GROUP-11-INDEPENDENCE-AND-THE-ESTABLISHMENT-OF-NEW-REPUBLIC-ROBLES-GONG-MAQUINTO.pptx

This is for study purposes only

1. INDEPENDENCE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NEW REPUBLIC

2. EXCERPT FROM THE PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT OF 1946 OR BELL TRADE ACT

3. Bell Trade Act Philippine Trade Act of 1946, was an act passed by the U.S Congress specifying the economic conditions governing the emergence of the Republic of the Philippines from U.S rule; the act included controversial provisions that tied the Philippine economy to that United States.

4. Charles Jasper Bell Born in 1885. American lawyer and politician who served as a representative of Missouri to the U.S Congress. The author of Bell Trade Act and co authoring its complementary bill, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act.

5. The key purposes and provisions of the Bell Trade Act were: To provide $800 million in post-World War II recontruction funds to the Philippine, but only if the Philippines agreed to the terms of the act. To require the Philippines to amend its contitution give to U.S. citizens and businesses equal rights ( parity rights ) to exploit Philippine natural resources. To established a 2:1 fixed exchanged rate between the Philippine peso and U.S. dollar. To allow for unlimited free trade between the U.S and Philippines for 8 years, followed by gradually increasing tariffs over the next 20 years. To place quotas on certain Philippine exports to the U.S. like sugar, coconut poil, and tobacco. To allow the U.S. to establish quotas on other Philippine exports that competed with U.S. products.

6. What is Philippine Rehabilitation Act? It was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1946, shortly after the Philippine gained independence from the United States. The act provided $620 million in rehabilitation funds to help rebuild the Philippines, which had suffered massive destruction during the Japanese occupation in World War II. The funds were intended to help the Philippine reconstruct infrastructure, industries, and the over all economy that had been devastated by the war. The provision of these rehabilitation funds was tied to the Philipppine agreeing to the terms of the Bell Trade Act, which gave U.S. citizens and businesses certain economic privileges and rights in the Philippines. The Philippine Rehabilitation Act was seen by some as away for U.S. to maintain economic influence in the Philippines even after granting it indepence.

7. Who signed the Bell Trade Act? The Philippine Congress approved the measure under President Manuel Roxas, who was the first President of the independent Republic of the Philippine. The act was approved by the Philippine Congress on July 2, 1946. The Bell Trade Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1946. It was signed into law by U.S President Harry S. Truman. President Roxas also approved a plebiscite on September 18, 1946 to amend the Philippine constitution to accommodate the provisions of the the Bell Trade Act, such as granting parity rights to U.S. citizens and businesses.

8. Primary Source ( An Excerpt of the Act ) ARTICLE I “1. During the period from the date of the entry into force of this Agreement to July 3, 1954, both dates inclusive, United States articles as defined in Subparagraph (e) of Paragraph 1 of the Protocol to this Agreement entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, in the Philippines for consumption, and Philippine articles as defined in Subparagraph (f) of Paragraph 1 of the Protocol entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, in the United States for consumption, shall be admitted into the Philippines and the United States, respectively, free of ordinary customs duty. “2 . The ordinary customs duty to be collected on United States articles as defined in Subparagraph (e) of Paragraph 1 of the Protocol, which during the following portions of the period from July 4, 1954, to July 3, 1974, both dates inclusive, are entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, in the Philippines for consumption, and on Philippine articles as defined in Sub-paragraph (f) of Paragraph 1 of the Protocol, other than those specified in Items D to G, both inclusive, of the Schedule to Article II, which during such portions of such period are entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, in the United States for consumption, shall be determined by applying the following percentages of the Philippine duty as defined in Subparagraph (h) of Paragraph 1 of the Protocol, and of the United States duty as defined in Subparagraph (g) of Paragraph 1 of the Protocol, respectively: “(a) During the period from July 4, 1954, to December 31, 1954, both dates inclusive, five per centum. “(b) During the calendar year 1955, ten per centum. “(c) During each calendar year after the calendar year 1955, until and including the calendar year 1972, a percentage equal to the percentage for the preceding calendar year increased for the preceding calendar year increased by five per centum of the Philippine duty and the United States duty, respectively, as so defined. “(d) During the period from January 1, 1973, to July 3, 1974, both dates inclusive, one hundred per centum.

9. “The following Schedule to Article II shall constitute an integral part thereof: “I Numerical Item II Commodity Description III All quantities “A Sugars 952, 000 short tons “A-1 May be refined sugars, meaning ‘direct-consumption sugar’ as defined in Section 101 of the Sugar Act of 1937 of the United States which is set forth in part as Annex I to this Agreement. Not to exceed 56, 000 short tons “B Cordage, including yarns, twines (including binding twines described in Paragraph 1622 of the Tariff Act of 1930 of the United States, as amended, which is set forth as Annex II to this Agreement), cords, cordage, rope, and cable, tarred or untarred, wholly or in chief value of Manila (abaca) or other hard fiber. 6, 000, 000 lbs. “C Rice including rice meal flour, polish and bran. 1, 040, 000 lbs.

10. “D Cigars (exclusive of cigarettes, cheroots of all kinds, and paper cigars and cigarettes, including wrappers). 2000, 000, 000 cigars “E Scrap tobacco, and stemmed and un-stemmed filler tobacco described in Paragraph 602 of the Tariff Act of 1930 of the United States, as amended, which is set forth as Annex III to this Agreement. 6, 500, 000 lbs. “F Coconut oil. 200, 000 long tons “G Buttons of pearl or shell. 850, 000 gross

11. “ARTICLE V ” “The value of Philippine currency in relation to the United States dollar shall not be changed, the convertibility of Philippines pesos into United States dollars shall not be suspended, and no restrictions shall be imposed on the transfer of funds from the Philippines to the United States except by agreement with the President of the United states.

12. “ARTICLE VI ” “1 . Any citizen of the United States who actually resided in the Philippines, and any citizen of the Philippines who actually resided in the United States, for a continuous period of three years during the period of forty-two months ending November 30, 1941, if entering the country of such former residence during the period from July 4, 1946, to July 3, 1951, both dates inclusive, for the purpose of resuming residence therein, shall for the purposes of the immigration laws, be considered a non-quota immigrant. After such admission as a non-quota immigrant he shall, for the purposes of the immigration and a naturalization laws, be considered as lawfully admitted to such country for permanent residence. The benefits of this Paragraph shall also apply to the wife of any such citizen of the United States, if she is also a citizen thereof, and to his unmarried children under eighteen years of age, and to the wife or any such citizen of the Philippines, if she is also a citizen thereof or is eligible for United States citizenship, and to his unmarried children under eighteen years of age, if such wife or children of such citizen of the United States or such citizen of the Philippines are accompanying or following to join him during such period. This paragraph shall not apply to a citizen of the Philippines admitted to the Territory of Hawaii, without an immigration or passport visa, under the provisions of Paragraph (1) of section 8 (a) of the act of March 24, 1934, of the United States which is set forth as Annex VIII to this Agreement. “2. There shall be permitted to enter the Philippines, without regard to any numerical limitations under the laws of the Philippines, in each of the calendar years 1946 to 1951, both inclusive, one thousand two hundred citizens of the United States, each of whom shall be entitled to remain in the Philippines for five years.

13. “ARTICLE VII ” “1. The disposition, exploitation, development, and utilization of all agricultural, timber, and mineral lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces and sources of potential energy, and other natural resources of the Philippines, and the operation of public utilities, shall if open to any person, be open to citizens of the United States and to all forms of business enterprise owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by United States citizens, except that (for the period prior to the amendment of the Constitution of the Philippines referred to in Paragraph 2 of this Article) the Philippines shall not be required to comply with such part of the foregoing provisions of this sentence as are in conflict with such Constitution. “2 . The Government of the Philippines will promptly take such steps as are necessary to secure the amendment of the Constitution of the Philippines so as to permit the taking effect as laws of the Philippines of such part of the provisions of Paragraph 1 of this Article as is in conflict with such Constitution before a such amendment.

14. EXCERPT FROM 1947 MILITARY BASES AGREEMENT

15. The 1947 Military Bases Agreement refers to the agreement signed between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America on March 14, 1947. This agreement established the terms and conditions for the presence of U.S. military bases in the Philippines. It was signed by President Manuel A. Roxas and Paul V. McNutt, the United States High Commissioner in the Philippines. The agreement was subsequently concurred by the Philippine Senate on March 26, 1947, and ratified by the United States on January 21, 1948. The specific details and provisions of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement can be found in the official text of the agreement. It addressed matters related to the size, location, and usage of the military bases, as well as issues of sovereignty, defense, and mutual interests between the two countries. Over time, the agreement underwent amendments and revisions, leading to changes in the size and number of U.S. bases in the Philippines.

16. K ey points of the Military Bases Agreement between the United States and the Philippines in 1947: 1. Grant of Bases : The Philippines granted the U.S. the right to retain the use of the military bases listed in Annex A of the agreement. The Philippines also agreed to let the U.S. use additional bases listed in Annex B as determined necessary by military necessity. 2. Mutual Cooperation : The agreement allowed for mutual cooperation, with the armed forces of both countries able to serve on each other's bases and military establishments. 3. Rights and Authority: The U.S. was granted broad rights, power and authority within the bases and surrounding areas, including the ability to construct, operate, and defend the bases as needed. 4. Shipping and Navigation: U.S. military vessels, aircraft and vehicles were granted free access and movement throughout the Philippines. Philippine commercial vessels were also allowed to use the bases.

17. 5. Tax Exemptions: No taxes or duties were to be charged on materials, equipment or goods for the bases. 6. Jurisdiction: The U.S. was granted jurisdiction over certain offenses committed within the bases, while the Philippines retained jurisdiction over other offenses. 7. Term: The agreement was to remain in force for 99 years, subject to extension by mutual agreement. 8. Voluntary Enlistment: The U.S. was granted the right to recruit and enlist Philippine citizens into the U.S. armed forces. Overall, the agreement gave the U.S. extensive rights and control over the military bases in the Philippines, which played a significant role in U.S. military operations in the Asia-Pacific region during the Cold War era .

18. Article I: Grant of Bases The Government of the Republic of the Philippines (hereinafter referred to as the Philippines) grants to the Government of America (hereinafter referred to as the United States) the right to retain the use of the bases in the Philippines listed in Annex A attached hereto. The Philippines agrees to permit the United States, upon notice to the Philippines, to use such of those bases listed in Annex B as the United States determines to be required by military necessity. The Philippines agrees to enter into negotiations with the United States at the latter's request, to permit the United States to expand such bases, to exchange such bases for other bases, to acquire additional bases, or relinquish rights to bases, as any of such exigencies may be required by military necessity.

19. ARTICLE II: Mutual Cooperation It is mutually agreed that the Armed Forces of the Philippines may serve on the United States bases and that the Armed Forces of the United States may serve on Philippine military establishments whenever such conditions appear beneficial as mutually determined by the armed forces of both countries.

20. Article III: Description of Rights It is mutually agreed that that the United States shall have the rights, power, and authority within the bases which are necessary for the establishment, use, operation and defense thereof or appropriate for the control thereof and all the rights, power and authority within the territorial waters and air space adjacent to, or in the vicinity of, the bases which are necessary to provide access to them, or appropriate for their control. Such rights, power and authority shall include, inter alia, the right, power and authority: (a) to construct (including the dredging and filling), operate, maintain, utilize, occupy, garrison and control the bases; (b) to improve and deepen the harbors, channels, entrances and anchorages, and to construct or maintain necessary roads and bridges affording access to the bases; (c) to control (including the right to prohibit) in so far as may be required for the efficient operation and safety of the bases, and within the limits of military necessity, anchorages, moorings, landings, takeoffs, movements and operation of ships and waterborne craft, craft and other vehicles on water, in the air or land comprising or in the vicinity of the bases; (d) the right to acquire, as may be agreed between the two governments, such rights of way, and to construct thereon, as may be required for military purpose, wire and radio communications facilities, including submarine and subterranean cables, pipelines and spur tracks from railroad to bases, and the right, as may be agreed upon between the two governments to construct the necessary facilities; (e) to construct, install, maintain and employ on any base any type of facilities, weapons, substance, device, vehicle or vehicle on or under the ground, in the air or on or under the water that may be requisite or appropriate, including meteorological systems, aerial and water navigation lights, radio and rdar apparatus and electronic devices of any desired power, type of emission and frequency .

21. Article VI. Maneuver and Other Areas The United states shall, subject to previous agreement with the Philippines, have the right to use land and coastal sea areas of appropriate size and location for periodic maneuvers, for additional staging areas, bombing and gunnery ranges, and for such intermediate airfields as may be required for safe and efficient air operations. Operations in such areas shall be carried on with due regard and safeguards for the public safety.

22. Article XIII. Jurisdiction The Philippines consents that the United States shall have the right to exercise jurisdiction over the following offenses: (a) Any offense committed by any person within any base, except where the offender and the offended parties are both Philippine citizens, not members of the Armed Forces of the United States on active duty or the offense is against the security of the Philippines, and the offender is a Philippine citizen; (b) Any offense committed outside the bases by any member of the Armed Forces of the United States in which the offended party is also a member of the Armed Forces of the United States; and (c) Any offense committed outside the bases by any member of the Armed forces of the United States against the security of the United States . The Philippines shall have the right to exercise jurisdiction over all other offenses committed outside the bases by any member of the Armed Forces of the United States. Not withstanding the foregoing provisions, it is mutually agreed that in time of war the United States shall have the right to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over any offenses which may be committed by the members of the Armed Forces of the United States in the Philippines.

23. Article XXIV: Mineral Resources All minerals (including oil), and antiquities and all rights relating thereto and to treasure trove, upon,or connected with the land and water comprised in the bases or otherwise used or occupied by the United States by virtue of this Agreement, are reserved to the Government and inhabitants of the Philippines; but no rights so reserved shall be transferred to third parties, or exercised within the bases, without the consent of the United States. The United States shall negotiate with the proper Philippine authorities for the quarrying of rock and gravel necessary for construction of the bases. Article XXV: Grant of Bases to a Third Power The Philippines agrees that it shall not grant, without prior consent of the United states, any bases or any rights, power, or authority whatsoever, in or relating to bases, to any third power. It is further agreed that the United states shall not, without the consent of the Philippines, assign, or under-let or part with the possession of the whole or any part of any base, or of any right, power or authority granted by this Agreement, to any third power.

24. Article XXVII: Voluntary Enlistment of Philippine Citizens It is mutually agreed that the United States shall have the right to recruit citizens of the Philippines for voluntary enlistment into the United States Armed Forces for a fixed term of years, and to train them and to exercise the same degree of control and discipline over them as is exercised in the case of either members of the United States Armed forces. The number of such enlistments to be accepted by the Armed Forces of the United states may from time to time be limited by agreement between the two Governments. Article XXIX: Term of Agreement The present Agreement shall enter into force upon acceptance by the two Governments and shall remain in force for a period of ninety-nine years subject to extension thereafter as agreed by the two Governments .

25. Annex "A" Clark Field Airbase, Pampanga Fort Stotsenberg, Pampanga Mariveles Military Reservation, POL Terminal & Training Area, Bataan Camp John Hay Leave and Recreation Center, Baguio Army Communications System with the deletion of all stations in the Port of Manila Area U.S.AF Cemetery No.2, San Francisco, Delmonte, Rizal Angeles General Depot, Pampanga Leyte-Samar Naval Base including shore installations and air bases Subic bay, No.West Shore Naval Base Zambales province and the existing naval reservation at Olongapo and the existing Baguio naval reservation Tawi Tawi Naval Anchorage and small adjacent land areas Canacao-Sangley Point Navy Base, Cavite province Bagobantay Transmitter Area, Quezon city, and associated radio receiving and control sites, Manila area Tarumpitao point (Loran Master transmitter Station), Palawan Talamputan Island, C.G. #354 Loran, Palawan Naule Point (Loran Station, Zambales) Castillejos, C.G.#356, Zambales

26. Annex "B" Mactan Island Army and Navy Airbase Florida Blanca Airbase, Pampanga Aircraft Service Warning Net Camp Wallace, San Fernando, La Union Puerta Princesa Army and Navy Air Base including Navy Section Base and Air Warning Sites, Palawan Tawi Tawi Naval Base, Sulu Archipelago Aparri Naval Air Base

27. gracias amigos! Robles, James Lloyd M. Gong, William Justin G. Maquinto, Vincent