane
Voy or means. However in rua ars dhe langage
¡rin was a challenge forme. Fi only soc E man
se to converse mor ects

»
Ti avs Bed che thought of being slo vel
bt ke probaly hod à beer me going ou
something orgnised My travel aad accommodation
cost about à hunde pounds a week, diem dire wat
fod and lights to China on wp of dat, Once Id
sd did Lave co worry about money or anything
the and I ha people o har the experience wrth. 1
really recommend thi option fou ae inthe same
positon. Our guide wets nate speaker ur et a
English He accompanicd us everywhere nd made
everything so ay forthe gous,

es than 30 euros pe

‘ef whieh there are many
the cin à

€
Deiing:
soon fi out bow to get by ona budget and ail cat
well the restaurant near the ration ae good place
19 sar IFyoute going o eel round China by
rr, get hat js by your ticket in advance,
pal you want to teve ona publ lios
And if you choose che cheapes seas, you be sure to
Bet acquainted withthe rel Chines 1 can guarantee
{ha they'll be intersted you. ve head hat om
(a el pry cheaply by plane he ys, bt 1
dont

into comae th so many local
‘om comfort whit tve

us really expensive to stare wit, but you

a bike ed otf woul not have come

Ind prior my

you go all he way to China, make re yon dose
muchas posible nue of constantly looking for
the lea expensive ay o dong things, Obras
oran eps coma ile moco a doing everything
yours but think you have a beer experience

he m nd wane do rae
suze you gee a od impresion ofthe places you
visi As everything et up im ane, yon von
rubundentandings and dulce ean ae
Yoke eying to make arangemeats fa an uno
Hamas

E
Compare with travel in Europ, he cost of public
ranport in Chin ee i incredily cheap In

(he capil, Being for example. an cou the
equivale of 30 cent to tve by underground
anar i the ey If yo buy wht they cll "pa
you cn eve! around de city but an ao be wed
to py or pui poses fr tani fie or even 0 bay
chong is super In many hi, ta a à al
‘option for tales ona ght budget yon ave
‘with oder tori steam be cheaper than king
the bas. on item to go out a igh, there may
be nigh uses, txt ae the most key choice of
rarsporsbhough oie prit chiens offer x
sennce in thee private can Th are often cheer
han ans, busy we them, you maybe in anger,
nd you should remember that king a"

cial forbidden in China

233. [EIEN Wich ofthese sources of information are important t you? Puta (2),

internet blogs 2éhour TV news in-depth news analysis

(ED complete the text with words and phrases from the box

Teint and os nie logs se adv soil news Social news is api bec
which we (1) tay uprterdate wit wha going on ie word. News i 0 ger
Solely by jouais. News can now come from anyone ~ ypaseing he madinal (3).
Taste of having an edited version of what (o) (4) is eying, we ear re fom th
source, Socia new is abou geting information (8) san vate.

© Lo a TV channel we decide what ow
o — channels on hich the po

has also ave, one dominate

and audio seams. nen of
hand when to watch We no longer have |
che what we se. We contol everthing our

And anew concept in the frm of () I slomly emerging. We are already se
increasing number of servis un (D)

that yu ae. Kor example there a seal "geo
rexaurats within each of your locaton saber han

ovid information fr he par
rice” which provide you witha sof

The numberof es serve spin Lo explode ia yeas to come. Ina world where we have

1. ignore a normal part of procedure to progress more ‘The original meaning of the word channel was
ee

A Channel can also be used asa verb, meaning do
something in a particular direction: He needs o

A appear
sw anne hi energy na something mor Foxe.

234. 39 su

‘WORD BUILDING Complete the table with words which have related meanings.

‘Noun 3 verb Adiecive | Loi
arabe (person) =
E process) ==
dominate h
emerge
re Go much demand)
(person) (at enough demand)
(event) ‘explode as
(substance) |
ct) [comume imate ob consumed)
— person)

EJES Complete these sencences using words from the table in 14.

1 temas renew my_subscribtion_ o Time Magazin, which runs out next month
2. Ichasbeen widely reported that three evans have been injuredin abomb intheity entr.

3 Agoodjoumalstcan situation quick process a age quant of information and report whats
happening acura,

4 Comparison websites were one ofthe re suceeses of the dotcom boom. They allowed 10 shop
around before making her nal buying decison

5 The
{5 Three rival companies are fighting for

‘of online medi as affected the sale of tradicional newspapers and magazines,

ofthe information technology markspace

IN COLLOCATION. All ofthe words below collocate with
device, eg. mobile device. Which word diferent in each list
GR Why?

The adjective bis often used when ge,

explosive ‘ectonie mechanical nuclear large or wide would be more appropriate,
2 dial handheld mobile portable + LARGE a large numberla ange

| ‘quantity large amount

[Seman navigation bora ser

+ GREAT ger pleasure reat
importance eco fura! sucess
+ WIDE a und hoicfa wide angel
|| Press freedom ide variety
+ Bic big increase ie
What does the erm freedom of the pres mean co your improvement! bg problema bg
Puta (/) you agree with statement. surprise ig impact

3. Newspapers an publ anything they ke even fit snot ru
2. Newspapers can publ anything but they must be able o prove ha iis re
3. Newspapers can publish anything as long as itis not polrica sensitive,

4 Joumalits and reporters donot have to reveal their sources of information.

236

235. eso II

FIFA Complete this news story with one word which best fits each gap.

Politicians in loeland are developing laws (1) — 2 — improve freedom of speech. The “Telandie Modern
Media Initiative” i ce respon o increasing pessues on the freedom o information, The Tae, which aro
some of the most liberal in the worl, ae being introduced (2) the aim of protec freedom of
speech in Iceland as (3) — as increasing he country’s atractvenes 1 journalists.

‘The initiative ims to make (4) ——— possiblo for journalists, bloggers and publishers to publish
(fear of punishment and focoses on the need to protect sources from aay investigation

© thei identity. (7) —— theory, foreign media companies operating ou of Iceland could also
benefi from these laws

EX 150) Listen to four speakers reacting to Iceland new press freedom law. Answer these questions
foreach speaker.

1 Aretheyin favour ofthe new law? 2 Do they think wil be completely sucesso

IN BSD) uen co ef speaker agin and comple che tet with words he une

‘eeand wanes (1) journalism tobe free of
uud nererence by the rich anc powerful Although
thoroughty approve ofthe ide, Ue ily that eh
and powerful alo profi from feed of 2)
by publtning materi which i ether a groeinfringement oF
he) — ‘ofan individual or misinforsthe |
general publi on importan sues Allowing ntemacinal

media organisations o say what hey ore from any
(9 eeates anew form of totalitarian state, |
Iceland id cresting ibe! tourist - media corporations hat
‘want to prof, without far of conection or sanction, atthe

(6) ___ ofthe individual

‘Complete these sentences

your own ideas.

‘honesty think =

wholeheartedly approve of

7
2 Igeninely bere

fundamental agree with

EX choose the correct definitions for the words in italics used by the speakers.

2 by publehing materia 3 “one European country reise its laws
2. substance which objects are made from a. to study something previous leamed
information used when writing something >. cochange something inorder to improve it

2 without fear of sanction." 4 “sa fantastic and innovative proposal
an action taken to make people obey aw & statement of opinion orjudgement

‘oficial approval or permission 2 formal suggestion o plan

237

236. || Exam practice

For questions 1-6, complete the socondsenance | ek thao have noted mal or
50 tha has a sim meaning othe frst sentence, | Ku Ten weis Remember that nan ee

using the word given. Do not change the word Contractions, for example or, thie counts as
given. You must use betueon three and six words, tumor not one |
Including he word given. Hero is an example (D. Check that jou have not keptany * |

Unnecessary words from the rt sentence. |
Check that the grammar ofyoursentence is |
correct and hat you have mot changed the |
ven word in any way |

© Do you tik you could buy me a newspaper when youre ou?
WONDERING
| sets wondering whether you could buy me a nerapaper whan your out |

4 When! eave university, hope to become a serious investigate juris. |
AMBITION |
Ven Leave univer, 10 become a serious investigative jouait. |
|

2. Individuals are not wealthy enough otako international meca comorations ta cour.
Sue
Incviduas cannot International media corporations.

3 Traditional newspapers wil probably have disappeared by th your 2020.
LIKELY
By the year 2020, il have clsappoare.

4 Regul tension broadcasts bagan in 1697.
saw
1937 regular torsion troadasts.

5 1 don think | could Ive without a cay newspaper
IMAGINE |
1 without a daly newspaper

6 | spent all moming looking for the information| wanted

To0K

" tor tre information | wanted.

238

237. The world of work

(EIEN which ofthese industrie are people employed
in where you Ive? Puta (7).

age entertainment mining
construción finance publi services
‘customer services___ insurance real

educacion _ manufacture technology

EEE Match each word list with one of the industries in 1.1

coverage premium: payout policy issuance
sitio expectations bi loyaky

1
2

3. contractor: labourer ste este
4 mineral extra pits dl

5. harvest pesticide actor produce

$. venue hospital promotion estival

EJEA 57) Listen to three people talking about work. Are ches sentences true (T) or false (FT

Speaker Speaker? Speaker 3

1 She gotherfistjobinalocal 3 He has lost two jobs. 5. His father use torn the farm,
facon. 4° Hels quie relaxed about

2. She now works in ind. having lost job. 6 He employs tive people, —_

(ERE 1255) Listen again and complete chet sentences with words used by the speakers.

1 When Speaker et schoo there was very Ile
2 Speaker was rainedin

3 The work Speaker 1 did when she was youngeris now done nap Indian ————
Speaker 2 father athe age ost five

5 Speaker 2hasbeen from two jobs

6. Speaker 2 thinks itis more worrying to be in midale age.
2. Speaker 3 doubrs tha his childen ll himon the farm,
8

Speaker 3 nds ifiul co make enough maney to

239

a, o

238. AO tne ons tre

Which formal words fom the box can replace he words in italics in the sentences?

We laps get lot of questions from customers who have misplaced ei bil enquiico
Employment laws lay down the warnings we have o give an employee before we sack them,

hat bothers me's the significant Increase in he numberof unemployed graduates.

uring the week you ick up many ofthe IT sls needed in che modern workplace =

1
a
3
4

EN choose the correct word in these sentences.

you hur youself at work your boss may have to give ou some money.

1 ibe leaving job warkin about ten minutes me

2 Lame to London oimprovemyEngishandinowlamphnning | aa counablenoun which refers à
finda job J work her. h blenoun which refers to

Particular employment:
3. He must ge to jah / work by lock otherwise etl os his When she ef clog she got Job os 0
job work magazine stos

Work an uncountable noun which

A | en ci niche

jb work Tie got so much work todo
Works aoa verb,

4 just eed the money.tm prepared vo do ab / work of ny kine

IEA COLLOCATION. Complete the compound nouns in these
sentences with words from he table,

108 [descripcion market offer ‘opportunites satisfaction security seekers
work | clothes colleagues envionment experience — load permit spice

1 Thejob _descrstion says you nesd o have at est some relevant work

2 1 gecabsoutely no job when my work iso high.

3 Job cannot be guaranteed during an economic downtum.

4 Tocrestes healthy work lighting, space and note levels must be taken nto
consideration

5, Shes waiting for her work o are and hen she can accept hat job _

5 Thejob, particular ough for job fresh rom schoo or college

7° Many of my work looking for new jab outside the company

8. When you join us ext week youl need o bring suitable work _ and please remember to
keep yourwork fee from clatter,

Write sentence about the country you come from for each of the issues in the box.

Industrial action by ainine staff disrupled fight schedules in the UK Last year

240

239. she wor ot wor AO

Economic migration

(IED Read he text and underline the parts which give you the information in these sentences
2. Paula found rand depressing. 3 Paula expected to find à good job in rela
2. Paula not sorry she moved to New York 4 Paula was determined tobe promoted

roland brain drain

Complete with degree from a top irish University and ready to join the word of work Paula
MGrath struggled to find a job at home, so she decided to ty her luck nthe USA and escape the
«doom and gloom of the ish economy. Now she can be found working In a restaurant in New York,

| graduated in Mecía Suis ene como her to the US, whic for many isthe lane of opportunity
haven't andado jb of my dreams ye, but ra exctermento!Ivieg and working in a ety Ike NewYork |
isthe dom come te nse

| always thought that | woule stay in land or hac graduated. Tre days when the county has a
theming ecanemy were long gone, bur there were sil abs fr the oro Gates members ol re
nor At unversiy | wes aware tha: | coud": wait for 5100 oppertunty 0 Sr up though,
there wore plenty o paonle ofl gpas I the sour markt whe" GDS vere create.

At the same tm sland was contr g te ur out mare and more highly esucatec and righty
‘motivated graduates, o | needed plan 19 be Sb to compete, | decida that | would stay as hard
fs coud and get tr grados neoded Yo embark on a cao

| graduated war good gradas und vas lucky enough to id a jb in D.bin a: has realy good
‘prospects. From my fest day there | imagined myst cli “he corporate dor ar beco ning a
‘xeeutwo ir tho company, fas noto Be though: atar Sx montés the compary went Oust and, a of
susan, [ound mse vc job

| ent about ix months tying te Hg a so:manant ob, ur par rom some Fawlace work | count |
| Hrdanyıing. stats to “es my work ini cisaopea. twos at this point at des. thet vies time |
fora change cama tothe decison that ou ty my luck n Amor. apple for and got my wise

and | haven't lakes back sine,

Find words and phrases in italics rom the text which match these definitions.

all he workers in a particular company. cy, country. ete, _rkforce
self-employed and working for many organisations
atmosphere of hopelessess

belt in che importance of work fe
produce something quickly and in large quancicis
chances o be succes in the fur

appeared suddenly =

successful and profitable =

[BD Answer these questions which include phrases from the text. Use dictionary o help you.

4 Whyare immigrants sometimes needed tofil got nthe labour marker
2 Whackind of people war

lib he corporate lade?

240. | Exam practice
Reading and Use of English Part 3

For questions 1-8, read the tox below Use the

word given in capta a the ene of some ofthe ‘Rend the wile text ire ora general idea of

Ines to form a word that fts in the gap intro same | te opio en look a dhe saps and iy to werk
‘ut shat type of werd is missing, for example,

lie. Thee isan example at tho beginning (0) en
‘change the words given, think about whether
the words need prefixes orsufixes. |

My iat work environment

| beeve a work culture that matches amployaes" (0) vrai PERSON
is vital for worker job (1) as ol 26 ora companys SATISFY
business success. My ideal work onvronment Is croativ, fun and

role, At work, | vay fes 2) and thereis a APPRECIATE
spit of teamwork and postive energy. respect my boss fr his er her

quaties of (3) __ inter and fancy positive nature. LEADER
{now | can make aa] byusimg my uniqus talents, CONTRIBUTE
‘and ak in ander to make a iferanea in a company which is focusac

on achiaving cleat defines (6) My team and the OBJECT
company work together to introduce (6) innovations. TECHNOLOGY
‘Wahi the company, each member of the (7) legen WORK

the chance to learn and develop new sil 10 help the company achieve
it goal. ook ford 1 coming to work every day because Lam an

© par of an organisation whose work | believe in ESSENCE
ace new opportunties and challenges avery day

241. Economics and business

Economic problems

ind expressions inthe newspaper headlines which match the definitions. The ist eters are provided.

PENSION FUND opısıs [_ECONOWiC DOWNTURN

Stocks ‘Stamp worsens

cm | Zn EE

3 moneysetasdeo provide income for people 5 a stuaion where the value of something suddenly
hen they are eed decreases
persion fund. ©

2. become bankrupt 6 increase in prices leading o an increasein the cost
2 === fiin.

3 period of economie decline (3 diferen: words) E
B 8 id 7. the charg. in percent for borrowing money

4. economic station where banks stop lending L ‘

< de 8. godownin value ( diferent words)

ee
IA SD) tite to eno Americans talking about eher family financial situation. What rising costs
‘concern each speaker?

Speaker 1 Speaker?

[ERED 53) Listen again and complete the phrases in italics with words used by the speakers.

Speaker Speaker 2

the whole economy’ in a 5. people finance their college feshrough
2 their mortgage repayments 6 college fees sre going up at am rate

3 Whats__my family the hardest 7. Some of our Wend are already geting.

4 keep o__om our spending 3 with the economy in anything ould happen

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242. A 7

(EB march the definitions (a-h) with the phrasesinitalic from 13. |

À besten € inremeatanoming speed |
comin paying ofan £conralsomettng gy

© worsening uncontrollably. {Bay for something by borrowing money, |
à inadepresed ene À mos settled

Complete the news article with words from the box

Low holiday spending due to economic worries

Americans won’ be spending a much this holdey season due to continu worry about their
(finances New reseuch found at 56% of Americans rad the comnomy as poor and 46%
eleve the station was gen worse.

This is bad news for (2) trying to ele ou heir earings this holiday season, especially
since the survey showed that oughly 03% of espondeas sud they pal to spend es this holiday seso,
‘The figure is changed sine at year, when retailers had one ofthe wurst ning ever and had to lash
prices even before Chistnas to help move (3)

en the news that household (4) inch wp isa double-edged sword People surveyed
indicated they'd be speding more on items Ike gas and grosere, bt ye making up forthe increase hy
facies eating what they spend on (5) "ie movies restart meas

Perhaps the most oubling par ofthe research shows tata sing number of Americans no only have no
money leftover after paying their ils, but expect tse (6) {ofall ever futher he
coming months. Most people have lady cut ther spending 10 Oi one, wows no lear ht ies ad
for average Americans uying to make ends meet The stock (7) may be sing and some
ig companies may Le repocting (8) — bat mse mo mike: dra shows hat were

| cesta no out of the woods yet

(EEG Find phrases in ale which match these definitions in Vocabulary nite
he article,

4 increase slowly ito
2 surive financial

3 sin danger

4 reduce expenditure a minimum
5 orale something lst longer

6 bothan advantage and. disadvantage

‘Add words and phrase wich similar meaning from the box to he its (1-3).

1 shoot up rise dramatically, _ =
2 sash

3 troubling =
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243. vconomics and business 41
|| Business tips |

PU Read th article and write these headings above the appropriate paragraphs.

‘Top tips for starting your own business

‘Wits seeking Imvoiment, make sre you put the tne and elo into developing a old husiness plan you
an presen potent inventes. The personal touch i also important so ty ula good working,
relationship with your bank manager it makes a big diference.

fe

Wen erg wpa busin, Ure’ often no need o spend lrg sums cn oes, fancy logos and designer
furniture Is far mor portant to Keep a low cos base atthe art, nd keep costs as variable a you car.
Make sre you are no locked nt long contacts, for example

ec

Small ness ofen have advantages over thes lager competitors If yo ca respond quickly to comers
and oedpack and alwayı matin Oe personal touch, your Business may five where ger competitors
aveo rare react such adyramie wy.

Den

Be a sponge, cam from eer stakes, a wel as your own nd proactively sek aut mentors. The Internet,
and expecially social networking make teas 1 connect with ther smal bone owners. I’ important in
be part ofa huang business community

(BIEL wich words are posible replacements forthe words in italics in the text?

Possible replacements
fh build ‘develop establish produce maintain,

2 setup bring on establish launch ‘sare

3 thrive [accomplish flourish prosper succeed

4 seekout Tookfor searchior — uytofind

Choose the correct prepositions to complete he sentences, There are similar sentences in 2.1.

‘we are putting extra resources int for traning our customer service team
Al be presenting his quarer figures to / tthe board a this afternoon's meeting
Iris viral that we er every member of staff to focus about / on what we want to achieve a5 an organisation

As the fist enter the markrplace we wil have enormous advantages of over Fa firms

[EEE WORD TRANSFORMATION Complete these sentences with the correct forms ofthe word in capitals

1 Many of he in che company were puting ia their own money. INVEST.
‘My brother and formed business wen years go. PARTNER
Your business wil be more _ you can reduce your overheads. PRODUCE

“The company istringto seduce 2 on transport. EXPEND

25

244. | Exam practice |

Writing Part 1 An

‘You must answer tis question. Vr your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate styl,

‘You have tend t a ach discussion programme about the problem of young peopio not boing prepared
for employment. You have made the notes Dow.

‘Solutions tothe problem of young people
not being prepared for employment
+ school raining programmes

2 employer programmes I e
work experience Some opinions expressed in ne discussion:

“Employers should not be expected to train
tum employees in basics.”

‘itis the responsibilty of schools to prepare
students forthe world of work”

"Yeung people should reas that string work
requires commitment and a readiness to Ion |

new sil.”
Wit an essay ciscussing two of the solutions in your notes. You ehould explain which solution you think
Is moro kat o be successful, giving reasons to support your Opinion.

You may i you eh, make use of tho opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your oun
‘words a faras possible,

|

is important hat you make sure that what you write will make aense tothe
reader This means precenting clear argument In which Use sentences und.
Argos are linked in a oa way Remember to ge gone suport
your ideas

246