Group-1-Teaching-Profession, philosophy.pdf

Philosophy of education and personal philosophy of teaching

1. PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
AND PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY
OF TEACHING

2. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY OF
EDUCATION?

3. Philosophy literally means 'love of wisdom'. It is an attempt
to arrive at a rational conception of the reality as a whole. It
enquires into the nature of the universe in which we live, the
nature of the human soul, and its destiny, and the nature of
God or the Absolute, and their relation to one another. Your
philosophy of education is your concept of the learner,
concept of what must be taught and how this must be taught.
These thoughts are the bases of your actions and decisions
when you prepare to teach and when you teach.
Definition and Nature

4. Example
A teacher who believes that students learn best by doing
rather than just listening might set up activities like group
projects and hands-on experiments. Their belief shapes
how they teach and what they expect students to learn.

5. Philosophy and Education
Philosophy
✓ the study of the fundamental nature knowledge, reality and
existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
✓is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those
connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind,
and language.... The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient
Greek (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".

6. Example
Imagine a student in a university philosophy class is exploring
questions like “What is knowledge?” and “How do we know what
we know?” The student might read different philosophers' ideas
about what constitutes true knowledge and engage in
discussions about how we can be certain of anything. This
exploration helps them understand different perspectives on
the nature of knowledge and reality.

7. Philosophy and Education
Education
✓ the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a
school or university.
Example: A student learns math in school by following a step-by-step
textbook that covers basic arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. Each lesson
builds on the previous one to help the student understand math better.
✓ Education is defined as the process of gaining knowledge. An example of
education is attending college and studying.

8. Education
✓ is the process of facilitating learning, or the
acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and
habits. Educational methods include teaching,
training, storytelling, discussion and directed
research.
Philosophy and Education

9. In a cooking class, the instructor helps people
learn how to make different dishes. They teach
cooking techniques and recipes, and participants
practice these skills to improve their cooking
abilities.
Examples

10. PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATION

11. Generally, a western philosophy
of education compromises two
schools, which are traditional
and modern.
A. Western Philosophies

12. The aim of education is to discover and develop each
individual’s abilities and full moral excellence in order to
better serve society.
The curricular emphasis is subject matter of mind:
literature, history, philosophy, and religion.
EXAMPLE: A boy asking a teacher about the topic for
clarification.
1. IDEALISM

13. Teaching methods used in idealism include:
Question for clarification:
How does this relate to our discussion?
Questions that probe assumption:
What could we assume?
Questions that probe reason and evidence:
What would be an example?
Question about viewpoints and perspectives:
What is another way to look at it?

14. Teaching methods used in idealism include:
Question that probe simplification and
consequences:
What are the consequences of the assumption?
Question about the question:
What was the point of the question?

15. Key Philosophers
Believed that truth was the central
reality. However, Plato did not believe
that people created ‘ knowledge’ instead
they ‘ discovered’ it.
PLATO (CA. 427-CA.347 BCE)

16. Key Philosophers
SOCRATES ( CA.470- CA.399 BCE)
Socrates' works are only known through the works of Plato.
Plato observed Socrates questioning a slave boy to help him
understand what he knew about a specific concept.
This questioning technique became known as the ‘Socratic
method’.

17. Key Philosophers
IMMANUEL KANT was a German
philosopher who believed in “ freedom,
the immortality of the soul, and the
existence of God.”
KANT ( 1724-1804)

18. is the belief that we should study logic,
critical thinking, and the scientific method to
teach students to perceive and understand
reality.
Realists believe that the job of schools is to
teach students about the world around them.
2. REALISM

19. Elvis is thinking deeply on what
to answer because he’s having a
hard time understanding the
question.
EXAMPLE:

20. Key Philosophers
Known as the father of REALISM and the
scientific method.
Aristotle believed that everything had a
purpose of function.
ARISTOTLE (384 - 322 BCE)

21. Key Philosophers
John Locke believed in the tabula rasa, or blank
tablet, view of mind.
According to this view, a child’s mind is a blank
slate when they are born.
All the sensory experiences they have after birth
fill up the slate through the impressions that are
made upon the mind.
LOCKE (1632 - 1703)

22. Teaching methods used in realism include:
Demonstration
Recitation
Critical thinking
Observation
Experimentation

23. : 3. PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM
is an educational philosophy
that says that education should
be about life and growth.

24. Two important elements of pragmatism include:
practical learning—which focuses on the real-
world applications of lessons, and
experiential learning— which involves learning
through experience, not through simple ideas.
encourages a democratic way of learning
through purposeful and cooperative projects
and activities. The school is expected to provide
learning and experiences that are useful.

25. Key Philosophers
Charles Sanders Pierce is one of the first pragmatic
thinkers.
He introduced the pragmatic method in which
students are supplied a procedure for constructing
and clarifying meanings. In addition, this system
helps to facilitate communication among students.
PIERCE (1839- 1914)

26. Key Philosophers
John Dewey linked PRAGMATISM to evolution by
explaining that “ human beings are creatures who have
to adapt to one another and to their environment”.
He saw ideas as the instruments to solving problem
and advocated for the application of the following
steps;
DEWEY (1859-1952)

27. 1.Recognize the problem exist
2. learly define the problem
3.Suggest possible question
4. Consider the potential consequences of the
possible solution
5.Carry out further observation and experiment
leading to solution’s acceptance or rejection.

28. Example: A group of students make a big circle to discuss about the
topic that the teacher has given to them.
•Hands-on problem solving
•Experimenting
•Projects
•Cooperative learning
Teaching methods used in
pragmantism include:

29. B. EASTERN
PHILOSOPHIES

30. Is a major world religion
originating in the Indian
subcontinent and comprised
several and varied systems of
philisophy, belief, and ritual
(Buitenen et. al., 2024).
4. HINDUISM

31. It’s one of the oldest religious
traditions, with a rich tapestry of
beliefs and practices. Unlike many
religions, it has no single founder
and is more a collection of diverse
ideas and practices.
4. HINDUISM

32. Hindus believe their
religion helps you free your
soul from everyday life’s
sadness, disappointments,
and mistakes.
4. HINDUISM

33. The Big 3
Also referred as “Trimurti” or “Triad”.
Hindus believe that the spirit of the
universe takes the form of the 3 main
Gods.
BRAHMA: The Creator
VISHNU: The Protector
Shiva: The Destroyer

34. 2 main holy texts:
Vedas Upanishads

35. Vedas (1700-550 BC)
The Vedas, meaning “knowledge,” are
the oldest texts of Hinduism.
Sacred scriptures, treasure vault to
wisdom and knowledge.
Its content have “hymns, ritualistic
songs, incantations, charms, and
curses.

36. Upanishads (750-550 BC)
also known as Sanatan Dharma
meaning “Eternal Order” or “Eternal
Path” which develops and explains
the fundamental principles of the
religion (Joshua, 2020).
sequel of the Vedas which focused
on spiritual enlightenment.

37. Brahma
referred to as the “The Creator”.
Brahman
is the ultimate, unchanging reality that
transcends the physical and mental
realms. It is the source of all existence
and it is infinite, formless, and beyond all
attributes.

38. Brahman
Hindus viewed Brahman differently;
People who worship Brahma (The
creator)
1.
Lesser form of Brahma 2.
Divine Consiousness3.
Reality behind of what we see or
experiences
4.

39. Brahman vs. Brahma
Brahma is the creator. While on the other hand,
Brahman is the essence or the source.
Example: Brahma is like the master builder who designs and
constructs the entire building, setting up
everything in place. Brahman is the invisible
essence or material that the entire building is made
from, filling every corner and supporting the whole
structure. While Brahma is responsible for creating
the universe, Brahman is the ultimate reality
underlies and connects everything within it.

40. Atman
is the higher aspect of what we understand as
“soul” (the real self).
What is the True Self?
The real self (Atman) is distinct from the
temporary body.
The true self is the “soul”.
You are not your mind, you are not your body.

41. Beliefs
Hindus believe that a person have a goal or
purpose.
Four goals of life:
Dharma - righteousness, moral values
Artha - prosperity, economic values
Karma - pleasure, love, psychological values.
Moksha - liberation, spiritual values

42. Karma
in Indian religion and philosophy, it is the
universal causal law by which good or bad
actions determine the future modes of the
individual’s existence (Olivelie, 2024)
Dharma
it is the concept of the duty or righteousness.
In Hinduism, dharma is the religious and
moral law governing individual conduct.

43. Moksha
in Indian philosophy and religion,
liberation from the cycle of death
and rebirth (samsara). Derived from
the Sanskrit word muc (“to free”), the
term moksha means freedom from
samsara (Olivelle, 2024).

44. Samsara
it is the cycle of birth and rebirth (or
reincarnation) and is governed by how karma
is created and balanced.
Example: Jean died and was reborn according to
karma. However, if Jean reaches the Moksha
level he will not be reincarnated and her spirit
went with the Gods.

45. Caste System
It is a system where
people are born
into certain social
classes, and they
CANNOT change
their social class.

46. EXAMPLE:
Jean is a Dalit and a good person
who does good deeds. Paul is the
opposite, a Kshatriya, and does bad
deeds. They both died and were
reincarnated. Jean reincarnated into
a higher form of life (Brahmins or
Kshatriyas) while Paul as a Dalit.

47. Key points:
Brahma - the deity referred to as the “The Creator”.
Brahman - the reality or the reason behind what we see
or experience. Additionally, it is the source of all
existence.
Brahmins - it is a higher social class in Hinduism.
Vedas - the oldest holy texts.
Upanishads - sequel of Vedas.
Moksha - to be free to samsara (cycle of life)
Samsara - it is a cycle of life. Live, Die, and Reborn
(Reincarnation).

48. 5. Buddhism
a religion of eastern and central Asia
growing out of the teaching of
Siddhārtha Gautama that suffering is
inherent in life and that one can be
liberated from it by cultivating
wisdom, virtue, and concentration.
B. Eastern Philosophies

49. known as the “Buddha” and "the Enlightened or Awakened
One". Siddhartha Gautama, a prince shielded from suffering
by his father, encountered the realities of old age, illness,
and death during chariot rides, leading him to realize that
earthly pleasures were fleeting and could not escape
human suffering. Leaving his family, he pursued extreme
ascetic practices but found them insufficient. He then
meditated under a tree, where he attained Nirvana
(Enlightenment), discovering the true causes of suffering
and achieving permanent release from it.
S
Siddhārtha Gautama

50. Beliefs

51. Buddha’s Four Noble Truths
The truth of suffering (Dukkha).
The truth of the cause of suffering
(Samudaya).
The truth of the end to suffering
(Nirodha).
The truth of the path leading to the end of
suffering (Magga).

52. The Noble Eightfold Path

53. The Noble Eightfold Path
Right View
          - Know the truth
Right Intention
          - Free your mind of evil
Right Speech
          - Say nothing that hurts others
Right Action
          - Work for the good of other

54. The Noble Eightfold Path
Right Livelihood
- Respect life
Right Effort
- Resist evil
Right Concentration
- Practice medication
Right Mindfulness
- Control your thoughts

55. Anicca
The concept that all things are in a
constant state of flux and change.
Anatta
The belief is that there is no permanent, unchanging
self; the self is an illusion.

56. EXAMPLE:
David is feeling stressed about a work
project. In Buddhism, David might use
mindfulness to observe his stress without
judgment and follow the Eightfold Path by
addressing the stress through ethical action
and mental discipline, understanding that
stress is temporary and part of the changing
nature of life.

57. 6. Confucianism
an ancient Chinese belief system, which
focuses on the importance of personal
ethics and morality. It was devised by K’ung
Fu-tzu or Master Kong or Confucius.
Self is characterized by relational identity
which means that a person is defined by
his/her significant relationship.
B. Eastern Philosophies

58. 6. Confucianism
Self-cultivation/Self-realization is seen as
the ultimate purpose of life.
The Chun-tzu (man of virtue or noble
character; commonly translated as
“gentleman or superior man” is, above all, a
man of self-cultivation.
B. Eastern Philosophies

59. To be a chun-tzu, man has to live by these principles:
Li is the principle of self-restraint and sense of
propriety. It includes following social etiquette and
mannerisms.
Cheng means sincerity and unwavering devotion to
good.
Hsiao is love for the immediate family and then society.
Yi is the principle of righteousness.
Xin is the principle of honesty in life.
Jen is the most important of all principles. It means
being kind and humane to your fellow beings. It is about
helping others.

60. Confucius specifies the five important
relationships;
King to Subject
Father to son
Husband to wife
Older brother to younger brother
Friend to friend
The self in Confucianism is subdued.

61. EXAMPLE:
Li Wei is a manager at a company and is faced
with a dilemma. One of his team members,
Zhang, has been consistently underperforming
and missing deadlines. Li Wei knows that
addressing Zhang’s performance issues could
lead to conflict and discomfort within the team,
but he also recognizes the need to uphold
standards and ensure the team’s success.

62. 7. Taoism
• Taoism (also known as Daoism) is a Chinese philosophy
attributed to Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE) which contributed to the
folk religion of the people primarily in the rural areas of
China and became the official religion of the country under
the Tang Dynasty. Taoism is therefore both a philosophy
and a religion. It emphasizes doing what is natural and
"going with the flow" in accordance with the Tao (or Dao), a
cosmic force which flows through all things and binds and
releases them.
B. Eastern Philosophies

63. •Daoism
• Daoism is a nature-based philosophy authored
and founded by Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE). The focal
idea of Daoism is the relationship of human beings
and the nature. Daoist believe that everything
comes from the Dao (The Way). Human nature
should be aligned with the rest of the nature to
achieve harmony and balance. Self- cultivation
should be encouraged for Daoist to return to the
natural mode of existence.

64. 8. Zen Buddhism
focus on finding inner peace and understanding
through direct experience and mindfulness. Not
relying on scriptures, doctrines, or rituals, Zen
is verified by personal experience and is passed
on from master to disciple, hand to hand,
ineffably, through hard, intimate training
B. Eastern Philosophies

65. There are four major Zen dictums
• A special transmission outside the scriptures
• No dependency on words and letters
• Pointing directly to the human mind
• Seeing into one's nature and attaining Buddhahood text

66. METHODS OF ZEN PRACTICE
Although Zen Buddhism eventually developed traditions of study and ritual, its
emphasis on personal experience has always made it a practice-oriented tradition
The practice is "meditation". "Sitting Zen", or zazen in Japanese, has always been central
in Zen training centers, where monks rise early each morning for meditation practice
and do long retreats consisting of many, many silent unmoving hours on the cushion
• Mindfulness: Paying attention to the present moment without judgment. It's about
being fully aware of your thoughts, feelings, and sensations.
• No-Mind": A state of being free from mental clutter and distractions. It's about
experiencing reality directly, without the filter of the mind.
• Direct experience: Seeking enlightenment through meditation and practice.

67. 9. CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
focuses on ideas and beliefs that are based on the teachings of Christianity.
Examples of Christian Philosophy:
Kindness and forgiveness
A person forgives a friend who hurt them because they believe in the
Christian value of forgiveness, following Jesus' example.
Helping Others
A family decides to donate food and clothes to the poor, guided by the
Christian teaching that says to love and care for your neighbors.

B. Eastern Philosophies

68. B. Eastern Philosophies
10. SARACEN PHILOSOPHY
refers to ideas and beliefs that were common in the Islamic world during the Middle
Ages.
Examples of Saracen Philosophy:
Learning and Science
A scholar studies medicine and writes a book on how to treat illnesses, believing
that gaining knowledge is important in serving both God and humanity.
Faith and Reason
A teacher explains to students that faith in God is important, but they should also
use their minds to think carefully and understand the world around them.

69. CONTEMPORARY
PHILOSOPHIES

70. It is a well- thought-out set of ideas
that teachers use to guide their
teaching and to help their students
learn effectively.
C. CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHIES

71. It is a teacher-centered philosophy that
believes in teaching great works. It focuses on
the ideas of education that have lasted for
centuries. The believers of the perennialism
philosophy of education focus on making
students read and analyze the work of history's
finest thinkers and writers.
11. PERENNIALISM

72. 1. A high school English teacher assigns
students to read “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott
Fitzgerald.
2. A philosophy class engages in a Socratic
seminar discussing Plato's “The Republic”.
Examples:

73. The main purpose of this philosophy
is to help the learners acquire basic
skill sets, intelligence and morals for
them to become model citizens.
12. ESSENTIALISM

74. 1. A school district places a strong emphasis on
standardized tests to measure student
achievement.
2. A high school implements a core curriculum
that includes subjects like English,
mathematics, science, and social studies.
Examples:

75. This school of philosophy deals with the
development of the learner as a whole person
and not just the development of the mind. They
do this by helping the students understand and
appreciate themselves as unique individuals
who accept complete responsibility for their
thoughts, feelings and actions.
13. EXISTENTIALISM

76. 1. A high school counselor assigns students
to keep a personal reflection journal.
2. A creative writing teacher assigns
students to create original works of fiction
or poetry.
Examples:

77. A student-centered philosophy that
emphasizes learning through
experience, critical thinking, and
problem-solving, aimed at preparing
students for active participation in a
democratic society.
14. PROGRESSIVISM

78. 1. In a science class, students build a solar-powered car
model, learning about energy through experimentation. This
hands-on activity encourages problem-solving and practical
learning.
2. A 5th-grade class learns about ecosystems by visiting a
local park, observing nature, and building model
ecosystems. This hands-on project helps them understand
science while developing teamwork and critical thinking
skills.
Examples:

79. An educational philosophy focused
on using education to address social
issues and promote social justice,
empowering students to actively
engage in reforming society.
15. SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM

80. Anti-Bullying Campaign, students learn about social
dynamics and organize an anti-bullying week at school,
raising awareness and promoting kindness through
workshops and activities.
1.
Cultural Awareness Project, a class that studies global
cultures and then hosts a cultural fair, encouraging
students to celebrate diversity and engage their
community in conversations about inclusivity.
2.
Examples:

81. PRINCIPLES AND
PHILOSOPHY OF
PHILIPPINE EDUCATION

82. Section 1. The state shall protect and
promote the rights of all citizens to quality
education at all levels, and shall take
appropriate steps to make education
accessible for all.
Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts,
Culture and Sports

83. EXAMPLE: A province in the Philippines
implements a new policy that drastically
increases tuition fees at public schools, making
education unaffordable for a significant portion
of the population. This policy might be
challenged based on Article XIV, Section 1 of the
Philippine Constitution.
Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts,
Culture and Sports

84. Section 2. The state shall:
1. Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and
integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the
people and society;
2. Establish and maintain a system of free public education in
the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the
natural rights of parents to rear their children, elementary
education is compulsory for all children of school age;
Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts,
Culture and Sports

85. 3. Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives
which shall be available to deserving students in both
public and private schools, especially to the under-
priviledged;
4. Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning
systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-
school study programs particularly those that respond to
community needs; and
Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology,
Arts, Culture and Sports

86. 5. Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school
youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other
skills.
EXAMPLE: The government decides to drastically cut funding
for public schools while providing substantial incentives and
subsidies to private educational institutions. Consequently,
public schools struggle with overcrowded classrooms,
inadequate materials, insufficient facilities, while private
schools thrive with ample resources and modern amenities.
Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology,
Arts, Culture and Sports

87. SECTION 17. The state shall give priority to education, science
and technology, arts, culture and sports to foster patriotism
and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total
human liberation and development.
EXAMPLE: A government initiative aimed at improving the
quality of education by building modern classrooms, providing
up-to-date teaching resources for learners, and offering
professional development workshops for teachers.
ARTICLE II - DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND
STATE POLICIES